, Linux .
, "" Linux. , . ftp- Internet, BBS, CD-ROM.
. , , . , , .
, Slackware- Linux.
Linux , , . Linux, GPL (General Public License). , Linux FTP- .
, Linux . . "'" , , . Linux "", , . Linux , X Window System. ( 4 , ).
Linux, Internet .
? USENET , , Linux. - Linux, , , . , . Linux , , . Linux Slackware Slackware Pro.
Internet,
Linux - FTP.
ftpmail
.
. C.sunsite.unc.edu
,
/pub/Linux/distributions
.
,
. ,
,
RAWRITE.EXE
MS-DOS.
, .
dd
. ,
dd of=/dev/rfd0 if=foo bs=18k''
foo
Sun-.
UNIX dd
.
RAWRITE.EXE
Linux
FTP-, sunsite.unc.edu
,
/pub/Linux/system/Install/rawrite
RAWRITE.EXE
,
. "boot"-
. ,
,
MS-DOS .
,
TCP/IP.
.
Linux
MS-DOS. , Linux Slackware
RAWRITE.EXE
boot root.
MS-DOS
MS-DOS COPY. MS-DOS.
RAWRITE.EXE
,
MS-DOS .
, FTP,
README
, ,
.
.
Linux
( FTP-
"binary
").
2.1.4 Slackware Internet.
, CompuServe Prodigy, . , BBS, Linux. Linux BBS D. Linux , CD-ROM .
Internet BBS, Linux , , . B . , , Linux.
Linux , GPL. Linux US$30 - US$150, . , -, Linux, . Linux . Linux , .
Slackware - Linux,
Patrick Volkerding.
. Internet, CD-ROM (. B).
Slackware " " (``disk
sets''),
(, "d"
Slackware, - 2.0.0, 25 1994. .
, Slackware . 7 "A"; - 2 2.5 .
:
.
elvis
comm
(elvis
- ,
comm - ). 1.0.9
(FSSTND). ,
1.2M (
Slackware).
1.2M,
,
.
, ,
groff
, ispell
(GNU and international versions), term
,
joe
, jove
, ghostscript
, sc
, bc
, quota patches.
. GCC/G++/Objective C 2.5.8, make
(GNU
BSD), byacc
GNU bison
, flex
, the 4.5.26 C libraries,
gdb
, kernel source for 1.0.9, SVGAlib
, ncurses
,
clisp
, f2c
, p2c
, m4
, perl
, rcs
.
GNU Emacs 19.25.
(FAQ
s) .
Info- GNU-. , info Emacs.
. TCP/IP, UUCP, mailx
, dip
,
deliver
, elm
,
pine
, smail
, cnews
, nn
, tin
, trn
.
'- . GNU Smalltalk 1.1.1 Smalltalk Interface to X (STIX).
Alpha- ( - Linux 1.1.18).
Tcl, Tk, TclX, blt, itcl.
. BSD Tetris .
XFree86 2.1.1 libXpm, fvwm 1.20 xlock.
X-: X11 ghostscript
, libgr13
,
seyon
, workman
, xfilemanager
, xv 3.01,
GNU chess
xboard
, xfm
1.2,
ghostview
, X-.
X11. X11 , linkkit, PEX.
Xview 3.2 release 5. XView , Open Look window-.
Interviews , include-, doc idraw
.
ParcPlace's Object Builder 2.0 Object Interface Library 4.0. , libc-4.4.4, , gcc 2.5.9.
TeX LaTeX.
"A", . A, AP D, X, X Window System.
Slackware Linux FTP- .
C .
FTP-, .
Linux FTP-:
sunsite.unc.edu
tsx-11.mit.edu
.
Slackware :
ftp.cdrom.com
- Slackware.
, FTP, . . , FTP.
README
, SLACKWARE_FAQ
.
.
bootdsks.144
. 1.2 (5.25"),
bootdsks.12
.
bootdisk.
