:


---------------------------------------------------------------
 25.10.2002.     
 http://www.sensi.org/~ak/linuxfaq/
---------------------------------------------------------------

RU.LINUX Frequently Asked Questions
Alexander Kanavin, ak@sensi.org
  25.10.2002.

    ( ),    Linux.
    c  <http://www.sensi.org/~ak/linux-faq/>




H        *



    ,     FAQ 
copy-and-paste. (Alex Kanavin)



  FAQ    -   ak@sensi.org



:       FAQ.

  SSL (openssl). VPN. Kerberos.

   ,     

        ,    -
            .

 ,      ""
  .



 FAQ list    URL:
http://www.sensi.org/~ak/linuxfaq/




FAQ   Fidonet FREQ :

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FAQ     :

to: faqrobot 2:5036/26 subj: rulinux.faq


         
  FAQ.  ,       
 .




   RU.LINUX (  ).

(c) -  , FidoNet 2:5030/532.

(s) -  , mbravo@kronverk.spb.su,  
1999

(s) - A , ak@sensi.org

   FAQ  ftp/www/etc  
. ,      .
      . (
   :-)



        -    
 ( ,      ),
faq's   ( /usr/doc/faq), HOWTOs  .. 
    <http://groups.google.com/>.   , 
    -   ,    
   ,      .

      ,   
 ,   .    ,
    ,    
  -  ,   , 
 ,        ( 
,   ),   .

 ,     ru.linux, ,   
   ru.unix - ,  Unix-   
 ru.gnu - ,     GNU.
   ru.unix.prog -   Unix,
ru.unix.multimedia -      ru.unix.ftn -
  Unix.       ru.linux.chainik, 
       ,    
      ru.linux   ru.unix.
   ru.unix.linux,       ,
     ru.linux,    
           
.




:

How To Ask Questions The Smart Way
<http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html>

:    
<http://ln.com.ua/~openxs/articles/smart-questions-ru.html>

How to Report Bugs Effectively
<http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html>






       :   
   ?       , 
     :

   Linux-       
      Windows.  ,  ,  
        " Word"  "
   Excel".

        
     

      

       

        . 
     ,      . 
   ,        (  
      ).     
    .




   <http://www.lug.ru>    Linux
 .     ,    
.      -    
   .  LUG   
( ), ,     - .
    LUG  ,   " 
   -    (CD-R) ?"
        Fido,
    Unix/Linux (: SPB.LINUX,
SPB.FILES).      :  
 ,    c   , 
  ,  ,     
   .



,    ,     
,    : <http://linux.iplabs.ru>,
<http://linux.vinchi.ru>, <http://www.linux-ink.ru>,
<http://www.mistral.ru>, <http://www.bolero.ru>,
<http://www.books.ru>, <http://www.linux-online.ru>.

      
<http://www.ebuy.dp.ua>.   - -
<http://www.shopsys.spb.ru>.

     

    -   ,      

     

  " /   ".  H
          .
   (-   -   
      walnut creek, cheapbytes  infomagic 
    .    , ,  ,
       .   
     ,  "" .)

         
     ,      
   .   ,       ,
             ftp (
     ) -     GPL.
   ,    cd-r    ,  
     (,    
   ).

     ,       
, ,  ,      ,  
 ,          
 .




:    mbravo@kronverk.spb.su,   
(2:5030/902, idv@aanet.ru,      
 ),    ( 68, 110-1303), 
  (312-5208,  <http://linuxcenter.ru>).

:     H p. H p   
p, p - CompuLink, ,   p  .

 ALT Linux:  <http://www.altlinux.ru/index.php?module=buy>)

 Vinchi Group (     <http://www.vinchi.ru>)

 Bolero (. , 14,   ,  3, .319.
 124-6455).

--:   p    p "Proga" -
.    188,  320. .53-41-22.

-: TOO e.com (480091, .  103, 3 , .
 505-777,  505-778)

:  (553-5547,   )

. (0692)553148  <http://www.sevcom.net>

:  ASPLinux  <http://www.spez.com.ua>

 : ?





         <http://www.freshmeat.net>.   .

  <http://www.opennet.ru>     
   ( <http://www.opennet.ru/lastsoft/> -
 ,  <http://www.opennet.ru/news/> - "")


    2.6.     <->    "`^:,:#`!  


     ?


        c  
      ,   update' 
,  .  ,     
  .     
  .  Red Hat   ,  
<http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla/>

     ,    
   (   ,
       )  
     ,     
- . ,   ,    
,      ,     
-.


    2.7.    ,  p  p? (  , 


      )


 ru.books.computing faq ( <http://alexm.here.ru/rbcfaq.txt>).

   "Linux.    ". BHV,
1997, ISBN 5-7315-0002-9 ,    (   
   96 )  .   
  "  Linux"   (
 99 ,     97)    "UNIX: 
 "  .  .,   
 (   ) - "UNIX: 
 "  H. - 
     .  __ (
 !)      . "
UNIX", (  - , , 1996, ISBN 966-506-043-0,
 - ,  2000).   ,  , 
  "unix",   "linux".    
         
   -  ,   
,        . 
 ,     ( 1999)
 "Unix Power Tools"  O'Reilly -  
     shell.   -
      .   
man bash  .

   Linux Users Group,   . .-
LUG (spblug)    <http://www.spb.lug.ru/> 
(mlug) --   <http://www.moscow.lug.ru>   
   lug    <http://www.lug.ru>.

   ,   . 
,     ,  
    - 

p p   Linux Documentation Project.

<http://www.linuxdoc.org>

  , , ,  
<http://www.linux.org.ru/books/>.

        :

  <http://www.linux.org.ru>

  <http://lib.ru>

  <http://www.gnu.org.ru>

  <http://www.opennet.ru>

  <http://linux-ve.chat.ru>

  <http://www.nevod.ru/linux/doc/>

  <http://xtalk.price.ru>

  <http://alexm.here.ru>


    2.8.    Red Hat Linux ( Red Hat- ). 


        ,    ?


  Red Hat Reference Guide (/doc/ref-guide  -).
      Package Management with RPM
 System Administration.    c
/usr/doc/initscripts-x.xx.   ,   
 ,    ,      .

      
Linux-    ,  94 .


    2.9.      ,      ! 


    !     ?! (:  


          ...!  !)


Linux - ,      .
,       ,    
    ,      
,  ,      
    CD      , 
        -
- ( ,   ,  
"   - " -    
,         
).   , ,       -
,       . , 
 -, -,      , 
 ,  ,     -   ,   ,
   ,   . 
'    ,   ,
    freq,   U*,  
,  -    .    , 
  c   ,   
 .


    2.10.      ,     ...  ?


        FAQ.

  CD-R:

 :    (2:5030/902, idv@aanet.ru). H freq
FILES    .     
   .

BBS    :

 : Quasi-BBS 702-52-49 23:00-08:00

Ultrix BBS, 00:00-07:00, 462-8291, Sysop - Arthur Komarov
(5020/943.17) (TNSDrive 2.0b1)

unitrecordHQ, 0:00-7:30, 162-9286,  , sysop - tim
kondratyev (2:5020/1989.1)

 :

2:5030/763 TMA BBS,    (-).

    - 2:461/220

Spezvuz BBS CM 057-7123313 Alexander Grinevich (2:461/1024)

2:463/57   ( -)

-: ISP BBS CM 3272-638796 Alexander Uskov (2:5083/21) (TNSDrive
2.0b4)


    2.11.   - 


info gcc,libc,gdb

/usr/doc/LDP/lpg     LDP,    .  (
<http://www.linuxdoc.org>)

Cc       curses   
: <http://www.linuxprogramming.com/>

 "  "   <http://lib.ru>  
     <http://lib.ru/BACH/>

      .     :

"   C++  Unix"  , BHV

" UNIX"   -     
  .  ,   
,     / ()  ,
   : , , .  
  -     .

   Unix           ru.unix.prog,  
 news:comp.unix.programmer.    FAQ   "Properly
tuned Unix Application".


    2.12.  H     {p  /  


     normal  / -  /   8Gb }  


    ?


  p   1- hd,  p  bios
(1024 p),  p _pp p_,  
   p pp  p /p.
p     p  p  pp
loadlin.exe.    man rdev.

  lilo (>21.3)      ,
,  1024.   BIOS      
 lba32,      /etc/lilo.conf.

   lilo     GRUB
<http://www.gnu.org/software/grub>

    NUNI,   
 BIOS     IDE-. 
  PCI IDE  ()  .
     ext2fs.


    2.13.     ,     -  


    . (:   150 -    ,  


    )        NT'//OS/8, etc.


(Alex Korchmar)       - ___
  .

 ,    /,    
- _ _    win4lin, vmware   , 
  "", "", "live-fs"  
-,        FAT -
     .


  "  -    " - 
 .     ,    - 
  - ,    .     
     -     
 ()     () 
  .   , ,   .


    2.14.        : Linux, Win-


    dows NT, Windows 9?.     ?


 :  ,   win'95/98  dos,
   ,  ,   
  .   ,     ( 
-    )       
MBR,   Linux.

