, directors , . , ( world - aliases) . , - 347 - , . , smail . . , mailbox janet, janet. , aliases, , , , nobody. , smail manpage. # A sample /usr/lib/smail/directors file # aliasinclude - expand ":include:filename" addresses produced # by alias files aliasinclude: driver=aliasinclude, # use this special-case driver nobody; # access file as nobody user if unsecure copysecure, # get permissions from alias director copyowners, # get owners from alias director # forwardinclude - expand ":include:filename" addrs produced # by forward files forwardinclude: driver=forwardinclude, # use this special-case driver nobody; # access file as nobody user if unsecure checkpath, # check path accessibility copysecure, # get perms from forwarding director copyowners, # get owners from forwarding director # aliases - search for alias expansions stored in a database aliases: driver=aliasfile, # general-purpose aliasing director -nobody, # all addresses are associated # with nobody by default anyway sender okay, # don't remove sender from expansions owner=owner-$user; # problems go to an owner address file=/usr/lib/aliases, # default: sendmail compatible modemask=002, # should not be globally writable optional, # ignore if file does not exist proto=lsearch, # unsorted ASCII file # dotforward - expand .forward files in user home directories dotforward: - 348 - driver=forwardfile, # general-purpose forwarding director owner=real-$user, # problems go to the user's mailbox nobody, # use nobody user, if unsecure sender okay; # sender never removed from expansion file=~/.forward, # .forward file in home directories checkowner, # the user can own this file owners=root, # or root can own the file modemask=002, # it should not be globally writable caution=0-10:uucp:daemon, # don't run things as root or daemons # be extra careful of remotely accessible home directories unsecure="~ftp:~uucp:~nuucp:/tmp:/usr/tmp", # forwardto - expand a "Forward to " line at the top of # the user's mailbox file forwardto: driver=forwardfile, owner=Postmaster, # errors go to Postmaster nobody, # use nobody user, if unsecure sender okay; # don't remove sender from expansion file=/var/spool/mail/${lc:user}, # location of user's mailbox forwardto, # enable "Forward to " check checkowner, # the user can own this file owners=root, # or root can own the file modemask=0002, # under System V, group mail can write caution=0-10:uucp:daemon, # don't run things as root or daemons # user - match users on the # local host with delivery to their mailboxes user: driver=user; # driver to match usernames transport=local, # local transport goes to mailboxes # real user - match usernames when prefixed with the string "real-" real user: driver=user; # driver to match usernames transport=local, # local transport goes to mailboxes prefix="real-", # for example, match real-root # lists - expand mailing lists stored below /usr/lib/smail/lists lists: driver=forwardfile, caution, # flag all addresses with caution - 349 - nobody, # and then associate the nobody user sender okay, # do NOT remove the sender owner=owner-$user; # the list owner # map the name of the mailing list to lower case