.
. ,
,
.
scsi.gz
bare.gz
.
rootdsks.144
rootdsks.12
,
.
:
color144
UMSDOS,
Linux
MS-DOS. ,
.
.
tty144.gz
.
colrlite
UMSDOS.
umsds144.gz
.
colrlite.gz
.root, .
gzip
, boot root
( ".gz" ).
install
.
RAWRITE.EXE
boot root.
.
boot root MS-DOS,
RAWRITE.EXE
GZIP.EXE
.
UNIX- ,
, dd
. dd
UNIX.
slakware
a1/,slakware
a2/
slakware
a3/. ``A''
Slackware. .
MS-DOS (
). ,
, ;
a1
a2
..
, .
FTP ``mget *
'' ``mget *.*
''.
ap1
, ap2
..
. ,
``X
'', x1 x5.
``A
'', ,
.Slackware CD-ROM. CD-ROM Slackware , FTP-. , CD-ROM Slackware, . boot root , CD-ROM. 2.1.4.2.1.
, boot root . CD-ROM. , .
Slackware . - MS-DOS ; MS-DOS, , .
Slackware CD-ROM, . Slackware Pro Morse Telecommunications Slackware , CD-ROM. , .
boot root,
boot- root-, (
CD-ROM), . MS-DOS
boot- root-,
GZIP.EXE. ,
boot - bare.gz
, MS-DOS:
C:\> GZIP -D BARE.GZ
bare.gz
bare
.
CD-ROM,
bootdisk (, bare.gz
) GZIP.EXE
CD-ROM .
root.
, root- color144.gz
,
:
C:\> GZIP -D COLOR144.GZ
color144
.
, high-density ,
MS-DOS. ( ;
boot- 3.5", high-density
3.5"). boot root
RAWRITE.EXE
.
:
C:\> RAWRITE
(,
bare
color144
) ( A:).
RAWRITE
. RAWRITE
root-. ,
: boot-, root-. ,
MS-DOS ( ,
, ``Linux-'').
, . bad-.
, MS-DOS Slackware. MS-DOS boot root , ( MS-DOS ). MS-DOS, , .
GZIP.EXE
RAWRITE.EXE
MS-DOS boot root.
gzip dd UNIX
. ( , , UNIX-
). , Sun
/dev/rfd0
:
$ gunzip bare.gz
$ dd if=bare of=/dev/rfd0 obs=18k
(obs),
( Sun)
. -
dd
.
Slackware ( , , ), MS-DOS.
: Slackware MS-DOS, DoubleSpace, Stacker - MS-DOS. Linux MS-DOS- DoubleSpace/Stacker. ( MS-DOS Emulator, Linux).
Slackware. ,
C:\> MKDIR SLACKWAR
C:\SLACKWAR
Slackware. , MKDIR
,
A1
, A2
..
. 1
SLACKWAR\A1
..
Slackware , , , MS-DOS, Slackware, . high-density.
A
( A1
- A3
)
3.5",
5.25".
3.5".
, 5.25", - 3.5", ( A) . , .
, , Slackware MS-DOS , MS-DOS - COPY:
C:\> COPY A1\*.* A:
A1
A:
. .
- ; MS-DOS. Slackware .
Slackware CD-ROM, , boot root. CD.
, Linux, . , . , Linux.
Linux , :
fdisk
. (.
2.3.3).
Linux , . , .
Slackware Linux, , fdisk, setup .
. Linux,
, -
. , ,
. : ( !)
,
, . Linux
, .
,
, -
. ,
. , Linux-
USENET. .
, . , : , , MS-DOS, OS/2 Linux.
, , Linux. Linux .
MS-DOS , . MS-DOS , C:. , MS-DOS D:, E: .. .
master boot record . boot record ( ) . .
: , (primary, extended logical). . , - , .
, . . . , , .
, , , , Linux. , 2.3.3.
