RFC1180 TCP/IP  - RFC1180 T.Socolofsky and C.Kale http://www.alcpress.com/rfc/tcpip/rfc1180.htm http://www.alcpress.com/rfc/tcpip/rfc1180.htm : .., ..  1. ....................................................... 1 2. TCP/IP .................................................. 1 2.1. IP ..................... 1 2.2. ........................ 2 2.3. ................................................. 3 2.4. ................................................ 3 2.5. ................... 5 3. Ethernet ....................................................... 6 3.1. ........................................ 7 4. ARP ................................................... 7 4.1. ARP- ....................... 8 4.2. ............................... 8 4.3. ARP ............................... 9 4.4. ........................... 10 5. IP ......................................... 11 5.1. ......................................... 11 5.2. ...................................... 12 5.3. IP ............................ 14 5.4. IP- ..................................................... 15 5.5. ................................................. 17 5.6. ...................................................... 17 5.7. ........................ 18 5.8. ........................................................ 19 5.9. IP- ......................................... 20 5.10. ............................ 21 5.11. ................................ 22 5.12. ......................... 22 5.13. ............................. 23 6. ............................................ 25 6.1. ....................................... 25 6.2. .................................... 26 6.3. ................................... 28 6.4. ARP ................................ 30 7. UDP ................................................... 32 7.1. ........................................................ 33 7.2. ..................................... 33 8. TCP ................................................... 34 9. ................................... 35 9.1. TELNET .............................................. 36 9.2. FTP ................................................. 37 9.3. SMTP ................................................ 37 9.4. r- .................................................... 37 9.5. NFS .......................................................... 38 9.6. SNMP ................................................ 38 9.7. X-Window ..................................................... 38 10. TCP/IP ................. 39 1. RFC ................................. 40 2. TCP/IP ............... 75 -- 11 --  * 1. *  TCP/IP Internet. Internet , Ethernet Token Ring, NSFNET. - . , . TCP/IP RFC (Requests For Comments) - , (Network Information Center - NIC). 1 RFC, 2 TCP/IP 1991 . , TCP/IP UNIX. TCP/IP. , , - TCP/IP: - , .  * 2. TCP/IP *  "TCP/IP" , TCP IP. , . UDP, ARP, ICMP, TEL- NET, FTP . TCP/IP - - , internet. , internet, "internet". , - internet, Internet. 2.1. IP  TCP/IP , , . . , - ( ) - -- 22 -- . , . , , . , - , - ( ). - , , , -; . . IP. , . 2.2. , TCP/IP internet, .1. , , , - . Ethernet, ; "o" - . "*" - ------------------------------ | | | ... \ | / ... \ | / ... | | ------- ------- | | | TCP | | UDP | | | ------- ------- | | \ / | | ------ | | ------- | IP | | | | ARP | -*---- | | ------- | | | \ | | | -------- | | | ENET | | | ---@---- | | | | ------------|----------------- | -------------------o-------- Ethernet .1. TCP/IP -- 33 -- IP-, "@" - Ethernet (Ethernet-). internet. . 2.3.  , - . - , . - , , - . , , , , TCP/IP. , , , . , , ; IP, IP-; - IP UDP, - UDP-; IP TCP, - TCP- ( - ); , , . , , . . RFC-1122, 1.3.3. 2.4.  , , - .1. TCP (Transmission Con- trol Protocol - ), TCP. , TCP, FTP (File Transfer Protocol - ). FTP/TCP/IP/ENET. UDP (User Datagram Protocol - ), - UDP. , SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol - ) UDP. : SNMP/UDP/IP/ENET. TCP, UDP Ethernet n x 1. , . 1 x n. - , (.2). Ethernet- Ethernet, ARP (Address Resolution Protocol - ), IP (Internet Protocol - - ). , Ethernet-, - . IP- IP, TCP, UDP, "" IP-. UDP- UDP, "" , . TCP- TCP, , , "" - TCP-. , . , , , - . 1 2 3 .... n | 1 2 3 .... n ^ \ | | / | \ | | / | ----------------- ------------------- | | | | ----------------- | ------------------- | | | ^ | v V | | 1 1 .2. n x 1 1 x n -- 55 -- TCP UDP, IP - - . internet , Ethernet, IP-. .1 Ethernet. Ethernet- - . IP-. IP . IP- - Internet. IP- Ethernet-. 2.5. - . .3 Eth- ernet. , 2 Ethernet- 2 IP-. , IP n x m - m x n (.4). --------------------------------- | | | ... \ | / .... \ | / ... | | ------- ------- | | | TCP | | UDP | | | ------- ------- | | \ / | | ------ | | ------- | IP | ------- | | | ARP | -*--*- | ARP | | | ------- | | ------- | | \ | | / | | -------- -------- | | | ENET | | ENET | | | ---@---- ---@---- | | | | | ----------|---------|------------ | | | ---o--------------- --------------o---- Ethernet 2 Ethernet 1 .3. TCP/IP -- 66 -- 1 2 3 .... n | 1 2 3 ...... n ^ \ | | / | \ | | / | ----------------- ------------------- | | | | ----------------- | ------------------- | / | | ... \ V / | | ..... \ | 1 2 3 m 1 2 3 m .4. n x m m x n , . IP , , . . IP-. , - , . [1] .5, TCP UDP. TCP UDP.  * 3. Ethernet *  Ethernet. Ethernet , , . Ethernet - 6 . Ethernet-. , - ------- ------- | TCP | | UDP | ------- ------- \ / ---------- | | | IP | | ____ | | / \ | ---------- / \ .5. IP ____________________ [1] TCP/IP (gateway) IP- (IP-router) . - "". , Ethernet-, Ethernet- "FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF" ( 16- ), - "", . Ethernet / ( ). / , , , - . , - , () . 3.1.  Ethernet . - . ( ). ( ), , . , (.. ). , - . , , ( ). , . - , , , , . ( Ethernet-). , - , , , , , " , , ... -- ..." - , : " , , ... -- ..." (- ).  * 4. ARP *  , IP- - Ethernet- . IP- Ethernet- ARP (Address Resolution Protocol - ). IP-, IP Ethernet. 4.1. ARP-  . - , ARP-, . IP- Ethernet-. IP- Ethernet-, IP-. ARP- . --------------------------------------------- | IP- Ethernet- | --------------------------------------------- | 223.1.2.1 08:00:39:00:2F:C3 | | 223.1.2.3 08:00:5A:21:A7:22 | | 223.1.2.4 08:00:10:99:AC:54 | --------------------------------------------- .1. ARP- 4- IP- - , . 6- Ethernet- 16- . ARP- , IP- Ethernet- - , - . IP- internet. internet, IP- . Ethernet- . - , Ethernet-. 4.2.  , TELNET, - , TCP. TCP IP. IP-, Ethernet. IP- , TCP IP. Ethernet- . Ethernet- ARP-. 4.3. ARP ARP-? - ARP, . ARP- IP-, : 1) ARP-. 2) IP- . . Ethernet Ethernet- - ARP- ARP. ARP- : " IP- , Ethernet-". ARP- : ----------------------------------------------------------- | IP- 223.1.2.1 | | Ethernet- 08:00:39:00:2F:C3 | ----------------------------------------------------------- | IP- 223.1.2.2 | | Ethernet- <> | ----------------------------------------------------------- .2. ARP- ARP IP- ARP- , IP-, - Ethernet- . ARP- : ", IP-, - Ethernet-". ARP- : ----------------------------------------------------------- | IP- 223.1.2.2 | | Ethernet- 08:00:28:00:38:A9 | ----------------------------------------------------------- | IP- 223.1.2.1 | | Ethernet- 08:00:39:00:2F:C3 | ----------------------------------------------------------- .3. ARP- , ARP-. Ethernet- ARP- ARP. ARP ARP- ARP- . : --------------------------------------------- | IP- Ethernet- | --------------------------------------------- | 223.1.2.1 08:00:39:00:2F:C3 | | 223.1.2.2 08:00:28:00:38:A9 | | 223.1.2.3 08:00:5A:21:A7:22 | | 223.1.2.4 08:00:10:99:AC:54 | --------------------------------------------- .4. ARP- 4.4. ARP- , - , . , 2 IP- . ARP- IP- Ethernet-, Ethernet- . : 1) ARP-. 