   :      
  ?  NT Loader,    
  HOWTO/mini/Linux+NT-loader.  LILO,   
 :

1. LILO    MBR     Primary linux ,
     MBR   ,   , 
     MS-DOS (  fdisk /mbr).

2.      Windows 9?,    ,  
           MBR 
    ,     
       .    
        .     -
      "".  Windows NT  2000
     MBR  ,  Windows NT  MBR  
    Disk Administrator -  ,    Disk
   signature (  32-   ), 
     MBR     LILO.

3. NT Loader     hda1  hda2, ,
    fat16 .

4.     Win 9?   lilo,    NT
   Loader,    lilo.conf:

   other = /boot/bootsect.dos
     label = win


bootsect.dos      ,  
 NT Loader

       /
   /usr/doc/HOWTO/[mini/]Linux+{ }

(Alexander Pevzner, 2:5020/59.9) IMHO,    
        ,
            
 fdisk-  .     .


    2.15.     DN  Linux, FAR  Linux,  mc,


         DN,       Linux


    (mc  ) etc etc


(Andrey Terebecky <mailto:arey@penguinpowered.com>) H  
,      DN, FAR, etc -    
MC.     ,  mc  
 F1 (     ),  
  . H    
CD-,        -
   MC .   DN     
   (,
,   ).  
       
,  MC    .

 , MC      Unix\Linux  
.          shell
(zsh, tcsh, bash, etc).      
      shell  
    ,    .  
MC  ,   shell      - 
  ,    ,   
AVFS ( <http://www.inf.bme.hu/~mszeredi/avfs/>)

 Unix\Linux    MC - X Northern Captain (
<http://xnc.dubna.su>), deco ( <ftp://ftp.cronyx.ru/cronyx/>),  
    Nickolay N. Parfenov ( <http://usrsrc.chat.ru>),
VFU ( <http://www.biscom.net/~cade/vfu>), ytree (
<http://www.han.de/~werner/>).

         DN, FAR  Linux -
  . H      , 
  -        ,  
     .

(Viktor Krapivin 2:450/102.1  Dmitry Chernyak 2:503/983.998)

   90   p - "pp".  DN  
 ().   p - .   , 
XEmacs p    "",   vim  -  8-) p
,   .     p  p.  ""
      ,   
 ,       .

   ""     
  , ,  bg/fg, 
screen , , X-Window.  ,    
" ",      vi.  
    ,  ,  vi - __, 
""  DN -  ,     ,
   .    .


    2.16.  *    Linux-     Bor-


    land C++ Builder, Borland Delphi, Microsoft Visual C++,  ..?


Borland Kylix  <http://www.borland.com/kylix/> Victor Wagner
<mailto:vitus@communiware.ru>

  .

xwpe (    Turbo C++), rhide, motor, KDevelop,
Glade, Source Navigator

H     .

   ,      
  .  ,     .

  ,  -    *nix 
,         
,      (    -
 C,  -  perl/tcl/python/slang,     SQL 
 ).

 ,       
   .

H    ,    . , 
       , 
  .

       
 - vim  emacs,     .  
    ,  make   , 
   ,    ,
   .

( Alex Kanavin:        
The Art of Unix Programming,     , 
   Unix -     
 Unix    , 
Windows-.    :
<http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/writings/taoup/>


    2.17.  *  ,    Linux...


 " Linux"  .   
*nix.      <news:fido7.ru.unix.prog>.


    2.18.         : ... ?


  Victor Wagner,      ,
     . 
,  .   .


    2.19.      ...


  RU.LINUX.CHAINIK. ,     
  .


    3.  


     Alexander Voropay
<mailto:alec@sensi.org>.


    3.1.       ...


       :

   

    (libc) locale

    X Window -   

       

  

       -.

 Cyrillc-HOWTO
<http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/unmaintained/Cyrillic-
HOWTO>,         
,      (Last version :
v4.0, 23 January 1998), :
<http://www.inp.nsk.su/~baldin/Cyrillic-HOWTO-russian-old/Cyrillic-
HOWTO.html>.


     Cyrillic-HOWTO   (
          HOWTO).
  :  <http://www.inp.nsk.su/~baldin>

          - 
Cyrillic-HOWTO ().


    3.2.   .


  Linux      
   : kbd  consoletools.

<ftp://ftp.win.tue.nl/pub/linux/utils/kbd/> 
<ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kbd/>

<http://lct.sourceforge.net>

     ,  .  , 
Red Hat 4.  5.x      kbd. 
 Red Hat 6.x       - consoletools.

 Keyboard-and-Console-HOWTO,   HOWTO 
   kbd,  ,   
 kbd. ;-) <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Keyboard-and-
Console-HOWTO.html>

 " "     
  ( kbd):

$ setfont Cyr_a8x16
$ mapscrn koi2alt
$ echo -ne "\033(K"
$ loadkeys ru1


   console-tools:

$ consolechars -f UniCyr_8x16 -m koi8-r
$ echo -ne "\033(K"
$ loadkeys ru1


. man     'man console_codes'.  ,
  ,  console-tools  /usr/doc/console-tools*, 
.

NB!  ,   console-tools    
 UNICODE screen-font map (SFM)      
 .       console-tools-
cyrillic: <ftp://ftp.ice.ru/pub/fonts/linux/>

 ,       
,       
.      .
" "    
,        .

 ,  Linux       
.

        (  mc)  
,   TERM=linux .

        CP-866 - , 
        ""
  C1,   "" 0x9B   
ESC (CSI).   KOI8-R.


    3.3.    " !"    ?


     locale.    ,
  locale:

$ locale
LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R
LC_CTYPE="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
LC_NUMERIC="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
LC_TIME="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
LC_COLLATE="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
LC_MONETARY="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
LC_MESSAGES="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
LC_ALL=
$


   ,    locale (ru_RU) 
 KOI8-R.    'cal'  'date' - 
   .

  ,   locale    
  LANG=    (
/etc/profile)  .


$ export LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R


 Red Hat-based      
/etc/sysconfig/i18n ,  ,   

LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R




    3.4.  *   locale ?   LANG,    .


  -    locale  
<http://www.sensi.org/~alec/locale>.   ,   
  (,   
     ..)

 X-Window   Xlib  Xt   
 (XLC_LOCALE)   ""  
locale. : {X11Root}/doc/i18n   ( RedHat:
/usr/share/Xfree86-doc/i18n).   .PS
<http://www.tsu.ru/~pascal/x_locale/>.

      , 
LANG=ru_RU   LANG=ru,   __  :
LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R .    LANG=ru_SU, 
   :-)

 ,    " "  
ru_RU.KOI8-R .  'locale -a'   
 .      ru_RU.KOI8-R, 
 ,   LANG=   " " :



$ localedef -c -i ru_RU -f KOI8-R ru_RU.KOI8-R
Computing table size for character classes might take a while... done
Computing table size for collation information might take a while... done
$
$ cd /usr/lib/locale
$ mv ru_RU.koi8r ru_RU.KOI8-R


(   - /usr/share/locale)

NB!  localedef  "" (mangled)  , 
    "ru_RU.koi8r".    
 .   ,      
LANG="ru_RU.KOI8-R"   mangling-    
  .    --  .

   

LANG=ru
LC_ALL=ru_RU.KOI8-R


 .       LC_ALL
 (  LANG=,    LC_xxxx
""  ).   
<http://www.sensi.org/~alec/locale/>   " ..."


    3.5.       ,   


        ?


    :

LANGUAGE=en_US
LC_MESSAGES=en_US


 RedHat       /etc/sysconfig/i18n .


    3.6.    locale    ,  bash   


      , .


      
LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R     , 
,    readline ( bash), 
      128  META-
(  ).

   readline  ,  


INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc


 ,   /etc/inputrc

set meta-flag on
set convert-meta off
set output-meta on


   readline ( bash)   
.

   :   INPUTRC=,      
 ~/.inputrc ( home-).     
     .
. man readline.


    3.7.  Red Hat  


C  /etc/sysconfig/i18n.    - :

SYSFONT=UniCyr_8x16
SYSFONTACM=koi8-r
LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R


    kbdconfig   
 /etc/sysconfig/keyboard,  :

KEYTABLE=ru1


     /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit, /sbin/setsys-
font.    ,    /usr/doc/initscripts-x.xx/, 
   .


    3.8.  Debian  


Debian 2.2:     /etc/init.d/console-
screen.sh

/etc/console-tools/config:

#
SCREEN_FONT=Cyr_a8x16
APP_CHARSET_MAP=koi8-r
#
APP_CHARSET_MAP_vc2=koi8-r
APP_CHARSET_MAP_vc3=koi8-r
APP_CHARSET_MAP_vc4=koi8-r
APP_CHARSET_MAP_vc5=koi8-r
APP_CHARSET_MAP_vc6=koi8-r


  ,    console-tools-cyrillic.

   /etc/init.d/keymaps-lct.sh  
 /etc/console-tools/default.kmap.gz    
      symlink. 
     : kbdconfig.