UNIX ,
( ,
CD-ROM ), .
; ,
/usr
, /tmp
.. - ,
/
.
Linux ""
. ,
/
/usr
, .
, Linux, Linux. ( ), , Linux. Linux , () , .
Linux,
. ,
/usr
/home
.
,
UNIX, ,
. 4 ,
.
, ?
- . -
, ,
, . ,
, -
- . .
backup,
.
-
. , ,
40M 50M ,
/usr
50- .
,
.
, , Linux o . , . , .
. Linux, . -, , . RAM . -, , . .
16M. 16M, ( ). , 32M, 16M.
2.3.4, - 4.
Linux : . , , . Linux, 16M RAM, .
, , . ' . , . Linux- 20M . - 80M 100M, . , .
( ) , . : RAM. , 4M RAM ( ), 8M . , . (, 16M ), .
. - BIOS , 1023. , Linux, , 1023 . Linux ( ). , .
1023 , Linux . , , . .
, , Linux. Linux "" , 2.3.
-
( , )
. backup .
. MS-DOS
,
. FIPS
,
FTP- Linux.
, , , , . , .
, ,
fdisk
.
; , MS-DOS
FDISK
.
.
, MS-DOS
FDISK
,
.
, . ; , . , .
.
( Linux),
FDISK
MS-DOS.
; ,
Linux, fdisk
Linux.
, 2.3.3 ,
Linux. .
, ,
MS-DOS. , ,
``C:
''.
, MS-DOS
``system disk'',
FDISK
backup.
MS-DOS. ,
FORMAT /s A:
MS-DOS
( \DOS ),
FORMAT.COM
FDISK.EXE
.
FDISK C:
FDISK
',
MS-DOS.
FDISK
, menu
.
setup ,
Linux.
FDISK
``Delete an MS-DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive
''.
, (,
) .
. !
() MS-DOS,
FDISK ``Create an MS-DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive
''.
(, )
( ). FDISK
.
, FDISK
,
. ,
DOS (C:
),
FORMAT /s C:
backup.
, , Linux, . :
, , Linux. , .
- Linux. , Linux-. ' - , . login. root .
, , Linux.
Slackware, , , , , .
Linux , , . , SCSI- , (, I/O- IRQ).
, IBM PS/1, ThinkPad ValuePoint CMOS .
boot ,
. , ,
Slackware.
boot:
, , .
-
,
. SCSI , (hosts).
SCSI: 0 hosts
, SCSI , .
. - , .
, , , , , 2.3.2.
, :
ramdisk <parameters...>
: .
, IBM PS/1, ValuePoint ThinkPad. , 683 , 16 32 , per track, enter
ramdisk hd=683,16,32
IRQ -BIOS- Future Domain TMC-8xx SCSI . ,
ramdisk tmc8xx=0xca000,5
, "0x" , . .
IRQ -BIOS- Seagate ST02 .
IRQ -BIOS- Trantor T128B .
ncr5380=<port>,<irq>,<dma> , IRQ DMA generic NCR5380 .
, IRQ SCSI ID -BIOS- AIC-6260 . Adaptec 1510, 152x Soundblaster-SCSI .
ramdisk , .
, Linux SCSI HOWTO, Linux FTP- ( , ), Linux CD-ROM HOWTO. .
Linux fdisk
.
.
.
Linux ,
. MS-DOS A:
B:
, ,
C:
, D:
,
.. Linux .
, /dev
,
(,
, ..)
, ,
/dev/mouse
. ,
.
; ,
.
2.1 .
.
, /dev/fd0
(A:
MS-DOS) /dev/fd1
(B:
).
SCSI- ,
. IDE, MFM RLL
/dev/hda
, /dev/hdb
..
/dev/hda
/dev/hda1
,
/dev/hda2
.. SCSI-
/dev/sda
, /dev/sdb
,
.., ,
/dev/sda1
/dev/sda2
.