file=lists/${lc:user}, , smail , director, () . transports transports. , . , - , , , , cmd . , , , , . # A sample /usr/lib/smail/transports file # local - deliver mail to local users local: driver=appendfile, # append message to a file return path, # include a Return-Path: field from, # supply a From envelope line unix from hack, # insert > before From in body local; # use local forms for delivery file=/var/spool/mail/${lc:user}, # location of mailbox files group=mail, # group to own file for System V mode=0660, # group mail can access suffix="\n", # append an extra newline # pipe - deliver mail to shell commands pipe: driver=pipe, # pipe message to another program return path, # include a Return-Path: field from, # supply a From envelope line unix from hack, # insert > before From in body local; # use local forms for delivery cmd="/bin/sh -c $user", # send address to the Bourne Shell parent env, # environment info from parent addr pipe as user, # use user-id associated with address ignore status, # ignore a non-zero exit status - 350 - ignore write errors, # ignore write errors, i.e., broken pipe umask=0022, # umask for child process -log output, # do not log stdout/stderr # file - deliver mail to files file: driver=appendfile, return path, # include a Return-Path: field from, # supply a From envelope line unix from hack, # insert > before From in body local; # use local forms for delivery file=$user, # file is taken from address append as user, # use user-id associated with address expand user, # expand ~ and $ within address suffix="\n", # append an extra newline mode=0600, # set permissions to 600 # uux - deliver to the rmail program on a remote UUCP site uux: driver=pipe, uucp, # use UUCP-style addressing forms from, # supply a From envelope line max addrs=5, # at most 5 addresses per invocation max chars=200; # at most 200 chars of addresses cmd="/usr/bin/uux - -r -a$sender -g$grade $host!rmail $(($user)$)", pipe as sender, # have uucp logs contain caller log output, # save error output for bounce messages # defer child errors, # retry if uux returns an error # demand - deliver to a remote rmail program, # polling immediately demand: driver=pipe, uucp, # use UUCP-style addressing forms from, # supply a From envelope line max addrs=5, # at most 5 addresses per invocation max chars=200; # at most 200 chars of addresses cmd="/usr/bin/uux - -a$sender -g$grade $host!rmail $(($user)$)", pipe as sender, # have uucp logs contain caller log output, # save error output for bounce messages # defer child errors, # retry if uux returns an error # hbsmtp - half-baked BSMTP. The output files must - 351 - # be processed regularly and sent out via UUCP. hbsmtp: driver=appendfile, inet, # use RFC 822-addressing hbsmtp, # batched SMTP w/o HELO and QUIT -max addrs, -max chars; # no limit on number of addresses file="/var/spool/smail/hbsmtp/$host", user=root, # file is owned by root mode=0600, # only read-/writeable by root. # smtp - deliver using SMTP over TCP/IP smtp: driver=tcpsmtp, inet, -max addrs, -max chars; # no limit on number of addresses short timeout=5m, # timeout for short operations long timeout=2h, # timeout for longer SMTP operations