NFS - NFS . , /tmp, & : - 197 - # mkdir /tmp/test # mount localhost:/etc /tmp/test , "fs type nfs no supported by kernel'', NFS. , NFS daemons . 12.2 NFS 4. Alan Cox: NFS , . BSD , , (4K), 4 1k bsd-based NFS, 4 4k . NFS (5) , . mount, : # mount -t nfs nfs volume local dir options Nfs : . NFS , nfs -t. , mounting NFS . -o , /etc/fstab . , . , , fstab. /etc/fstab : - 198 - # volume mount point type options news:/usr/spool/news /usr/spool/news nfs timeo=14,intr # mount news:/usr/spool/news fstab , NFS uglier. , , home , moonshot, 4k - . 2k, Linux() : # mount moonshot:/home /home -o rsize=2048,wsize=2048 5. " ", . Nfs(5), Rick Sladkey's NFS-aware mount tool, Util-linux Rik Faith). - , : rsize=n wsize=n - , NFS , . - 1024 , - UDP , . timeo=n - ( ), NFS , . - 0.7 . hard - hard-mounted. - 199 - . soft - soft-mount ( hard-mounted). intr - , NFS . , . rsize wsize, , . : , NFS , , ( ). , minor timeout ( ), , . - 60 , . , . . , , hard-mounted. , soft-mounted - , . - , write-behind , , 2 , soft-mounted . hard- soft-mount - , , , . , NFS, , X "" , - , - 200 - xv , , Ethernet . hard-mounting, , , nfs-. , non-critical , nfs-mounted news partititons FTP soft-mounted, , "", . - flakey , , timeo, hard-mount , NFS, hanging file access. , mountd daemon , , . showmount, NFS . Linux mountd . 12.3 NFS daemon() NFS , nfsd mountd daemons . rpc- , inetd, , portmapper. , , , rpc.portmap . , rc.inet2 script: if [ -x /usr/sbin/rpc.mountd ]; then /usr/sbin/rpc.mountd; echo -n " mountd" fi if [ -x /usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd ]; then /usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd; echo -n " nfsd" if NFS daemon , . - 201 - , uid/gid. , NIS, passwd LAN. & " , . uid's gid's , , ugidd mapping daemon, . map daemon , nfsd uid/gid uid/gid ugidd . ugidd - rpc- , rc.inet2 nfsd mountd. if [ -x /usr/sbin/rpc.ugidd ]; then /usr/sbin/rpc.ugidd; echo -n " ugidd" fi 12.4 NFS , per-client. /etc/exports . , mountd , . , nfs , , . : # exports file for vlager /home vale(rw) vstout(rw) vlight(rw) /usr/X386 vale(ro) vstout(ro) vlight(ro) - 202 - /usr/TeX vale(ro) vstout(ro) vlight(ro) / vale(rw,no root squash) /home/ftp (ro) , , . - , * ? , Bourne . , lab*.foo.com lab01.foo.com laber.foo.com. , /home/ftp , . , mountd hostname gethostbyaddr(2) . DNS, hostname , . DNS, - hostname, , . , , , . : insecure - - . unix-rpc - unix- RPC . , internet ( 1024). . secure-rpc - secure RPC . . . Sun's Secure RPC. - 203 - kerberos - Kerberos . . . MIT Kerberos . root squash - , super user , uid 0 uid 65534 (-2) . uid . no root squash - uid 0. . ro - read-only . . rw - rgad-write . link relative - ( link contents ) ../, root . , , , , . . link absolute ( Sun-supplied NFS ). map identity - map identity , , uid's gid's . - 204 - . map daemon NFS , uid/gid. nfsd , client's ugidd daemon. , daemon syslogd's , nfsd mountd . , IP , . BIND security-conscious, spoof host.conf . 12.5 Linux Automounter , NFS , .; - , - , . - automounter. - daemon, NFS , , . automounter - , . , , NFS. automounter, , /usr/X386; automounter , . Automounter, Linux amd. Jan-Simon Pendry Linux Rick Sladkey. amd-5.3. - 205 - amd - ; , , ; texinfo . 13. Taylor UUCP 13.1 UUCP Mike Lesk AT&T Bell Laboratories, . , email Usenet , UUCP . , , . , , "" , UUCP, UUCP. , 1976. , .  , . - " 2 UUCP ", 1977 Mike Lesk, David A. Novitz, Greg Chesson. , . 2 UUCP. 1983, BNU (Basic Networking Utilities( )), HoneyDanBer UUCP, HDB . , P. Honeyman, D. A.Novitz, B. E. Redman. HDB , 2 UUCP. , , , - 206 - , UUCP. UUCP, Linux - Taylor UUCP 1.04, (1), , . Taylor UUCP 1.04 1993. , Taylor UUCP , - a.k.a. " Taylor " - . 1.05 , . , , Taylor UUCP 1.05 . 1. Ian Taylor, 1993. Linux, Taylor UUCP BNU, Taylor , . , , , , BNU, Taylor. , UUCP, , UUCP. , UUCP . UUCP, 13.3, , UUCP. , UUCP - uucp uux. . - uux uucp, UUCP , . UUCP , , . , UUCP. , . , , UUCP. uucico ( cico copy-in copy-out), uuxqt, - 207 - , . 