. , IDE- . MS-DOS, - , Linux. , , :
MS-DOS (C:) /dev/hda1
MS-DOS (D:) /dev/hda2
/dev/hda3
Linux /dev/hda5
Linux /dev/hda6
, /dev/hda4
,
, .
, /dev/hda5
.
(A:) /dev/fd0
(B:) /dev/fd1
() /dev/hda
, 1 /dev/hda1
, 2 /dev/hda2
, 3 /dev/hda3
, 4 /dev/hda4
, 1 /dev/hda5
, 2 /dev/hda6
..
() /dev/hdb
, 1 /dev/hdb1
..
SCSI () /dev/sda
SCSI , 1 /dev/sda1
..
SCSI () /dev/sdb
SCSI , 1 /dev/sdb1
..
. 2.1: Linux
Linux
fdisk
. 2.2.3,
Linux
.
fdisk
,
fdisk <drive>
<drive> Linux,
(. . 2.1). ,
fdisk SCSI-,
fdisk /dev/sda
.
/dev/hda
( IDE-) ,
.
Linux , , fdisk .
# fdisk /dev/hda
Command (m for help):
fdisk ; "m", .
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help):
n
.
.
fdisk
, ,
q
. fdisk
w
.
, ,
. p
.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/hda: 16 heads, 38 sectors, 683 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 608 * 512 bytes
Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/hda1 * 1 1 203 61693 6 DOS 16-bit >=32M
Command (m for help):
, MS-DOS- /dev/hda1
,
61693 ( 60M - Linux -
1024bytes). N 1
N 203. 683
. 480
Linux.
"n".
(/dev/hda2
and
/dev/hda3
) Linux.
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
fdisk
: extended
() primary ().
, p
.
Partition number (1-4):
fdisk
;
1 , Linux
2.
Partition number (1-4): 2
First cylinder (204-683):
. 204 683 , ( 204). .
First cylinder (204-683): 204
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (204-683):
fdisk
.
, . ,
80M, +80M.
fdisk
.
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (204-683): +80M
Warning: Linux cannot currently use 33090 sectors of this
partition
, ,
. fdisk
,
, , Linux
, 64M.
Linux.
10M.
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 3
First cylinder (474-683): 474
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (474-683): +10M
, . , . . , .
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/hda: 16 heads, 38 sectors, 683 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 608 * 512 bytes
Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/hda1 * 1 1 203 61693 6 DOS 16-bit >=32M
/dev/hda2 204 204 473 82080 81 Linux/MINIX
/dev/hda3 474 474 507 10336 81 Linux/MINIX
, /dev/hda2
-
82080 ( 80M), /dev/hda3
- 10336 ( 10M).
, (
Slackware) t
fdisk
``Linux swap'',
82. L
, t
,
, ``Linux swap''.
, .
,
fdisk
"t"
.
( 508 683) . .
, w
,
fdisk
Command (m for help): w
#
,
, w
.
,
. , fdisk
, q
. ,
fdisk
Linux
Linux Linux.
, Linux , , 1023. , Linux 1023-. - .
Linux
fdisk
.
.
fdisk
, . ,
fdisk
- .
, .
. ' RAM, , - ' .
Slackware , 4M RAM . , Slackware . , , ; .
mkswap
mkswap -c <partition> <size>
<partition> - , <size> -
. size of the partition, in blocks.
, /dev/hda3
10336 ,
# mkswap -c /dev/hda3 10336
-c
mkswap
.
,
mkswap
.
. . , Linux, .
- swapon
swapon <partition>
,
/dev/hda3
,
# swapon /dev/hda3
, Linux , . MS-DOS. 2.2.3.
Linux . ( , , ..). Linux "" , MS-DOS.
- Second Extended Filesystem ext2fs. ext2fs - . 256 4 (. : - ). 4 , Linux. , ext2fs.