service=smtp, # connect to this service port # For internet use: uncomment the below 4 lines # use bind, # resolve MX and multiple A records # defnames, # use standard domain searching # defer no connect, # try again if the nameserver is down # -local mx okay, # fail an MX to the local host APPENDIX C GNU GNU (GPL copy-left), Linux . . Linux - copyright (C) 1993 Linus Torvalds, . , Linux , , () GPL (GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE). - . , . - 352 - ACU . . ARP . IP CSMA-CD (Ethernet). ARPA , . Internet. ARPANET Internet; , ( ). BBS BBS. mailbox. BGP . . BIND Berkeley Internet Name Domain . DNS. BNU . - UUCP . HoneyDanBer UUCP. : P. Honeyman, D.A. Novitz, B.E. Redman. broadcast network , . BSD Berkeley . Unix. CCITT (. ) , .. CSLIP IP . IP , TCP/IP. DNS Domain name system. - , Internet host IP. EGP . - 353 - . Ethernet , Ethernet - , . Ethernet , , 10Mbps. Ethernet , . FQDN . Hostname , , . FTP . . FYI " ." Internet. GMU Groucho Marx University. , . GNU GNU Unix - - , Unix, . GNU , GNU (GPL), Copyleft. HoneyDanBer UUCP. . BNU. host , : -, . , x-, . ICMP Internet . , IP, host , .. IEEE Institute of Electrical and Eletronics Engineers. . UNIX, - 354 - - POSIX , UNIX, . IETF Internet . internet , . Internet "" internet. IP Internet Protocol. . ISO . ISDN . , . LAN . . MX . DNS, host gateway . NFS . . NIS . Rpc- , . . YP. NNTP . TCP . octet Internet, , . , Internet, , . OSI . ISO - 355 - . path UUCP . PLIP IP . IP . PPP ( ). PPP - , IP IPX . (), PPP ISDN. RARP . IP . RFC . , Internet. RIP . - , () . RPC . host. RR " ". RS-232 - . RTS/CTS , , ( ) RS-232. RTS (" ''), CTS (" , ''). RTM Internet Worm - , VMS BSD 4.3 Unix, Internet. "" , Internet. RTM - - 356 - (Robert T. Morris), . SLIP IP . - IP , . CSLIP. SMTP . TCP , UUCP (batched SMTP). SOA . DNS. System V Unix. TCP . . TCP/IP Internet . UDP . . UUCP Unix Unix. . virtual beer Linux'. , , Linux 0.98.X kernel, Linus "Oxford Beer Trolls" . YP . NIS, , - . , NIS yp. ?! 1. 2 1.1. Linux 3 1.2. 4 - 357 - 1.3. 5 1.4. 6 1.5. 7 1.6. 8 1.7. 9 1.8. linux 10 1.9. 11 2. . 12 2.1. . 12 2.2. UUCP . 13 2.2.1. UUCP 14 2.3. TCP/IP 16 2.3.1. TCP/IP-. 16 2.3.2. Ethernet 18 2.3.3. 20 2.3.4. Internet (IP) 21 2.3.5. IP 22 2.3.6. (TCP) 23 2.3.7. (UDP) 24 2.3.8. 24 2.3.9. (socket) 25 2.4. Linux 26 2.4.1. 27 2.4.2. 28 2.5. 28 2.5.1. 29 2.6. 31 3. TCP/IP 33 3.1. 33 3.2. IP 34 3.3. Address Resolution( ). 35 3.4. IP 37 3.4.1. IP 37 3.4.2. 37 3.4.3. Gateways 39 3.4.4. 40 - 358 - 3.4.5. 42 3.5. The Internet Control Message Protocol 42 3.6. (Domain Name System) 43 3.6.1 (Hostname Resolution) 43 3.6.2. DNS 45 3.6.3 DNS 47 3.6.4 (Domain Name Servers) 48 3.6.5 DNS 49 3.6.6. . 51 4. . 55 4.1. , , 55 4.2. 57 4.2.1. Linux 1.0 58 4.2.2. Linux 1.1.14 60 4.3. Linux 62 4.4. Ethernet 63 4.4.1. Ethernet . 64 4.4.2. 64 4.4.3. Ethernet 65 4.5. PLIP 68 4.6. SLIP PPP 69 5. 70 5.1. 70 5.2. 71 5.3. 72 5.4. . 74 6. TCP/IP 77 6.1. proc 77 6.2. 78 6.3. 79 6.4. 79 6.5. IP 80 6.6. hosts networks 82 6.7. IP 84 6.7.1. loopback 85 - 359 - 6.7.2. Ethernet 87 6.7.3. Gateway 90 6.7.4. Gateway 91 6.7.5. PLIP 92 6.7.6. SLIP PPP 93 6.7.7. Dummy() 94 6.8. ifconfig 94 6.9. netstat 98 6.9.1. 98 6.9.2. 99 6.9.3. 