/etc/environment:

LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R




    3.9.      KOI8-R  XFree86 ?


       .   
(  X )  :

$ xlsfonts -fn "*-koi8-r"


    -    :-)

   XFree86 3.3.2   cronyx-*   
 XFree.    --   .  Red Hat
   XFree86-cyrillic-fonts-XXXX.rpm . 
  /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic .
     X Window.  ,   
/etc/X11/XF86Config   :

Section "Files"
   ...
   FontPath   "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic"
   FontPath   "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi"
   ...
EndSection


  cyrillic    .  X  
  : xlsfonts -fn "*-koi8-r" .

 .  "      ?" 
  TrueType    ,  
 X Window.

     -.  -,
      ,  -  
-    TrueType.  Red Hat
- xfsft    XFree86-xfs.

<http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/jec/programs/xfsft/>


    3.10.    ,   X Window    


    ?


      X :

  XKB,    X11R6

  xmodmap,   X11R5

     X 3.3.x  XKB  /etc/X11/XF86Config  
   :

   Section "Keyboard"
           ...
           XkbRules "xfree86"
           XkbModel "pc101"
           XkbLayout "ru"
           XkbOptions "grp:shift_toggle"
   EndSection


 X 4.0.x

Section "InputDevice"
        ...
        Driver "keyboard"
        Option "XkbRules" "xfree86"
        Option "XkbModel" "pc101"
        Option "XkbLayout" "ru"
        Option "XkbOptions" "grp:shift_toggle"
EndSection


     Model   "pc101", "pc104"
 "pc105",   :



grp:toggle              Alt ( "")
grp:caps_toggle        Caps_Lock
grp:shift_toggle        Shift
grp:ctrl_shift_toggle  Control+Shift
grp:ctrl_alt_toggle    Control+Alt


 4.0.x   :

grp:alt_shift_toggle   Alt+Shift
grp:menu_toggle        Menu (   pc104, pc105)


    XKB,   <http://www.tsu.ru/~pas-
cal/other/xkb/>      " ",
 xxkb, ,    
,       
 .

       
xmodmap : xruskb  Alexander V. Lukaynov <mailto:lav@yars.free.net>

<ftp://ftp.yars.free.net/pub/software/unix/X11/> (primary site)

<ftp://ftp.relcom.ru/pub/x11/cyrillic/>

     X11R5 , 
,    MS Windows.     XFree86
   XKB  /etc/X11/XF86Config 
XkbDisable.    xruskb: jcukeng-cyr.xmm

  X   xev:  
  XkeySym   (0x6xx),  xev 
 Cyrillic_IE  .    ,  
OCyrcumflex e.t.c.


    3.11.   c ,       ?


 vfat   (c  /etc/fstab/):

/dev/hda5 /mnt/d vfat noexec,rw,umask=002,codepage=866,iocharset=koi8-r,gid=100 0 0



 mount /mnt/d.     (>=2.0.36)   
   (,   
/lib/modules/`uname -r`/fs/nls_*) - CP866  KOI8-R,   
(   )   .

 CD,     :

$ mount -t iso9660 -o iocharset=koi8-r  /dev/cdrom  /mnt/cdrom


 codepage  isofs  ,    JOLIET 
   UNICODE.

      'man mount'   
    /usr/src/linux/Documentation/filesystems/ 
/usr/doc/kernel/filesystems/


    3.12.  *          Samba?



    /etc/smb.conf

[global]
character set = koi8-r
client code page = 866
preserve case = yes
short preserve case = yes
default case = lower
mangle case = no


   smb     
 (   >=2.2.20 )

CONFIG_NLS_DEFAULT="koi8-r"
CONFIG_SMB_NLS_DEFAULT=y
CONFIG_SMB_NLS_REMOTE="cp866"
CONFIG_SMB_NLS=y
CONFIG_NLS=y




    3.13.     DOS/Win   KOI8-R ?


 CP1251  CP866 --> KOI8-R   .
    ;-)    iconv (
  glibc)  GNU recode (
<ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/recode/>)

$ iconv -f866 -tKOI8-R -o<outfile> infile
$ recode CP1251..KOI8-R  winfile.txt


  URL  recode - <http://www.iro.umon-
treal.ca/~pinard/recode/>.

      
: <ftp://oskin.macomnet.ru/pub/linux/misc/xcode.c>

     lynx :

$ lynx -assume_local_charset cp866  file.txt




    3.14.  *    Vim     ?



:e ++enc=cp1251 winfile.txt


 , ,      , 
   ,    .


    3.15.  *       UTF-8   VIM ?


VIM    6.x     Multibyte:

configure --with-features=huge  --enable-multibyte


,    KOI8-R,   VIM  
 :

:set encoding=utf-8
:set fileencoding=utf-8
:set termencoding=koi8-r

 RedHat VIM    .

vim-common-6.1-2
vim-minimal-6.1-2
vim-enhanced-6.1-2


 vi,   vim-minimal   Multibyte, vim  vim-
enhanced --  .    vim.


    3.16.     Vim  ,    


     ?


  /.vimrc:

set langmap=q,w,e,r,t,y,u,i,o  ..


    3.17.     Golded/LNX    866  ?


-,   GoldEd+ c  <http://golded-
plus.sourceforge.net>.

 ,     (  
,            aftnged   
<http://collage.etel.ru/fileechos/ftn/>     golded.cfg,
 :

AREAPATH /mnt/c/fido/fecho/
AREAFILE FastEcho

XLATPATH /home/ak/.golded/chars
XLATLOCALSET KOI8
XLATIMPORT IBMPC
XLATEXPORT IBMPC
XLATCHARSET KOI8 IBMPC koi_866.chs
XLATCHARSET IBMPC KOI8 866_koi.chs
IGNORECHARSET




    3.18.     mc  p ?


. F9 - options - display bits - Full 8 bit

   'mc'    Charset- .
       'mc' .

$ ./configure  --enable-charset  ....




    3.19.  less


Yuriy.Kaminskiy@p21.f517.n5020.z2.fidonet.org :

    LESSCHARSET _H H_.  , 
~/.lesskey  

#env
LESSCHARSET=


    LESSCHARSET=   (
, man :) [    lesskey  
  ~/.less]        set-
locale(LC_CTYPE,"") ,  ,   icase search 
 .


    3.20.  telnet


      ,  
 ~/.telnetrc   :

DEFAULT set outbinary


        Win-1251 -- 
    "" 0xff.   TELNET 0xff
--     .   
 "",    : 0xff, 0xff.   KOI8-R 
 .


    3.21.   ,  ""  ?


      -  , 
   ESC-.   :

  :

$ echo -ne "\033c"


 ,     :

# echo -ne "\033c" >/dev/ttyX


  downloaded font


$ echo -ne "\033(K"


(,    ,     
...)

  - ,   curses, 


$ stty sane


 Red Hat    reset; setsysfont <ctrl-j>

reset -  ncurses

. 'man console_codes'  'man stty'


    3.22.    TeX  koi8-r?


   TeX    ru.tex. FAQ  
     TeX     
<http://myke.webjump.com/tex/>.

TeX  LaTeX      - 
.       cyrguide.*,  
       TeX.

    " ",   
language.dat,   .    Alex Nikiforov:


    ,   RH-6.0  tetex 0.9   
:

$ texconfig




hyphenation -> latex


 russian

  LaTeX 

\usepackage[T2A]{fontenc}
\usepackage[koi8-r]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english,russian]{babel}


         
\Russian  \Engish

     cyrplain   texconfig  FORMATS
 

cyrtxinf      tex             language.dat    cyrtxinf.ini


  texinfo.    cyrblue  cyramstx.

    cyrtex (  TeX )    web2c
:

initex '\input cyrtex.ini \dump'


      cyrtex  tex (  
/usr/bin )

       plain  


\language N


 N - ,       
.

      ruhypen  ruenhyp  
  -  ,   
      .


    3.23.  *    Type1 ps   KOI8-R?



 Type1        
"",        
  "afii10049" (Association for Font Information
Interchange).   " "   ,
 ps.  .  Adobe:

  <http://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/technotes.html>   (Fonts
   section)


  <http://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/PDFS/TN/5013.Cyrillic_Font_Spec.pdf>

   Free  Type1 c  :

  :  <ftp://ftp.ice.ru/pub/fonts/type1/>

  PsCyr,   Konstantin Chumachenko,  -
    : <ftp://con155.phys.msu.su/pub/russian/psfonts/>,
    <ftp://ftp.vsu.ru/pub/tex/font-packs/pscyr/>

  "TopTeams":  <http://www.topteam.bg/linux/fonts.html>, 
   <ftp://ftp.ice.ru/pub/fonrs/type1/>

    . Cyrillic-HOWTO ." "
   <http://www.inp.nsk.su/~baldin/Cyrillic-HOWTO-russian/Cyrillic-
   HOWTO-russian.html>

 ,      256 
Type1  (Latin1  ISO_8859-1).    
 "" ,   "circumflex"  "cedilla"
  KOI8-R.    :
<ftp://ftp.kapella.gpi.ru/pub/cyrillic/psfonts/>  README.


