TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Proto-
col)
UNIX'. TCP/IP :
IP-
IP-
( - ,
)
TCP/IP- :
"" ,
, . "-
" IP- ( )
" " , TCP/IP .
, TCP/IP -
,
TCP/IP "Internet". "Internet":
100000 IP- . ( 1994 )
Internet' :
20,000
4,000,000
35,000,000
IP-.
IP- - 32- , -
16-- , 4 ,
. :
193.124.148.73
128.8.2.1
. 0
255. :
c1.7c.94.49 0xC17C9449
80.08.02.01 0x80080201
, -
Internet, TCP/IP
, .
IP- .
. , ,
NIC - Network Informational Center. NIC
. IP-. NIC
- , -
"" IP-,
. E-mail , :
hostmaster@sri-nic.net
, IP-, *.ru
xSU/RU NetworkInformationalCenter
ncc@ripn.net ncc@ussr.eu.net
www.ripn.net/nic/ripn-docs/
IP- - "" 2**n IP-, .
- . IP-.
128.8.0.0, 193.125.149.64 . -
, , ,
.
- , -
. ( 8
- 256 , 6 - 64 ),
b'111...11100...00'
^^ ^^
- ,
:
255.255.255.192 - 64
255.255.255.0 - 256
255.255.0.0 - 64Kb
Broadcast - . -
"--" ( ).
128.8.255.255
:
A. "" .
: 1 - 126.
: 255.0.0.0
16387064 (256*256*256).
: 125.*.*.*
B. "" .
: 128.0 - 191.255
: 255.255.0.0
64516 (256*256).
: 136.12.*.*
C. "" .
: 192.0.0 - 255.254.255
: 255.255.255.0
254 .
: 195.136.12.*
D. "Multicast-" ( ) ( )
: 224-239
E. "" 240-250
0, 127, 255 - IP
2.1. Private Address Space
,
, " ".
RFC 1597 "Address Allocation for Private Internets"
March 1994:
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
IP :
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 A
172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 B
192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 C
ISP ,
() .
UNIX-
. :
Linux (1*ISA, 2*PnP):
/etc/conf.modules
alias eth0 ne
alias eth1 ne
alias eth2 ne
options ne io=0x220,irq=5
, IP- 198.8.2.1
ethernet' elx70 . Motorol' -
ethernet, -
.
ifconfig e1x70 198.8.2.1 up
, m3760 (
) IP- 198.8.3.1
ifconfig m3760 198.8.3.1 up
, 198.8.2.* *=1,...,254 -
ethernet, -
, ethernet, -
198.8.2.1 - .. - elx70. , -
198.8.3.* - ethernet -
198.8.3.1
route add net 198.8.2.0 198.8.2.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 0
route add net 198.8.3.0 198.8.3.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 0
IP-, -
, 198.8.2.107
- , ,
.
route add default 198.8.2.107 1
route - . -
"" "" gateway', " -
gateway' IP-
. IP- 198.8.2.1 198.8.3.1
ethernet, ()
0. 198.8.2.107 - - " " 1.
,
netstat -rn #
ping -s fedfond # ""
ping -s fedfond-gate
ping -s 198.8.2.107
netstat -i #
, lo0 localhost. -
Loop-back .
, . Loop-back -
IP-
127.0.0.1
. ,
fedfond, IP-adres
198.8.2.1 . , ether
net-,
IP-. , ethernet
IP- 198.8.3.1,
, "fedfond-gate".
:
/etc/inet/rc.inet,
/usr/sbin/ifconfig e1x70 `uname -n`-gate $net_mask up
, ethernet
fedfond-gate , .
, IP- host'
1. sysadm "nodename" . :
nodename ( ) systemname ( )
2. /etc/hosts , IP-
fedfond , !, fedfond-gate
198.8.2.1 fedfond
198.8.3.1 fedfond-gate
3. .
- ethernet - ,
.
/etc/rc.d/rc.local :
# 2140
insmod /lib/modules/2.0.18/de4x5.o io=0
# IP #
ifconfig eth1 10.232.172.1
route add -net 10.232.172.0 gw 10.232.172.1 netmask 255.255.255.0
2- ethernet' ,
: /etc/lilo.conf
append="ether=0,0,eth0 ether=0,0,eth1" # autoprobe
#
append="ether=10,0x300,0xe800,eth0 ether=12,0x280,eth1"
:
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
TCP/IP,
, arp -a
ping [-s] 123.456.789.255
arp -a
, ,
.
Linux: .
,
ifconfig
Sun: boot-
Hardware ethernet' Sun
boot-, ifconfig
. Sun NVRAM & hostid FAQ
HP-UX: lanscan.
boot- PDC.
, ,
- .
BSD-Unix' API
Berkly-sockets. AT&T System V TLI (Transport Level
Interface) - "" (streams).
SVR4 , .
inetd (Internet Super Server), TLI
listen (Network Listener).
listen ,
IP- host'. "
". IP- -
.
, IP- 198.8.2.1 198.8.3.1, -
C6080201, C6080301 ,
:
nlsadmin -i tcp
nlsadmin -l '\x00020acec60802010000000000000000' tcp
nlsadmin -l '\x00020acec60803010000000000000000' tcp
" ^^^^^^^^
0ac" |
|
IP-
. , ,
, . inetd
:
/etc/inetd.conf -->
/etc/services -->
:
netstat ( netstat -ta - Linux)
ARP - Address Resolution Protocol
. /
. , ethernet'
, IP-.
broadcst: ", , , : IP-_ -
", .
arp -a # IP- eth-
RARP - Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
, IP-.
rarpd. -:
ether- -> IP-. -broadcast'
: ", ,,, eth- -.
?" rarpd , IP ( -
bootparamd -
, ).
()
RIP, BGP, EGP, ICMP.
RIP - Routing Information Protocol
( ).
routed / gated.
BGP - Border Gateway Protocol
EGP - External Gateway Protocol
.
gated
ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol
TCP/IP ( "port
unreachable"), ping, traceroute,
"redirect":
"- , -
".
host',
, .
DNS NIS/YP
DNS - Domain Name System.
-
IP-, "" -
( pc101.fedfond.msk.su , ftp.sco.com
..) DNS - , bind, -
(). -
IP-
"resolver" - gethostbyname, gethostbyaddr,
DNS,
IP- (domain-name).
NIS/YP - Network Information System (
, Sun - Yellow Pages).
NIS- ( ypserv) ,
: ,
, ,
, .. ..
DNS NIS/YP: DNS - "" -
,
. NIS/YP -
,
.
unix-
:
, IP , DNS
HP/UX: /etc/set_parms initial
Linux Slackware: net_config
Solaris: /etc/???
redhat- Linux
/sbin/ifup-pre-local
/sbin/ifdown-pre-local
/sbin/ifup-local
/sbin/ifdown-local
, / /
${DEVICE}
Last-modified: Sun, 23 Oct 2005 20:05:37 GMT