- 4-4 -   - : * XENIX * UNIX * DOS * AFS (Acer Fast Filesystem) UNIX XENIX , . AFS (Acer Fast Filesystem), UNIX. - 1. DOS - " DOS OS/2" - .  UNIX AFS UNIX AFS. 2-Cclustersize  fsck(ADM), . -C - , AFS. - clustersize 2 16 (- 8). AFS - . AFS; - . , , ; , . ( fsck . " - ".)  fsck - . - 4-5 - : 2fsck -s -Cclustersize device device - /dev. - , -s. . - 4-6 -   ( ) - , - . - - - , - . . , - , - . UNIX , 15% . , , . - , . 15% , . - , - . - ( - ). , - 15% , . - - .   , . /etc/motd. , cleantmp(ADM) /tmp. /etc/default/cleantmp, , - ( /tmp). - . , cleantmp(ADM). . - 4-7 - 15%, - : 1) ; 2) ; 3) core; 4) ; 5) : - , ; 6) - , . .   df ("disk free" - " ") , . "- ", . 512 ( ) . df: 2df specialfile @ sysadmsh System->Report->Disk specialfile UNIX, , - . , . , /dev/root, df /dev/root <Return>. - . - df -v . - 4-8 -   , - , wall ("write to all" - " "). - , , , . , wall <Return>. ; , <Return>. , , <CTL>d. . wall, <CTL>d; .   du - , . . du: 2du directory directory - . - , . , , /usr/johnd, du /usr/johnd <Return>. - /usr/johnd, . . - 4-9 -   quot ("quota" - "") . : quot specialfile specialfile , , . , , /dev/hdl, quot /dev/hdl <Return>. , , .   - , - mail. , 2mail login-name <Return>. login-name - . , , <Return> <CTL>d. , - <Return>. mail , mail. . " - " (User's Guide).   find , , , / - . - . find: find directory parameters . - 4-10 - directory - . ( find .) (parameters) , , - . . find(C) "- " (User's Reference). - : 2-name file 2-atime number -print -name file. -atime , . -print - . , temp /usr, find /usr -name temp -print <Return>. , .  core  find core - . core . UNIX , , . - , - . , - . . core, , . core , - . , core /usr, , find /usr -name core -atime +7 -print <Return>. . - 4-11 -   UNIX , , - . , , - . , . , - , . 2cat < /dev/null > filename filename - , . , , . - . - . , /etc/ddate  , - .   , , - . , - . , . ( 5 10 ), , - , . - , " " , . ( - ; . " " - .) . - 4-12 - , , . . - - , - - . , , .   , - , , . , , . , , , . - - , - . . - 4-13 -   , - , . - . , 30 ( . ..), , . , 286 , - ; , , - . - , , - . , , , . , - 30 286, - ; , , , - - . . - 4-14 - /   , Installation Guide. - , - , " " Installation Guide. - , . , , xbackup(ADM). , , , , , . , . , 20- - , 50 , 15- . , , , , cpio(C) (, Backups->Create sysadmsh). . - 4-15 -   , - - . - . - ; UNIX . , . . , , . , . . . fsck ("filesystem check" - "- "). . ( ) - - . fsck - . fsck - : +-------------------------------------------------------------- | ** Phase 1 - Check Blocks and Sizes | ( 1 - ) | ** Phase 2 - Pathnames ( ) | ** Phase 3 - Connectivity () | ** Phase 4 - Reference Counts ( ) | ** Phase 5 - Check Free List ( ) | ( ), , : FREE INODE COUNT WRONG IN SUPERBLK (FIX?) ( - - ?) , ; y, fsck . - , , , , . - fsck , , . - , , , ; . - . - 4-16 - - UNIX. " - fsck" - fsck. , fsck.  UNIX , - , . - . . - , , - , . , - , : " - ". , , , - , , - , - . , , . , , , . , . , , . - , . . - . , . (- ), , .  UNIX , - , - (inodes) ; - .  - 1024 , - . . - . . - 4-17 -  - . - , - , - , - , - , - . , ; . , , - - . . , - - . . , "" - . - - , , . , - , , , ? , - , - . - "" - , , . , - . , - . , ; . - update, /etc/rc2, . update - sync(C) 30 , . - , , .   , , - . , . - : . - 4-18 - . - . , , . , . , . - , - .   1. fsck, . - , . 2. - . 3. sync . ( sync .) - .  fsck fsck. - fsck . ( , , ( ).) fsck . , - "" . . - 4-19 - : 2fsck specialfile @ sysadmsh : Filesystems->Checks specialfile , .  fsck - - , - fsck. DOS fsck . , , . - /u, /dev/u, fsck /dev/u <Return>. : +-------------------------------------------------------------- | ** Phase 1 - Check Blocks and Sizes | ** Phase 2 - Pathnames | ** Phase 3 - Connectivity | ** Phase 4 - Reference Counts | ** Phase 5 - Check Free List | , , . - , y. - , . , fsck , - . fsck - - . fsck , - , - fsdb(ADM), - . fsdb, fsck , - - . , - fsck, - . , fsck(ADM). . - 4-20 -  fsck fsck - . - . 1 . fsck  , , . ( , ) - . ( , .) fsck , , . , , . - , . fsck  , 2. 2 . - , 1. 2 - , , - ; , , . - , 1, fsck  - ( , - ). 3 . 2 , . 3 - , . , , lost+found. , ; lost+found . 4 . fsck - , - 2 3. , , - , lost+found. 5 . fsck - , , , . - fsck . 6 . - , 5. . - 4-21 -   . - (, ). , , .  fsdb - , fsck - , fsdb ("filesystem debugger" - " ") , - "". fsdb , fsck . fsdb - , - ( - ), . , fsdb, , fsize  isize; , . fsize - ; isize - , - . fsdb - fsize  isize. 1. fsize  isize  - . , Installation Guide. , divvy  . divvy -b 1 -c 1 - . , . , .125. 2. , fsize isize - . 3. fsize  isize . 4. fsize  isize . . - 4-22 - . , fsdb(ADM), - fsdb ; . fsize isize fsck . - fsize  isize, , , fsck - , : +-------------------------------------------------------------- | # fsck /dev/root | /dev/root | /dev/root File System: / Volume: root | Size check: fsize 0 isize 0 | # | fsize  isize, fsck ( - 0), - . , fsdb, - - . - , , fsck, . fsdb fsize  isize, , , - - . fsdb , filesystem - : 2fsdb /dev/filesystem - : +-------------------------------------------------------------- | # fsdb /dev/root | /dev/root(/): 1K byte Block File System | FSIZE = 1895959976, ISIZE = 7216 | fsdb , fsize ( fsck ). fsdb . . - 4-23 - fsize isize fsize / isize, . , - , fsize  isize. UNIX 512, XENIX - 1024. UNIX: +-------------------------------------------------------------- | # fsdb /dev/root | /dev/root(/): 1K byte Block File System | FSIZE = 28890, ISIZE = 7216 | 512 | 001000: 000705 (453) | <Return> | 001002: 000000 (0) | <Return> | 001004: 070332 (28890) | ( <Return> .) : ( ), ( ) ( ). - , , : ( <Return>) - fsize - , fsdb (FSIZE). - , fsdb 1. df, , fsdb. , df 512- . - FSIZE, , df, - . divvy, , divvy, fsdb, 1. ISIZE . , - fsdb, , (isize). isize, , , , . isize  , fsdb  (ISIZE). - ISIZE 16 ( - ) 2 ( - , : - ). (isize) , - . . - 4-24 -