    3.24.        X Window System?


   Cronyx   
    Cyr-RFX  :
<http://www.inp.nsk.su/~bolkhov/files/fonts/cyr-rfx/>

 -cronyx-fixed-*    koi8-r ,    
:  <ftp://ftp.ice.ru/pub/fonts/X11>

   KSI-Linux:  <ftp://ftp.ksi-linux.com/pub/patches/>

   Black Cat Linux:
<ftp://ftp.blackcatlinux.com/pub/blackcat-linux/6.2/SRPMS/SRPMS/urw-
fonts-2.0-4bc.src.rpm>


    3.25.  Emacs/XEmacs


 iso8859-5  
<http://www.inp.nsk.su/~bolkhov/files/fonts/cyr_rfx/>.   
 ,     Mule  .

         GNU 
 intlfonts.  , ,
<ftp://ftp.chg.ru/pub/gnu/intlfonts/intlfonts-1.2-split/European.tar.gz>
(131).   Debian   .

    XEmacs   
<http://www.linux.zp.ua/xemacs/>.


    3.26.   pp dosemu ?


p -   pp.  ,   
<http://www.ice.ru/~vitus/misc/>,    
 .   X- - ,   
    -   DOS  -  
.      dosemu ( telnet/ssh/rsh) -
.

 -   dosemu   pp,  X- - 
  866- p.    p
<http://www.ice.ru/~vitus/works/x11.html>,
<ftp://ftp.dosemu.org/dosemu/Development/>vga_cyr8x16.pcf.gz 
<http://www.inp.nsk.su/~bolkhov/files/fonts/vga4dosemu/>.

    3.27.     StarOffice (  -      


      ..


       -
<http://www.blackcatlinux.com/StarOffice/>

 FAQ    ,      
   Open Office  Star Office 6.


    3.28.    AbiWord?


    <http://www.hippo.ru/~hvv/abiword/>


    3.29.       Mozilla?


<http://www.mozilla.ru/download/>

           
: <http://www.mozilla.org/projects/l10n/mlp_status.html>


    3.30.    Netscape {4|3}/  


    win- ?



   Netscape 4.06  ,   glibc2, 
     .      
   .  (  , xkb  ,
        0.13)

   , netscape      
   ~/.netscape/preferences.js (, ,  -).   
      - ,       
   .      
   ~/.netscape

   ,        :
   netscape 3.xx      - 
       koi8-r,   win- ,
   , .   -  
    (/  ..)   latin1. 

   echo 'Netscape*documentFonts.charset*koi8-r:  iso-8859-1' | xrdb -merge


  koi8-      "Western".
(      ,   koi .)

Netscape 3.x    <ftp://archive.netscape.com>

Login:archive
Password:oldies


dir   ,  /archive/index.html

     :

      (3  4)     
   ,   'meta content-type'  
   (       ,
      MS). H  ,  
   .

      -      ,   ,
     ,    (,  ),  
      .  :     
   -  ,    
     . (  "",  
   ,    ,   . H
   Alt-I,     . H, 
         ;)


    3.31.          


    koi8-r,   iso8859-1 ?


a)  ,     .  
       " ": 
  /.Xdefaults   /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-
defaults/ .        XLFD, ..
   "*".  :

Netscape*fontList: -*-helvetica-bold-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-koi8-r


 ""    appres :

$ appres  XTerm


 man    X    RESOURCES.

     - "Toolkit"- : GTK,
Qt, Motif, e.t.c.,     Toolkit.
 GNOME/Gtk  Qt     .

b)     -fn font  -font font.   
 XLIB         X .

c)   .      
<ftp://ftp.relcom.ru/pub/x11/cyrillic/fonts/>,   
adobe-*-koi8-1 (c fonts.alias,    -iso8859-1),  
   koi8-r   .

        ""  iso8859-1
 .    XFree86-cyrillic-fonts
.   ,        
-     .

     ,    
(   patch ;)      "".


    3.32.    Gnome  ,  GTK+, -


       ?    


    ?


 gtk     ( ,  ), 
 8- .    /etc/gtk/gtkrc.$LANG.   
  gtkrc.ru   .    
  ( ,     
  ,       
koi8-r):

style "gtk-default-ru" {
       fontset = "-cronyx-helvetica-medium-r-normal--*-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r,\
                  -cronyx-courier-medium-r-normal--*-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r,\
                  -cronyx-fixed-medium-r-normal--*-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r,\
                  -cronyx-times-medium-r-normal--*-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r"
}
class "GtkWidget" style "gtk-default-ru"



     'gtkrc.ru_RU.KOI8-R'   symlink:


$ cd /etc/gtk/
$ ln -s  gtkrc.ru  gtkrc.ru_RU.KOI8-R


 .  <http://www.gtk.org/tutorial/gtk_tut-21.html>, 
  <http://www.linux.org.ru/gnome/>


    3.33.  Qt   


<http://kde.ru/docs.php?action=index>


    3.34.    KDE?


<http://www.kde.org/international/russia/localization.html>


    3.35.   ,       


    (ru_RU.UTF-8)     ?


 , ""  IBM-PC (VGA/SVGA)  
 256  .  32   . 
 ,      512. 
UNICODE  . . Console programming HOWTO
<http://devel.linvision.com/doc/fbh/current/index.html>

   ,   ( console-tools) /
     UTF-8  
unicode_start(1)  unicode_stop(1) .     
  vt-is-UTF8(1) .  -  console-tools/lct.txt

  XTerm  X Window    .


: xterm -u8


   *-iso10646-1 .

     " -"
,     ToolKit-,  UNICODE
(Qt, GTK, Java .e.t.c.)     GUI X
Window.

     UTF-8 ,  
   UTF-8,   LANG="ru_RU.UTF-8" .

 :

UTF-8 and UNICODE FAQ:  <http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html>

The Unicode HOWTO:  <http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Unicode-HOWTO.html>

How do Unix terminals work?:
<http://czyborra.com/unicode/terminals.html>

Unicode Howto for KDE developers:
<http://developer.kde.org/documentation/library/kdeqt/kde3arch/KDE-
Unicode-Howto.html>

 -HOWTO  : <http://lists.debian.org/debian-
russian/2001/debian-russian-200111/msg00203.html>




    3.36.       


       ?


Russian Linux Documentation Project:  <http://rldp.linux.ru.net>.
 Alexsandr Mikhailov,  <mailto:alexmikh@mail.ru> :
<http://www.tldp.org/vlist.html#te>

   GNU:  <http://www.gnu.org.ru>, <http://www-
ru.gnu.org.ru/>,
<http://www2.iro.umontreal.ca/~pinard/po/registry.cgi?team=ru>

   "Manpages-Ru"   
manpages   .  <http://www.alexm.here.ru/manpages-ru>

KDE:  <http://www.kde.org/international/russia/>

GNOME:  <http://www.linux.org.ru/gnome/>


    4.   





    4.1.        ?    


    /    #$@#$#@%@#$%@#$?    


    -  ,  ,     -


    2.2.x  ,      2.3.- ?  


       ?



(Alex Kanavin,  , Alexey Mahotkin <mailto:alexm@hsys.msk.ru>)

    ,   
.  ,  ,    
  (stable  development)    . 
   a.b.c

  a -    .      , 
   ,       
    .

  b -  patchlevel.   ,    
     .    -  ,  
   - .   a  b   a.b   .

   -  sublevel.      .

        
<ftp://ftp.kernel.org>     (:
<ftp://ftp.ru.kernel.org>,     ,    
 .bz2,      ,  
<ftp://ftp.rmt.ru/>, <ftp://ftp.chg.ru/Mirrors/ftp.kernel.org/> 
<http://ftp.chg.ru/Mirrors/ftp.kernel.org/>).

[ ,      <ftp://ftp.chg.ru> ,
<ftp://ftp.ru.kernel.olg>     :
   , , redhat,     
 ,      .      
    ,     
ftp.redhat.com,    -    .    
  "" mirror?    -   
,   - .]

          -
    ,   
 a.b.c    a.b.c+1 c   patch. 
             usyslnx.
       
      .   
          
 ,        
 .     ,
    -       ,
   . (    ,  ,
,         
 .)      -    , 
.

 , ,    
.      
,        
,      ,   -
   .      
         (,
      ,    "" ).
       .    
,     .    
, ,      
.   ,    ,  
 .        -
     .

       ? 
:  -  Linus Torvalds  .. feature
freeze,          
  (bugfix).      
   a.b.c+1,  a.b+1.0  a+1.0.0 -  
  ,   -   
 :)        
     .. fork  
-       ,
     .

,   ""  ""  - .
,  ""  2.3.128     
    2.4.0   , 
  2.2.xxx,     
  --     .   ,
  ,  .

      Linux  
  .       
  -ac,     --   
 .  -,  -ac  
,      , ,
etc.  ,  ,  ,   
.  -,   -ac    ,
   ,       
 .

      (    
  )  : , International
Kernel Patch    , devfs-patch 
   /dev,    
ISDN,       ).   , 
     
,        
  ).

   - ?   : , 
    .     
  .       ,
, ,       -
,         , , 
    , , 
  , ,   
,       ,  
   (,      
 ).       
 ,    ,     
    ,   , , 
 .

   ,    
,   -      ,
     .     
,       
   ftp ,    ,    .
      (rpm  deb),  
   ,   
    .