13.1.1 UUCP , , , . texinfo , Taylor . Texinfo DVI GNU , tex makeinfo, . BNU ( 2), - " UUCP Usenet " ([GETST "reilly-uucp"]). UUCP Linux - Vince Skahan's UUCP-HOWTO , comp.os.linux.announce. newsgroup UUCP - comp.mail.uucp. Taylor UUCP, , comp.os.linux. 13.2 13.2.1 UUCP UUCP - . , uucp uux, . , , , . . ,, , UUCP netguide.ps pablo, lpr, . # $ Uux -r pablo! Lpr! Netguide.ps UUCP , ( kermit). . . , , - 208 - /var/spool/uucp. , , (lpr), , , . , UUCP (netguide.ps). . HDB- UUCP , /var/spool/uucp/site, site - . Taylor , UUCP /var/spool/uucp/site . UUCP . , UUCP , , . , . uuxqt, , . , UUCP . - , 0 9, Z, z, . B C, N. . -g uucp uux. . , ( z). : , . 13.2.2 uucico , uucico , , . uucico -s , . . , , - 209 - , . TCP, uucico gethostbyname (3), , , , (socket). , , . , , , , . "login chat". getty/login , - TCP - uucico . , uucico. uucico, , , - . (handshake phase): c hostname . , hostname , , ... ( ) . , , . , , . , e . . , uucico . , , . - . , " " , , TCP , . , , . . , , . , , - 210 - . , , . - (): , . . , , . : UUCP . , , David A. Novitz, UUCP. Taylor UUCP FAQ UUCP. comp.mail.uucp. 13.2.3 uucico uucico. , uucico(1). -s , c . -S . -r1 uucico . , -s -S . -r1 uucico sys", . -r0 uucico . - , -s -S . , - , TCP -p . - 211 - -x typy, -X type . . : abnormal, chat,handshake,uucp-proto, proto, port, config, spooldir, execute,incoming, outgoing. all UUCP, , n "  . DEBUG /var/spool/uucp. 13.3 UUCP , UUCP , . , . , /usr/lib/uucp. . 13.3.1 Taylor UUCP , UUCP , . - , ( Talyor HDB 2). , , . ; . UUCP, , . , , Linux. , /usr/lib/uucp . Linux UUCP binaries, HDB Taylor , - 212 - . README /usr/lib/uucp. UUCP , uucp. , 600. (2) UUCP - /usr/lib/uucp/config , . ( , ), UUCP . , vstout UUCP: # /usr/lib/uucp/config - UUCP hostname vstout - sys . - , . (), , . c ( - - script, ) pablo: # /usr/lib/uucp/sys - UUCP #system pablo system pablo time Any phone 123-456 port serial1 speed 38400 chat ogin: vstout ssword: lorca Port , ,time .hat - , , uucico pablo. . /dev/cua1, port. . 2. , UUCP setuid uucp, , uuchk - . , 600. - 213 - port . , , , , . /dev/cua1 (a.k.a. COM 2), NakWell 38400bps. , "sys". # /usr/lib/uucp/port - UUCP ports # /dev/cua1 (COM2) port serial1 type modem device /dev/cua1 speed 38400 dialer nakwell , c , dial. , , . chat script( ). NakWell : # /usr/lib/uucp/dial - per-dialer information # NakWell modems dialer nakwell chat "" ATZ OK ATDT\T CONNECT , chat , , , , ."\T" uucico. , uucico , , : $ Uucico -s pablo 18. Taylor UUCP. uucico pablo "sys" . " - 214 - sys" pablo , serial1 . port , serial1 , NakWell . Uucico , NakWell , , /dev/cua1 " " . "ATZ", "OK " , ... "\T", (123 - 456) . , ,Uucico "sys" (login chat). "login: " (neruda), "password:" , "lorca". , uucico. (handshake phase), . 13.3.1. 13.3.2 UUCP , UUCP, . , . (DOS) COM1 - COM4 /dev/cua0 - /dev/cua3. , . Slackware, /dev/modem cua * , kermit,seyon .. . , /dev/modem UUCP. , , , . - LCK .. , LCK .. cua1. , . , . - , UUCP crontab. . 5 .. - 215 - Linux . . , 2400bps ( ). V. 42bis, 9600bps. , , UUCP c -, . . (3) , . , BREAK , ? : "login:" "user:"? (chat script), uucico, . , kermit minicom, , . 13.3.3 TCP/IP , (host) UUCP . UUCP , , . (4) 3. UUCP, . - . - /uucp uucp nuucp/uucp. 4. - , 7 , , . , UUCP , b , UUCP Mapping project . UUCP Mapping psoject 14 .., , UUCP . - 216 - , UUCP , . , - swim.twobirds.com, UUCP swim. ., UUCP . , UUCP. (5) , UUCP (big black bit bucket). , , , . , UUCP hostname UUCP . /etc/rc.local. UUCP , , hostname , uucico UUCP. . 13.3.4 Taylor . Taylor UUCP : config - . UUCP . sys - , . , , , , , . port - , , . 5. UUCP Mapping Project UUCP hostnames . UUCP, maintainers , ; . - 217 - dial - , , . Dialcode (dialcodes). call , . . Passwd , . , uucico . Taylor , - . , . , ( with a backslash). , . , . UUCP. , , UUCP TCP /IP . Texinfo , Taylor UUCP. , UUCP , , uuchk ( /usr/lib/uucp). Uuchk , , . 13.3.5 - config