Slackware , . , , .
mke2fs -c <partition> <size>
<partition> - , <size> -
. , 82080
/dev/hda2
,
# mke2fs -c /dev/hda2 82080
Linux, mke2fs .
, 2.5.
.
.
,
.
(, /mnt
) .
CD-ROM
,
CD-ROM.
. , MS-DOS . TCP/IP FTP NFS. .
, Slackware
fdisk
, ,
mkswap
swapon
( RAM 4M ),
setup
. setup
'. setup .
. , Linux ( ).
setup
Slackware, (, )
# setup
, .
, ,
color144
colrlite
;
.
setup
.
help- setup
.
, US-. keymaps ( ) ; .
``quick'' () ``verbose''( ). ``Verbose'' - , , , .
Slackware tag-. ; .
,
Slackware. '
(
``Linux swap'' fdisk
). ,
.
, mkswap
.
mkswap
swapon
(
2.3.4) , setup
mkswap.
mkswap
swapon
,
Addswap : ,
.
! ! , . , , . , . .
,
Linux. (
``Linux native'' (" Linux" -
fdisk
)
Linux, /dev/hda2
.
.
ext2fs
, 2.3.5.
,
MS-DOS.
,
Linux. ,
/usr ( 2.2.3),
(, /usr
/usr/bin
).
! !
, . ,
, .
, mke2fs
(
2.3.5), Target
() ,
Linux.
,
Slackware: ,
CD-ROM. ,
, Slackware
. , Slackware-
MS-DOS, (, /dev/hda1
)
MS-DOS FAT .
,
. , Slackware-,
C:\SLACK
MS-DOS,
/slack
. ,
"/". CD-ROM,
CD-ROM, , CD-ROM
. CD-ROM
/slakware
, .
Slackware Professional (Slackware Professional -
Slackware, Morse Telecommunications),
CD-ROM. slakware
,
. slackpro
CD-ROM , CD-ROM.
,
.
Slackware CD-ROM.
, ,
Slackware CD-ROM.
.
Slackware . CD-ROM. , 2.5.3.
,
. ,
A
.
.
,
, ;
``optional'' ``recommended.''
, . . ``normal.'' "" , . , .
. Linux UNIX, . , , , .
, - . , . , , , , . 2.5.3.
, CD-ROM; , CD-ROM , ..
- . .
- Linux . , Linux, . , Linux, , . .
LILO . LILO - , (master boot record) . , MS-DOS Linux, , .
Slackware Configure
setup
,
LILO. .
Configure
,
.
LILO , , , , .. LILO "" . LILO "" ( , ). , Boot Manager OS/2, LILO. LILO Boot Manager, .
, LILO . , LILO, .
4 , LILO setup.
, ! Linux . - - .
, , Linux, .
Linux , , TCP/IP, X Window System .. , . , , .
, - , . , , , (, ).
, Linux, , . , root . ( , ).
,
.
"reset" " " -
-
shutdown
. ,
( root
):
# shutdown -r now
.
shutdown
.
man shutdown
.
, Linux
shutdown .
, ,
shutdown
.
halt
,
shutdown
:-).
,
,
, . ,
account (, ,
, () )
adduser
( useradd
).
,
.
Linux ,
,
/etc/fstab
,
. (,
/usr
,
, ).
4.8. . ,
Slackware Linux
,
.
-
Linux.
.
. , , .
, . . , Linux. . 2.5.4.
- . - , , , . .
- , - , .
, , . "login", ( ). . , . , , , , .
lp_init: lp1 exists (0), using polling driver
.
Linux login:
( root install -
-).
20
, shell
. .
, .. , , . , (RAM) .
- . 1.8 Linux . , , , . 2.5.2, .
, . 4M RAM . , ``ramdisk'', , RAM , . , , ramdisk, .
- ramdisk
.
; SLS, ,
``floppy
'', LILO
"a1". .
``out of memory'' ; . ' , (disable) ramdisk.
, Linux 2 M RAM ; 4M .