          
     ("  ",
"  "  ..     ;-),
  ,     . 
  ,   .   ru.linux, 
           
 :-).      -
     :-)

,    / . 
 development -      
linux-kernel.       
   (      
    Documentation).   
      lilo  target  oldlinux,
  .       
   Documentation/Changes -  .  
-    ,        .


    4.2.     ?    


         ?



cd /usr/src/linux


,     ( ,  
  (   )     ),
   /usr/src/linux/.config.  ,  
     (,    
//         
  - ),     .config  
  ,  .       
  make oldconfig -  ,   .config
 __ (,  )  ,   
      (,   
   ,     ),    
   .    make menuconfig   
,        .

   Red Hat     .config, c
       ,   
 kernel-sources-*.i386.rpm/usr/src/linux/configs/

:


make dep
make clean
make zImage (make bzImage    > 2.2)
make modules


        ,    
   (/lib/modules/).

make modules_install


/usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/(b)zImage -    .
      .   
,   .    lilo.conf  
 - , linux.test, -     
/usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/zImage.

(Valentin Nechayev <mailto:nnlx@nn.kiev.ua>)

 p p  - pp   Red Hat'.

cd /usr/src/linux-_p
vi Makefile   extraversion   - pp,
EXTRAVERSION = -vasya1


     , 

1. make modules_install     

2.  (p!) p  /boot   p make
   install

3.      2.2.x ( 2.0   
   EXTRAVERSION) ,    ,  ""
   - ,   n.n.nn  uname -r.

   (Alexander Pevzner, 2:5020/59.9)

,        ,  
   :

     Makefile (/usr/src/linux/Makefile) 
    EXTRAVERSION.       
     ,   ,   (,
   2.2.12-20  2.2.12-vasya).   ,  
     ,    . 
   ,    ,     
   . H      
    /etc/lilo.conf (   2 :    
    ).

     /usr/src/linux     make install  make
   modules_install.        
      . ,  ,
        ,    .src.rpm,  
        ftp.kernel.org,  .  (
       
   /sbin/installkernel,       ,
     make install     
    (Alex Kanavin).)  EXTRAVERSION      
   ,        2.2.13
   (, EXTRAVERSION    )


      ,     ,
       make *config  make clean.  
    ,  -      
    ,    __,    
    ( ) .


    4.3.       ?


  2.2.10   :

echo 30000 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max
echo 30000 > /proc/sys/fs/inode-max


  ulimit -n 2000    . 
  .

(Yuriy Kaminsky 2:5020/517.21)

  ,     select,  
- .       (at least
glibc-2.0 - . /usr/include/gnu/types.h -    ; 

#define __FD_SETSIZE    1024


            , 
  select    1024  
[.., ,  X'     1024
,     Xlib  Xt  ]; , ,
 libc , ,  ).


    4.4.  , pls, www/ftp     


     Linux'.


<http://www.linuxdoc.org> H   -  
<http://linux-ve.chat.ru>


    4.5.  Q/A: development site  libc, binutils, ld.so


<ftp://ftp.yggdrasil.com/private/hjl> -  - 
.  ,     libc5  )
      <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/software/> 
  . ( <ftp://ftp.ru.kernel.org>   .bz2
( 20%  gz,    linux/kernel/people  .gz 
),   <ftp://ftp.ru.kernel.org>  
 <ftp://ftp.rmt.ru>   <http://ftp.filesearch.ru>)


    4.6.    ?


 ,      :
    ,    
init,        .
      /etc/inittab (man
inittab)        
 .   inittab    *getty,
 ,    
 (   *getty    login
(   ,  ,  , 
  /etc/passwd      . shell),
pppd, ifcico  ..,        - 
  getty).     
mingetty,   - mgetty.

 ,    ,   
..  " ",       
  ,   , 
   ..      
  : BSD  SysV.      .  (.
),   SysV    
<http://www.sensi.org/~alec/unix/redhat/sysv-init.html>.


    4.7.    /var/log/syslog  /var/log/messages 


    pp      p   


    .  p  log-?


    syslog'    .  syslog' 
 :

mv $log ${log}.old ( rm   ,   p)
touch $log
kill -1 `cat /var/run/syslogd.pid`


    logrotate.

  -syslog'  -  RTFM  p  
 .


    4.8.      pam?


<http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/>


    4.9.   BSD   su     user,


    p  p wheel,   Linux' -  . Hp 


    -.  ,    p?


  su   gnu sh_util,      
(RTFmanpage  ,   ),  - .  
 su  pam ( Red Hat, pp    
,    Debian 2.2),   
 p:

su      auth     required       pam_wheel.so


 /etc/pam.conf,  pam p, :

auth     required       pam_wheel.so


 /etc/pam.d/su,  .

   ,    pp 
.  Hpp, p pp 'group'  'deny', pp
  , p  p:

pam_wheel.so group=guest deny


p,   p,  p  gid,  p
  groups...     ...

 Debian 2.1    secure-su    
suauth.

 Slackware  3.3 (pp)  p  pp
/etc/login.defs  H,   

SU_WHEEL_ONLY   yes


 su      p root.  
  3.4 ( 4.0,  su    )  
 man 5 suauth -       su,
  " ".

   p,    p  SuSe 6.x.  SuSE 5.3 su
 sh_util,   .  , su, 
login.defs  suauth,    -  , 
   -m  -s.    ...


    4.10.  a  a   a-  a


    a  aa  ( aaa aa  -


    root'a),   a a  a a?


man setrlimit


    4.11.    ,   XXXX  YYYY  


        -   ?


-,           
 , , /dev/modem.    
/dev/ttyS0,   /dev/cua0 (  -- /dev/modem,  
     :), -    .

-,     lock-. H, 
   ,   .

-,      .  ,  
          
,          
( LCK..<  >),       
(   -- PID   ASCII),   ,
      -.


    4.12.    p  /dev/cua*  /dev/ttyS*?


H   cua*.   .    -  
   ,   BSD.  BSD /dev/cuXX --
 "Call Up" , ..    --    
CD.   Linux /dev/cuaXX       
.


    4.13.         Linux?  


       ?     


    ?


    CMOS   hwclock  
 util-linux.

      Linux,     
CMOS   ,       

        /sbin/hwclock --hctosys --utc


   ,  Linux, -  
,   CMOS   ,    
 

        /sbin/hwclock --hctosys


 ,       ( 
     ), :


         
   TZ,   ;

   ,   /etc/localtime   
        /usr/share/zoneinfo, ,

           rm -f /etc/localtime
           ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Moscow /etc/localtime



 Red Hat-based   utc    /etc/syscon-
fig/clock.       .
 ,    timezone     
timeconfig.

    ,  
``date'' (    ),   ``date
--utc'' (     ).

 ,       
Internet,    <http://www.ntp.org>.     xntpd
        .  
  xntpd     ntpdate.
, ,    , ,
,  :

        /usr/local/bin/ntpdate ntp1.gamma.ru


     Linux  Samba,    MS
Windows         

        C:\> NET TIME \\LINUXBOX /SET /YES


(Alexey Mahotkin <mailto:alexm@hsys.msk.ru>)


    4.14.  H  uucico    ,   


      : \177}\030\177} \177}#\177}



     port type pipe
     port command /bin/telnet -8E hostname




    4.15.         root?


 fdmount /dev/fd[0-9] mountpoint,     
man fdmount,  root   'user'  /etc/fstab,  
   "mount <mountpoint>". man 8 mount.  
    ,   mtools.


    4.16.   - (INN, SENDMAIL)     ?


H y   /var/log  ,    
   .   sendmail - 99%  p 
   p p  p.
H  p   /etc/hosts.  p p - O
DontProbeInterfaces=True  /etc/sendmail.cf.


    4.17.          


    ?



   /usr/doc/HOWTO/Security-HOWTO.

H  <http://www.openwall.com>    Solar Designer-,
        
.   ,   
<http://rootshell.com> <http://packetstorm.securify.com>,
<http://www.linuxsecurity.com> ,     
bugtraq, linux-security,      ,
  .   ,    
: <http://www.infowar.co.uk/thc/files/thc/anonymous-unix.html>


    4.18.       . ?



          
   ,        

   ( cd /old_fs && tar cf - . ) | ( cd /new_fs && tar xvpf - )

  dump 0f - /old_fs | ( cd /new_fs && restore xf - )

     ,   ,  -,   tar 
       ,    
   (,   "").  tar   :

   tar -C /old_fs -cf - . | tar -xpf - -C /new_fs

   - GNU tar   ,  dump.

      /usr/doc/HOWTO/mini/Hard-Disk-Upgrade


    4.19.        , ,


    sticky  setgid bit?


Sticky bit (chmod +t)   ,     
      .   
/tmp  /var/tmp   .

Setgid  (chmod +g)   ,  ,  
 ,     -,    
.  ,   setgid-   , 
    setgid-.

   , "    -
: BSD-,   SVR4-.   BSD-  
    -,   ,   
 .        .(*)  
      ,  
   .     
  . SVR4-     , 
    setgid-,   BSD- ."

,      bsdgroups  
BSD-    -.   --
mount(8).

