at , . , -, vi , . printfile. : lp filename filename - , - . printfile, : at 11pm wed < printfile . RETURN. UNIX. 11 . , at . , - at. at -l. : . ID- . . , (at batch). . . at ID- . - at -r - . at -r : at -r ID- , 504510300., , : at -r 504510300.a , . . 5-15 /usr/lib/cron/at.allow /usr/lib/cron/at.deny - , - at. - . at, , - . 5.5.3 ? ps " " - , . - , . , - : ps , : __________________________________________________________ | | PID TTY TIME COMMAND | 49 2a 0:28 sh | 11267 2a 0:00 ps | PID , . TTY , . TIME - . , COMMAND, - . : ps -e , . -t . , - , 2: ps -t2c . 5-16 5.5.4 . INTERRUPT.  Del. - . : kill 0 : kill signal_number process_ID_number signal_number - . "" . signal_number 9. process_ID_number - ps. shell. , shell. shell-, . ps , , ID- , - sh csh COMMAND. , 4831. shell- : kill -9 4831 - . ! _______________________________________________________________ . , vi, - . , - , , - kill. /tmp. . ________________________________________________________________ . 5-17 5.6 Shell. Bourne shell, C shell - . MS-DOS, , UNIX . shell. "The Shell" "The C-Shell" UNIX User's Guide. 5.5.1 : cat /etc/tempcar /etc/tempcar /etc/tempcar > lagefile; \ wc -c lagefile > characters & . vi , command.file. : cat /etc/tempcap > largefile cat /etc/tempcap >> largefile cat /etc/tempcap >> largefile wc -c largefile > characters command.file, - :x vi. , : chvod +x command.file , command.file - : command.file & , command.file: cat characters . 5-18 , shell- . - command.file : for name in /etc/tempcap do cat $name $name $name > largefile done wc -c largefile > characters UNIX , - chmod. ( 4 .) .  6  UNIX ___________________________________________________________ 6.1 6-1 6.2 6-1 6.2.1 6-1 6.2.2 6-2 6.3 6-2 6.3.1 6-2 6.3.2 6-4 6.3.3 6-6 6.4 6-7 6.5 6-8 . 6-1 UNIX , UNIX . - , , . , , . , . , . " ". . - , . . - UNIX User' Reference. 6.2 . UNIX , , . . 6.2.1 . date . : date , , : __________________________________________________________ | | Mon Jan 25 08:26:14 PST 1988 . | 6-2 6.2.2 . cal - , . , 1952 : cal mar 1952 : __________________________________________________________ | | March 1952 | | S M Tu W Th F S | 1 | 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 | 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 | 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 | 30 31 | . . , "- " . . - cal 88 88 - , 1988. 6.3 . . - mail write. mail - " " . write - , . . 6.3.1 . mail, - . , . : mail login login . . 6-3 , , : Subject: , . test. . , Ctrl-d - . , -. ~v (, v), vi. , - , . , - .  mail, - , .  vi, - :x, Ctrl-d. -, , : Cc: , , " " . yourself, .. . , RETURN. UNIX. - . . , , schedule, , , , - Naomi Bea. , : mail naomi bea < schedule . mail . , , , , , .. UNIX User's Guide. . 6-4 6.3.2 . , : ___________________________________________________________ | | you have mail | , "- ". , : mail . : __________________________________________________________ | | 1 john Wed Sep 21 09:21 26/782 "Notice" | 2 sam Tue Sep 20 22:55 6/83 "Meeting" | 3 tom Mon Sep 19 01:23 6/84 "Invite" | , , , , , . , RETURN. , sam, - 2 RETURN. , (. ). , , : , / . d, RETURN. " ", ho, RETURN. - , s, ,  RETURN. , . . 6-5 . r R. r, , RETUTN, , . R, , , . , - . h RETURN. , - h+ RETURN. 18 . 18 h-. mail. - joe, - : mail joe 6.3.1 ( .) , q RETURN. , . - : 1. mail. 2. rnumber, number - , . 3. RETURN. 4. . , ~v  vi. 5. Ctrl-d. vi, :x Ctrl-d. 6. RETURN . 7. restart.  mail - , , . 8. , . . . 6-6 9. , q mail. 6.3.3 . UNIX , - , . write. - , joe: write joe , RETURN, joe : ___________________________________________________________ | | Message from login tty012... | login - . joe - : write login login - - . - , joe. , joe, . - joe Ctrl-d . joe . - , . , , o (over), - oo (over and out). write, . : write login . 6-7 login . - : Message from login ttynn... . , . , : __________________________________________________________ | | Hello Mark o | Hello Mark o | Remember, we have meeting at 12:00. o | Remember, we have meeting at 12:00. o | Right, see you there. oo | Right, see you there. oo | Ctrl-d . 6.4 . UNIX - . , - UNIX "", , - : __________________________________________________________ | | 1/23 David's wedding | 2/9 Mira's birthday | 3/30 Paul's birthday | 4/27 Meeting at 2:00 | 9/1 Karen's birthday | 10/3 License renewal | . , - , . - , . . 6-8 calendar . , . - . calendar -  vi. / () . . , - , : 9/7 Sep.7 september 7 6.5 . bc , . , - , UNIX, . , - bc, - quit. , . . 6-9 _ bc bc 123.456789+987.654321 1111.111110 9.0000000-9.0000001 -.0000001 64/8 8 1.12345678934*2.3 2.58395061549 19%4 3 3^4 81 2/1*2 4 2/(1*2) 1 x=46.5 x y=52.5 x x+y+1.0000 100.0000 obase=16 15 F 16 10 64 40 255 FF 256 100 512 200 quit , , - , - C. - - . "bc:ACalculator" UNIX User's Guide.