, . ( , ), , . Linux . . , , .
, ( ) . - , .
, CD-ROM , . , CD-ROM - . 2.5.2.
, , . , , .
, Linux . Linux, : .
, , . , , .
, , , , . , () , .
, . , , , . , , , , . , , .
, , Ethernet. , Ethernet. - Ethernet . , (a) Ethernet Linux ( 1.8 ), (b) IRQ, .
`` IRQ ?'' -, ,
?
IRQ
, IRQ. IRQ (jumpers) ; . IRQ, , , , . ( Seagate ST01 ST02 SCSI).
, , IRQ . , Linux , IRQ 5 TMC-950 SCSI, CD-ROM Mitsumi busmouse. , Linux , , , IRQ, . ( 4 ).
, - DMA (Direct Memory Access) ( ), - (I/O) (shared memory addresses). , . Ethernet, , IRQ . - . DMA, - . ( , ).
IRQ, DMA, - , , . , , , .
2.2 IRQ DMA, "" , . , IRQ DMA .
Device I/O- IRQ DMA
ttyS0 (COM1) 3f8 4 n/a
ttyS1 (COM2) 2f8 3 n/a
ttyS2 (COM3) 3e8 4 n/a
ttyS3 (COM4) 2e8 3 n/a
lp0 (LPT1) 378 - 37f 7 n/a
lp1 (LPT2) 278 - 27f 5 n/a
fd0, fd1 (floppies 1 and 2) 3f0 - 3f7 6 2
fd2, fd3 (floppies 3 and 4) 370 - 377 10 3
2.2:
Linux , , :
Console: colour EGA+ 80x25, 8 virtual consoles
Serial driver version 3.96 with no serial options enabled
tty00 at 0x03f8 (irq = 4) is a 16450
tty03 at 0x02e8 (irq = 3) is a 16550A
lp_init: lp1 exists (0), using polling driver
...
, .
Partition check:
( ), , :
Partition check:
hda: hda1 hda2
hdb: hdb1 hdb2 hdb3
- , .
:
/ . , , "" (``slave'') (, ). - MS-DOS - , . , .
2.5.2.1 () 2.5.2.3 () SCSI-.
. , , LILO , :
boot: linux hd=<cylinders>,<heads>,<sectors>
<cylinders>, <heads> <sectors> , .
Linux LILO, . LILO, . LILO 4.
, SCSI- , , , CD-ROM, . Linux , .
Linux SCSI HOWTO (. A) SCSI-, . SCSI.
SCSI- , (force) . -BIOS- SCSI-. IRQ . , TMC-8xx,
boot: linux tmx8xx=<interrupt>,<memory-address>
LILO, <interrupt> - IRQ <memory-address> - . , Linux, .
, Linux , . , , Linux. :
CD-ROM, , , . , . , Linux , high-density MS-DOS. ( - ; MS-DOS). , , -.
-
( mke2fs
),
.
,
, .
.
hd=<cylinders>,<heads>,<sectors>
,
,
. ,
CMOS.
Linux ( - ), , . , FTP
mget *.*
Linux FTP. , ``.'' ; ``.'', .
mget *
- , , . , , - , , - . Linux . , !
, Linux , . 2.5.2.
, Linux. , MS-DOS OS/2 "SimCity" "Wing Commander"... , . , - , , . ?
2.5.1 , Linux . . .
Linux, linux . , , , .
,
boot: linux hd=<partition>
<partition> - Linux, , /dev/hda2. .
LILO, Linux . , LILO, , .
, LILO, . LILO 4.
, ( MS-DOS 5.0 )
FDISK /MBR
MS-DOS, LILO. MS-DOS, Linux LILO.
, - LILO,
Linux,
LILO ,
.
linux
''),
Linux.
Linux , , LILO. 4.
, LILO, . .
Linux ( ) :
linux login:
,
, .
root
(, ) .
guest
test
.
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