(*) ,  ,     Red Hat -
rhref/s1-sysadmin-usr-grps.htm, Users, Groups and User-Private Groups)


    4.20.       : modprobe: Can't locate module


    <->


      :

     .      
     ,      .
   ,     ,   
   modules.conf (    man-)  :

   alias <-> off


          
 Linux.

    ,   modprobe,  ,
         , 
        ,   . 
         modutils,   
   /etc/modules.conf:

   alias <---> <---.o>


(   ,     
,      modprobe)


    4.21.  Sendmail : sh: <-> not available for sendmail pro-


    grams


 man smrsh  /usr/share/doc/sendmail/README.smrsh


    5.   




    5.1.   telnet    root?    


     root?


telnet ( , login)   root ,  root 
       ,
  /etc/securetty.    
  tty1-ttyN.     ,
  ,  ,    
  (      telnet), 
    , ""   
"" .

    :

      -   /etc/securetty 
       /dev/ttyP*.   , 
         ,  
         .

   ,      -  
     ,     su 
   sudo.         , 
     .

     -    telnet,
   - ftp, rsh, rlogin     ssh,  ,
           
    ,        .
      ssh  Unix   
   <http://www.openssh.com>,    Windows  
    "".


    5.2.  H  ppp (slip) .    ,


     .


      <http://diald.sourceforge.net>, 
diald, ,  README,  __
     ,  
  .       ,
diald   ,    
.  : ,    2.2.x  
diald-1.99  . 0.16,  ,      
,    2.0. (-  
  Changes) , ...    : 
 /etc/resolv.conf    nameserver
xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx   ,      
,  diald .    default route 
eth0.

   :  diald.rc 

ip-up "cp /etc/resolv.conf.connected /etc/resolv.conf"
ip-down "cp /etc/resolv.conf.local /etc/resolv.conf",


  resolv.conf.connected :

search yourdomain
nameserver xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx (  127.0.0.1)


  resolv.conf.local :

domain yourdomain


     DNS-c   caching-
only.       ip-up  ip-down  
 ,   /etc/ppp/ip-up.local  ip-down.local.  
:      -   
   bind.     :  
     cache-only bind' ( 
caching-nameserver)     nscd,  
  DNS- (      
).

       <http://alexm.here.ru>


    5.3.     pp  Linux,    Netware 


     tcpip -    ipx?


 mars -- netware server   ( p
pp) ipx*, ncp*, nw* ( p mars) - .

 Caldera Open Linux ( <http://www.caldera.com>) - 
Caldera    Novell     Linux.
Netware for Linux -
<http://www.calderasystems.com/support/docs/netware/>.

   IPX-HOWTO:  <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/IPX-HOWTO.html>


    5.4.  pp p p ,    p


    ( ) pp N  . HP pp 


    ,  Epson .  ?



PRINTCAP / Begin
 my_favourite_printer:\
 lp=/dev/lp1:\
 sd=/var/spool/lpd/my_favourite_printer:\
 sh:lf=/dev/tty10:ff=:
PRINTCAP / End


    5.5.      1 ?


(Zahar Kiselev, 2:5030/382)

     :

  ftp.kernel.org ,   " "   
  . H  ,   2.2.10 
,   -        faq.

1       
  -     - 800  
 ,     "", 
-  1     .

    2.0.5a -  ,    .
,       smb.conf "ole locking
compatibility"(     ),   
"no". !    ,   -    
  2.0.5    .

       
   ,  -     
(   ,    ).
    inetd,    ,   
  - smbd  nmbd.

        -   
        ,   
   .

     -       
 browse.dat, wins.dat -        ,
         ,     
   -      
  net use  ,      
  " ".

    1     
-       ,  
  "" ( man). 
  ,   ,      
  .    keepalive-,
    .    
   ""   ,   
.     ,    .

  -  ,     , 
 1    . H  1  NT-, 
 sql-,      ( 
),        Citrix Meta
Frame.     " " -  
     -  __ (  NT), 
  -,     ,
  -.

    ( ) - citrix-    .
  -  1      
.  .     
    win95.


    5.6.  PPP /   callback,   NT/2000


          ppp


  pppd + callback    README.cbcp 
 pppd.
   -   <http://www.nitek.ru/~igor/pppd/> 
<http://nitek.east.ru/~igor/pppd/>.


    5.7.     PC + Linux,    Linux-e.


     :      .   


    Linux      ?


hylafax -  ,       
,   ""  DOS, Windows, etc. H!  
  ()      . :(  
mgetty,  -   ,   
  hylafax. :)


    5.8.    PPTP  Linux ?


<http://www.moretonbay.com/vpn/pptp.html>


    5.9.    SSL  smtp, pop3?


  (,  freshmeat)  stunnel. 
   inetd  :

spop3 stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/stunnel /usr/sbin/popa3d
ssmtp stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/stunnel /usr/sbin/sendmail


Victor Wagner    :

   argv[0]    -
    .   ,    
 tcpwrappers   hosts.allow/hosts.deny 
   ssl   ,   
argv[0] -ssl-  ssl- ,   SSL    
.


    5.10.       NT, Win95,  DOS,    


    Linux   PPP  .   ,  


          ?


  . ,    
 192.168.0.0 (    RFC-1918).  :

#!/bin/sh

/sbin/insmod ip_masq_autofw
/sbin/insmod ip_masq_user
/sbin/insmod ip_masq_cuseeme
/sbin/insmod ip_masq_ftp
/sbin/insmod ip_masq_irc
/sbin/insmod ip_masq_mfw
/sbin/insmod ip_masq_portfw
/sbin/insmod ip_masq_quake
/sbin/insmod ip_masq_raudio
/sbin/insmod ip_masq_vdolive

/sbin/ipchains -F

/sbin/ipchains -P forward DENY

/sbin/ipchains -A forward -j MASQ -s 192.168.0.0/16 -d 0.0.0.0/0


 Linux   192.168.0.1,   ip   
     default gateway.


   HOWTOs:

Firewall  <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Firewall-HOWTO.html>

IPCHAINS  <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/IPCHAINS-HOWTO.html>

IP-Masquerade  <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/IP-Masquerade-HOWTO.html>

     <http://www.fima.net/masquerade.html>

 2.0   ipchains  ipfwadm,  2.4 - netfilter,
    HOWTO   <http://netfilter.kernlenotes.org>

    - ,   
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward :

$ echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward


( Red Hat 6.2   -    /etc/sysctl.conf)

    firewall- : fBuilder
<http://www.innertek.com/> Mason
<http://users.dhp.com/~whisper/mason/>


    5.11.    socks5 ?


C    <http://www.socks.nec.com>

,         (PPP/Ethernet
 Ethernet/Ethernet).   Ethernet-e  : 192.168.0.1.
   -     
.

/etc/socks5.conf

permit - - 192.168.0. - - -
set SOCKS5_BINDINTFC 192.168.0.1:1080
set SOCKS5_NOIDENT


ICQ 99/2000 .  'man socks5', 'man socks5.conf',
<http://www.socks.nec.com>. [  FAQ]


    5.12.      -?


  -    - 
  /etc/hosts   ip .

 ,     -   - Squid.
     ACL (Access Control List) 
"url_regex" (squid.conf,  ACCESS CONTROLS) :

acl Reclama_Banners url_regex ^http://www1\.reklama\.ru/cgi-bin/banner/*
http_access deny Reclama_Banners


   :

acl Banners url_regex "/etc/squid/banners"
http_access deny Banners


 /etc/squid/banners    (  
), :

^http://banners\.rambler\.ru/advert/.*\.gif
^http://kulichki.rambler.ru/reklama/banners/.*\.gif
^http://www.*\.yandex\.ru/cgi-bin/banner/*
^http://www1\.reklama\.ru/cgi-bin/banner/*
^http://www\.reklama\.ru/cgi-bin/banner/*
^http://www\.reklama\.ru/cgi-bin/href/*
^http://www\.100mb\.net/images/ban/banner.*\.gif
^http://www\.bizlink\.ru/cgi-bin/irads\.cgi.*
^http://www\.linkexchange\.ru/cgi-bin/rle\.cgi
^http://www\.linkexchange\.ru/users/.*/goto\.map
^http://www\.netcq\.com/banners/banner\.gif
^http://1000\.stars\.ru/cgi-bin/1000\.cgi


      
- squidguard  <http://www.squidguard.org>,  
  squid.

      
<http://pail.pu.ru/>

  Transparent Proxy <http://www.lexa.ru/lexa/transparent-
proxy.html>

Transparent Proxy MiniHOWTO:
<http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/mini/TransparentProxy.html>

   squirm  <http://www.senet.com.au/squirm/>,
  -   URLs .


    5.13.  *     Squid  


     Windows?


<http://www.artmagic.ru/labs/sqlandwin.shtml>


    6.  X Window


         Window Manager-
     
<http://ep2-ts2.inp.nsk.su/lecture/>


    6.1.    p   <c- > ?


      <http://www.xfree86.org/FAQ/> 
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/

   ,   
, ,      ,  
<ftp://ftp.xfree86.org>.    ___
   , ,  ,     
(   ,    -  ,   
  -      .) H:  
       - ,   
  SVGA.    ,     . 
XFree 4   ,    
   .  (),   
 ,        .