2) IP- . 3) ARP-, IP- Ethernet-. ARP-. 4) IP- Ethernet- IP-, - , ARP-. 5) Ethernet- Ethernet. , ARP- - , IP- , - ARP, IP- . IP-, ARP- ARP-. IP IP-, . - Ethernet - IP-. IP ARP IP- , ARP-. IP- - , TCP - , UDP. . , ARP-. , ARP- .  * 5. IP *  IP internet, - IP . IP IP-. - . . , , . - IP-. 5.1.  .6 IP-, 3 : A, B C. TCP/IP .1. Ethernet-. - IP-. A B C | | | --------------o------o------o------ Ethernet 1 IP- "development" .6. IP- A IP- B, IP- IP- A, Ethernet- Ethernet- A. , IP- IP- B, Ethernet- - Ethernet- B. ----------------------------------------------------- | | ----------------------------------------------------- | IP- A B | | Ethernet- A B | ----------------------------------------------------- .5. Ethernet-, IP- A B IP , , Ethernet. IP , - IP-. B IP IP- A, IP- , , . A B - . 5.2.  .7 internet. internet Ethernet, - IP-, D. IP- ; IP- Ethernet- . ----- D ------- A B C | | | E F G | | | | | | | | | ----o-----o-----o-----o-- | --o-----o-----o-----o--- Ethernet 1 | Ethernet 2 IP- "development" | IP- "accounting" | | H I J | | | | --o----o-----o-----o---------- Ethernet 3 IP- "fuctory" .7. internet, IP- D , - .1. D , , IP- Ethernet-. D TCP/IP, , .3, ARP , ARP Ethernet. , D IP. Ethernet , IP- . .7 IP- , . A IP- B, . , - IP-, , . D A, - . D E, - . D H, . , IP-. , A , IP-, . A D IP- IP-. "". IP- IP - TCP, UDP . A E IP-, IP- Ethernet- A. IP- E, IP A IP- D, Ethernet- D. ---------------------------------------------------- | | ---------------------------------------------------- | IP- A E | | Ethernet- A D | ---------------------------------------------------- .6. Ethernet-, IP- A E ( D) IP D IP- IP- . , IP-, D IP- E. ---------------------------------------------------- | | ---------------------------------------------------- | IP- A E | | Ethernet- D E | ---------------------------------------------------- .7. Ethernet-, IP- A E ( D) , IP- Ethernet- , IP-, IP- Ethernet- . IP- Ethernet- . internet . , . - Ethernet , . 5.3. IP , , . IP-, , IP - - . . IP-, , IP , IP- . IP , IP- - , , IP-. IP- , . , IP- , , ARP-. 5.4. IP- IP- , IP- . 4- IP- - IP-. IP- - (- ). .1 IP- 223.1.2.1 223.1.2, - - 1. , IP- IP , . 5 IP-, -. . .8 IP- . 0 8 16 24 31 --------------------------------------------------- A |0| | | --------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- B |10| | | --------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- C |110| | | --------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- D |1110| | --------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- E |11110| | --------------------------------------------------- .8. IP- ------------------------------------------------------- | | | - - | ------------------------------------------------------- | A 1 - 126 126 16777214 | | B 128-191 16382 65534 | | C 192-223 2097150 254 | | D 224-239 - 2**28 | | E 240-247 - 2**27 | ------------------------------------------------------- .8. A . . B , , . C . D - , E . IP- -. ------------------------------ | | ------------------------------ ------------------------------ | | | IP- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ | | | () IP- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ | | () IP- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ | | | IP- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ | 127 | - ( 1) | "" ------------------------------ .9. IP- .9, IP- - , IP-, IP-, , . IP- IP- . IP-, 127. . IP- 127.0.0.1, - "". , -- 1177 -- , . IP- - IP-, 127. 5.5.  TCP/IP, . ( ) DDN Network Information Center (NIC) [2]. .