100 6.10. ARP 101 6.11. 103 7. . 105 7.1 . 105 7.1.1 . 106 7.1.2 . 107 7.1.3 --- resolv.conf 108 7.1.4 . 109 7.2 named. 110 7.2.1 named.boot. 111 7.2.2 DNS . 114 7.2.3 . 118 7.2.4 (Name Server Setup). 119 7.2.5 125 8. IP 126 8.1 . 126 8.2 SLIP . 127 8.3 dip 130 8.3.1 Script(). 130 8.3.2 Dip . 133 8.3.2.1 . 134 8.3.2.2 echo term. 135 8.3.2.3 Get . 135 8.3.2.4 Print 136 8.3.2.5 (Variable Names) 136 - 360 - 8.3.2.6 If Goto 137 8.3.2.7 send, wait sleep 137 8.3.2.8 mode default 138 8.4 server 138 9. (point-to-point protocol) 140 9.1 P's 140 9.2 PPP Linux 141 9.3 pppd 143 9.4 144 9.5 chat 146 9.6 PPP 149 9.7 IP 149 9.7.1 IP 150 9.7.2 PPP 151 9.8 153 9.9 155 9.10 PPP 156 9.11 PPP 161 10. 163 10.1 Inetd - 163 10.2 Tcpd  166 10.4 170 10.5 r 172 11. 175 11.1 NIS 177 11.2 NIS NIS + 181 11.3 NIS 182 11.4 NIS 182 11.5 NIS NYS 184 11.6 186 11.7 passwd Maps 188 11.8 NIS Shadow Support 191 11.9 NIS . 192 12. (NFS) 193 - 361 - 12.1 NFS 196 12.2 NFS 197 12.3 NFS daemon() 200 12.4 201 12.5 Linux Automounter 204 13. Taylor UUCP 205 13.1 205 13.1.1 UUCP 207 13.2 207 13.2.1 UUCP 207 13.2.2 uucico 208 13.2.3 uucico 210 13.3 UUCP 211 13.3.1 Taylor UUCP 211 13.3.2 UUCP 214 13.3.3 215 13.3.4 Taylor 216 13.3.5 - config 217 13.3.6 UUCP - sys 218 13.3.6.1 218 13.3.6.2 218 13.3.6.3 Port Speed 219 13.3.6.4 Login chat ( ) 220 13.3.6.5 222 13.3.6.6 223 13.3.7 (Devices) - port 224 13.3.8 - dial 226 13.3.9 UUCP TCP 228 13.3.10 229 13.4 UUCP, - 230 13.4.1 230 13.4.2 230 13.4.3 232 13.5 . 233 13.5.1 getty 233 13.5.2 UUCP (account) 233 13.5.3 235 - 362 - 13.5.4 - 236 13.5.5 UUCP 238 13.6 UUCP 239 13.6.1 239 13.6.2 241 14. 247 14.1 - ? 248 14.2 ? 251 14.3 Email 252 14.4 ? 253 14.4.1 Internet 253 14.4.2 UUCP 254 14.4.3 UUCP RFC 822 256 14.5 Pathalias 258 14.6 elm 261 14.6.1 elm 261 14.6.2 262 15. smail 263 15.1 UUCP 265 15.2 267 15.2.1 267 15.2.2 smail 269 15.3 ... 270 15.3.1 smail 272 15.4 272 15.5 273 15.6 274 15.7 274 15.7.1 277 15.8 277 15.8.1 278 15.8.2 279 15.8.3 279 15.8.4 280 15.9 UUCP- 281 15.10 SMTP- 282 - 363 - 15.11 Hostname 282 16. Sendmail + IDA 283 16.1 Sendmail + IDA 283 16.2 --- 284 16.3 Sendmail.cf 285 16.3.1 Sendmail.m4 286 16.3.2 sendmail.m4 286 16.3.2.1 , 287 16.3.2.2 Mailer' 288 16.3.2.3 Bounced- 289 16.3.2.4 289 16.3.2.5 289 16.3.2.6 Uucp- 290 16.3.2.7 Relay- Mailer' 290 16.3.2.8 291 16.3.2.9 Sendmail.mc 291 16.3.2.10 ? 291 16.4 Sendmail + IDA 292 16.4.1 Mailertable 292 16.4.2 Uucpxtable 294 16.4.3 pathtable 295 16.4.4 domaintable 296 16.4.5 aliases 296 16.4.6 298 16.5 sendmail 298 16.5.1 299 16.5.2 sendmail.cf 299 16.5.3 sendmail.cf 300 16.5.4 - 303 16.6 305 16.6.1 306 16.6.2 306 16.6.3 , UUCP 307 16.6.4 UUCP 307 16.6.5 Sendmail 308 16.6.6 308 16.7 309 - 364 - 16.8 309 17. Netnews 310 17.1 Usenet 310 17.2 Usenet, ? 310 17.3 Usenet ? 311 18. "C" 312 18.1 312 18.2 313 18.3 315 18.4 active 318 18.5 319 18.6 322 18.7 324 18.8 326 18.8.1 326 18.8.2 Newgroup rmgroup 327 18.8.3 Checkgroups 327 18.8.4 sendsys, version, senduuname 329 18.9 C News NFS 329 18.10 330 19. NNTP 332 19.1 332 19.2 NNTP 334 19.3 NNTP 334 19.4 NNTP 336 19.5 Nntpd C News 336 20. Newsreader 337 20.1 tin 338 20.2 Trn 339 20.3 nn 340 APPENDIX A 342 APPENDIX B 343 APPENDIX C 351