    6.2.    Modeline    ?


 ,       
     (xf86config, XF86Setup,
Xconfigurator),        
 ModeLine,     .  
     ,    
 Modeline  strings `which xf86setup`  
.   -    ModeLine 
,     Alexei Dets
<mailto:dets@china.formoza.ru>:

   Modeline    ,  
  , ..  , . H 
 , ,  XF86Config,  
.

      .
  ,     
   , -    ..  
.     Modeline   
  xvidtune. ,    :

Modeline "640x480"     25.175 640  664  760  800   480  491  493  525


     ?

: 25175000/800/525=59,9 .

..   ,   ,  
   .  ,    ,
, 120 ?

: 800x525x120/1000000=50,4

,  :

Modeline "640x480"     50.4 640  664  760  800   480  491  493  525


  :-)  ,   
     ,     
 xvidtune.       
.      
     :-)

:   ""   
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/VideoModes.doc    
<http://knot.pu.ru/faq/xfaq.html>.

 2  Alex Kanavin:  XFree86 4.x  
.  -,  X c    
VESA ,    ,   
  HorizSync  VertRefresh.   
,     ,   
ModeLine  ,       
-   60, 70, 75, 85 Hz.      -
"640x480"  ..,   "1920x1444" :-)

-,   X     
       VESA DDC.
       ,   
.  ,       
 ,     .


    6.3.     ,    ?


  X    ,   
   -   XFree,   - 
 ( startx -- :1 -bpp 8     
/etc/X11/xdm/Xserver,   xdm).  XFree 4  
     DGA2,    .


    6.4.       


(Alec Voropay <mailto:alec@sensi.org>, Alex Kanavin, Alexander
Pevzner)

  X Window  ""  ""  .
 ,    .

    ,   "c" ?   print-
server  file-server.  -   
 "". ,  print-server 
.

  -  ( 30  ;)     
  256     :-)   
.    display-server ,     
, X-server.

 , X-server -    
Video-,       
"  "  "    Arial".
  X-Server- : c XFree86, 
AcceleratedX,  MS Windows : eXceed, X-Win,  VAX VMS   
   c  : NCD, Tatung (   X-
Terminal).

 ,  ,  Netscape - 
"X-",    "X-"    .
  X-  X-    TCP/IP,  Unix-
Socket,  IPX    COM-.   
       , 
XFree         DECNet.

 X- ("X-")   c  
X-.   X-   
 DISPLAY=     .  X- 
  ,    . 
  ,  ,  X-  -  
    .

, "" (-)   
  X,    ( xterm, rxvt, eterm
e.t.c.).    X-,    
   :),    
ESC-,       
  (  ptyXX).

C ,        
   .        
   .      XLib, 
   , -    
 X ,   ,   .  ,
  (emacs, )     X
,     (  ).


    6.5.    p p  full screen   X Window 


    p  ?  ,  ?


, Ctrl-Alt-F# (    )  Alt-F# (,
      getty ,  ).


    6.6.       ?


man XF86Config   DefaultColorDepth



    6.7.    ,     


     ? (    


      ?) ,       


     ?     ()  


     ?


  ( ) Display Manager,  xdm
(  c ), gdm ( GNOME), kdm ( KDE).  
  rc     SysV,    
  /etc/inittab:

x:5:respawn:/etc/X11/xdm -nodaemon


     runlevel  :

id:3:initdefault:


 Red Hat display manager    runlevel,  
"" runlevel - 3,       
.   /etc/inittab,  man inittab 
  .

Display manager        
 X ,          
-  .    xdm X  
  xdmcp.  XFree    
   :

  X -query host -    host  xdmcp ( , X
    ,   xdm  host-     
         ,     
   ).

  X -indirect host - ""   host ( , X 
    xdm  host-       , 
    xdm. xdm         (
   , )     ,  X  
           ,
     .. chooser,     
       X ,   ,  
   X .     XFree  
       xdm   . , 
    ,       
     ).

  X -broadcast -  xdmcp   ,  
    xdm    ,    
    .    ( XFree) X  ,
       ,    
   .

     XDM-Xterm mini-HOWTO, man xdm,    
   URL: <http://ep2-ts2.inp.nsk.su/lecture/> 
   <http://www.iae.lt/visaginas/home/kazanov/koi8/Articles/X-
   Terminals.htm>.


    6.8.   Window Manager ?


<http://xwinman.org>

<http://www.themes.org>




    6.9.    X Server  Windows ?



    (, , )  - Cygwin
   XFree  <http://sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin/xfree/>.   
   2000       XFree.  
    ( XLib)    Cygwin.   
            .

  EXCEED for Windows -
   <http://www.hummingbird.com/products/nc/exceed/>

  PC-Xware -  <http://www.ncd.com/products/software/pcxware/>

  MI/X MicroImage X Server for Windows - <http://www.microimages.com>

  X-Win32 -  <http://www.starnet.com>

  WRQ Reflection X -
   <http://www.wrq.com/products/reflection/pc_unix/rx/>

  NetManage X-ViewNow ( X-OnNet  FTP Software) -
   <http://www.netmanage.com/products/pctohost/vn_x/index.asp>

  WinaXe    LabF  -  <http://labf.com/index.html>


    6.10.    TrueType    ?


H      XFree86 
  TrueType    XFree 4, 
   " ".     
      XFree.   
     X-  -,   
   xfsft (
<http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/jec/programs/xfsft/>).  
 TrueType        ,
  fonts.dir     ttmkfdir,  
mkfontdir.    - 
<http://www.xfree86.org/4.0.1/fonts.html>

 ,         
X-   XFree,    
   xfstt.    
     ,  ,  
<http://visaginas.is.lt/~evgeny/koi8/Articles/xfstt_1.html>.
H      fonts.alias.

      ,    
TrueType .


    6.11.        font antialiasing?


. C :  <http://www.xfree86.org/~keithp/render/>.


    6.12.         ? 


       mpeg/videoCD/etc,  fullscreen, etc


  top    - ,  
    ,    
     Windows.    ,   
       
    -   
,  ,   
 .  XFree 4  , 
  - DGA2  Xv.    
   :
  XFree86 4.0    

  ,    Xv  DGA2.

        
   Xv/DGA2.    SDL, smpeg, mplayer, xine, avifile 
    .    ,  , 
       .

   (        ,
     ,        )


    7.  




    7.1.   ,     Microsoft Word?


  MS Word   

<http://wvware.sourceforge.net/>



<http://www.ice.ru/~vitus/catdoc/>

word2x       .

 wvware    AbiWord 
 ,      ,   AbiWord
        rtf.
 -   .     
<http://www.hippo.ru/~hvv/abiword/>

  -     LaTeX,  
  rtf   latex2rtf  <ftp://tug.ctan.org/tex-
archive/support/latex2rtf/> c  ,   
.

(nb:   sgml)


    7.2.   ,      Microsoft Excel?


 gnumeric  0.65   .

<http://www.gnome.org/projects/gnumeric/>


    7.3.    ,   Powerpoint?


  ,   Powerpoint    Open Office.
C     ,     
.   :  <http://www.openoffice.org/MSFilters.html>,
<http://graphics.openoffice.org/>.


    7.4.    linux single  lilo ?


man lilo.conf   password  restricted.


    7.5.  <-->   lilo, c  mbr. 


      ?


       
root=-----.     root
   lilo.




    7.6.         Linux/ 


     ?


(   Victor Wagner)

      <http://www.mostang.com/sane>.
   .   
  scsi-,  usb    . 
,  ,       
  Linux-  ,     SCSI
 ( PCI).  scanner-only ncr-  aha 1502 
   $10-$15.      
.

 :   sane   xscanimage,
   gimp-  .


    7.7.      OCR (  )?


OCR   Linux,  ,  . 
   Windows     
wine (       SCSI,   
 .    documentation/aspi). OCR 
,   ,  -  , 
   ,  ocr 
<http://www.freshmeat.net>.


    7.8.    


<http://www.hamrick.com/vsm.html> - shareware,   .


    7.9.      WinModem ?


(  Alexander Pevzner  Alex Korchmar)

1.   V42  V34.   $80, afair. (""
   )       
   - .

2. ,  ?        
    .

    ( ;) -   ,  
  free source ,     - 
 .    ,    
        v.42/42bis 
         v.34.
(   ,  ,   .obj 
  ,    ,       
      -     ""
)

   <http://www.linmodems.org>   
.

      - 
   ,       
    
<http://www.idir.net/%7Egromitkc/winmodem.html>.


    7.10.  *   USB ?


<http://www.linux-usb.org/USB-guide/book1.html>

<http://tldp.org/HOWTO/USB-Digital-Camera-HOWTO/>


    7.11.  *    -   , 


    c Intel EtherExpress (PCI)?


  .     .


    7.12.       IDE CD-ROM


   (     
LILO)   ( hdc    
 CD-ROM): hdc=cdrom hdc=noprobe


    7.13.      Linux   ,


     /  Teleport Pro  


    -...


  wget

<http://www.gnu.org/software/wget>


    7.14.       Linux ?


     
<news:fido7.ru.unix.ftnl>.      c URL
 ,          ru.linux           ru.unix (   FidoSoft URL
Mini-FAQ),    
<http://www.sensi.org/download/fidosoft.html>.    
  <http://donlug.dn.ua/~aks/>.

  :

1.   dosemu    /   
   .

2.      ,   
   ifcico   ifmail, qico  binkleyforce,   
   ,     binkd  BinkP-. ifmail
      <ftp://oskin.macomnet.ru> 
   <http://www.average.org/ifmail/>, qico - 
   <http://lev.serebryakov.spb.ru/download/>, bikleyforce -
   <http://adb.newmail.ru>, binkd -
   <http://www.corbina.net/~maloff/binkd/>.

3.      hpt ( <http://www.tichy.de>)
    Crashmail ( <http://www.freshmeat.net>).

4.      GoldEd  Linux. 
       "".

5. C    -    
     .

    ifmail+inn+sendmail    
   <http://howto.id.ru>      faq, 
    ,  ru.linux (   fido unix faq) 
     <http://www.cityline.ru/~jav/linux/> 
   <http://lnx.net.ru>.

    c   ifmail   
   fidogate.  ( <http://www.fido.de/fidogate/>)    
    faq,     <news:fido7.ru.unix.ftn>  
    fidogate faq.    
   <http://f1838.euro.ru/fidogate/>.

6. H   passthrough  SqWish.   
   passthrough      
   -,     /    .
              AFTNMISC,         DFTNSQSH.            SQW-X2ES.ZIP.


    7.15.  *     ?


 Linux     .

1. OSS (Open Sound System)  .    ,
       ,  Linux-  
    *NIX-.  <http://www.opensound.com>

2. OSS/Free -       
    Linux <=2.4,    .
   <http://www.linux.org.uk/OSS/>

3. ALSA (Advanced Linux Sound Architecture)  ,
      ,   
   Full-Duplex <http://www.alsa-project.org/>

    RedHat-based    'sndconfig'.   
   ,       ,  
   Sound-HOWTO <http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Sound-HOWTO/index.html>

     Aureal  
<http://aureal.sourceforge.net>


    7.16.       ext2?


   lde:

<http://www.datafoundation.org/lde/>


    7.17.    ext2fs   Linux ?


   <http://www.penguin.cz/~mhi/fs/Filesystems-
HOWTO/Filesystems-HOWTO-6.html>

Windows NT: (read/write)  <http://www.chat.ru/~ashedel>

Windows 9x: (r/o)  <http://www.yipton.demon.co.uk>

Windows 95/98/NT/2000: (write experimental):
<http://uranus.it.swin.edu.au/~jn/linux/>

OS/2: (R/W)  , ext2_240.zip


    7.18.     Linux    p  y


    doublespace  ?


  ext2fs     py.
<http://www.netspace.net.au/~reiter/e2compr/>.  p  
py yy e2fsprogs  yy   . p
 p  y  development .  
p 'chattr +c'


    7.19.         


       ?


   PGP,    
,        
.   ,    ,   
    :  <http://drt.ailis.de/crypto/linux-
disk.html>

 :  <http://encryptionhowto.sourceforge.net>


    :

  loopback encryption -    international crypto patch (
   <http://www.kerneli.org>.      
   losetup  mount.      
      .

   cfs,    :
   <ftp://ftp.zedz.com/pub/crypto/disk/>.     ,
     nfs-.


    7.20.    ssh   Windows ?


 TeraTerm (
<http://www.vector.co.jp/authors/VA002416/teraterm.html>) 
ssh- ( <http://www.zip.com.au/~roca/download.html>),  
 PuTTY ( <http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/>,
   KOI8-R --> Win-1251,   ,
   scp).

    <http://www.datafellows.com>  
    ,   ssh -
 ,  30  .


    7.21.    Java Development Kit for Linux?


<http://www.blackdown.org/>         
     Java

 benchmarks JAVA:  <http://www.volano.com/report.html>


    7.22.        ?


        
<news:fido7.ru.rdbms.oracle>.      
ORACLE-LINUX@fatcity.com


    7.23.        Linux (Unix)   MS SQL


    (WindowsNT)?


<http://www.ibb.ru/article-2.phtml>


    7.24.        Linux?


  Linux,  ,    ( 
   ,     
-).      . Oleg
Lomaka <mailto:Oleg_Lomaka@p7.f85.n468.z2.fidonet.org> 
 :

  <http://www.chat.ru/~mueller_dic/>  c Mueller'
(Mueller7accentGPL.tgz)  cp "mova" (script_mova.tgz)  c
y c   c.  - GPL.     
   Linux.

   c. C  .movarc   ,  
 c p y  cp   cp. Cop
  pp cy:



    -*-*-bold-r-*-*-20-*-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r
    -*-*-medium-r-*-*-20-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r
    -*-*-medium-o-*-*-20-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r
    -*-*-bold-o-*-*-21-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r
    -*-silsophiaipa-*-r-*-20-*-*-*-p-*-*-*
# c cp
    /usr/local/Mova/
#, y pcc cp
    /usr/local/bin/
# cp
    Mueller7accentGPL.koi
    /tmp /


      "mova table".

Andy Shevchenko <mailto:Andy_Shevchenko@f192.n465.z2.fidonet.org>:
    qt-    
slowo.  <http://gambit.com.ru/~wolf/dic/>  linux  
src.rpm : <ftp://ftp.smile.org.ua/pub/linux/prj/slowo/>


    7.25.   / ...?


<http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Sound-Playing-HOWTO.html>

<http://tldp.org/HOWTO/MP3-HOWTO.html>

  AU, WAV, MP3     ( SB Compatible) - sox, mpg123, 
   X - xmms

  MIDI - playmidi, timidity

  AVI, MOV - xanim, avifile ( <http://avifile.sourceforge.net>) - 
      xanim,     
   .    windows,  
       dll (   ,  
     ), mplayer ( <http://www.mplayerhq.hu>) -
    Xv, DGA2, SDL, X11,    ,
      (.dll),    (
     )      5.1   DVD. 
    xine ( <http://xine.sourceforge.net>) 5.1   .

  MPEG, VideoCD -     avifile, xine,mplayer 
   smpeg ( <http://www.lokigames.com/development/>, mpeglib (
   <http://mpeglib.sourceforge.net>)

  JPEG, TIFF, GIF (  PCX/BMP) gqview, gtksee,
   xloadimage, xv

      - zgv

    <http://www.freshmeat.net> -> application
index -> multimedia...       
download.


    7.26.    Linux


<http://www.linuxgames.org.ru>

<http://happypenguin.org>

<http://www.linuxgames.com>




    7.27.   p    p a.out  


    p pp p  bash  csh  ...not found,  p


      mc  p ?


        
  .    -  ./a.out, 
 '.'  $PATH,    root  
    . (    -
)


    7.28.        


    "Not running in graphics-capable console..." ?


H   mc   .


    7.29.    VTxxx, PC, -  serial   


     ?


(Alexander Voropay)

   "" ,  
     DB-25.  
   - -.    :

RX <-- TX
TX --> RX
RTS --> CTS
CTS <-- RTS
DTR --> DSR+CD
DSR+CD <-- DTR
GNG <--> GND


  -    hardware flowcontrol.

,   ,   minicom  Linux 
TERM90, TELEMATE e.t.c.  DOS     
 COM- ( 38400, 8-N-1).    PC 
     .

 -     <http://www.chat.ru/~uk_nc/>

  ,      getty.   
/etc/inittab  

# Modem/Terminal on Serial COM2:
S1:2345:respawn:/sbin/uugetty ttyS1 F38400 vt220


 F38400 -   38400 (  /etc/gettydefs),
 "vt220" -  ESC-  ( ,  
  TERM).

       Login:  
   ,   flow-control,   
    .

 .  Serial-HOWTO <http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Serial-
HOWTO.html>


    7.30.        CD-R  Linux?


.    -  mkisofs  cdwrite  cdrecord.
    - xcdroast  BurnIT. 
  HOWTO.


    7.31.  RPM   .spec


   <http://www.rpm.org>

    .spec     .spec 
nmap.      binary rpm    source, 
       -   
spec   %files - rpm  ,   
install,   %install.      
 %files -

find /usr/src/test-install -type d \! -path \*/usr \! -path \*/usr/local \
        \! -path \*/usr/local/bin \! -path \*/usr/local/sbin | \
        sed -e 's|^/usr/src/test-install/|%dir /|' >> file.spec
find /usr/src/test-install -type f | sed -e 's|^/usr/src/test-install/|/| >>
                file.spec


,     /usr/local/-  
 BuildRoot,    sed  ,  
make install   -      %attr, , , %files
 -f. (  -path -      
   /usr, /usr/local  .. H   
 )

  rpm -bb .spec  . (  
$RPMROOT/RPMS/${ARCH}/ )


    7.32.  /  .


X Window System   .  s   Window  
    X.    - man X.
,  Linus Torvalds     c Linux, ,
  english.au  swedish.au 
<ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus/SillySounds/>   
       sndconfig.


    7.33.    "ፎ" ?


 ""   .   (ak) , 
c    .




Last-modified: Thu, 14 Nov 2002 22:04:30 GMT

  :