--" ( ). 128.8.255.255 : A. "" . : 1 - 126. : 255.0.0.0 16387064 (256*256*256). : 125.*.*.* B. "" . : 128.0 - 191.255 : 255.255.0.0 64516 (256*256). : 136.12.*.* C. "" . : 192.0.0 - 255.254.255 : 255.255.255.0 254 . : 195.136.12.* D. "Multicast-" ( ) ( ) : 224-239 E. "" 240-250 0, 127, 255 - IP &dD2.1. Private Address Space&d@ , , " ". RFC 1597 "Address Allocation for Private Internets" March 1994: The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) IP : 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 A 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 B 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 C ISP , () . &dD2. IP- ethernet' &d@. UNIX- . : Linux (1*ISA, 2*PnP): /etc/conf.modules alias eth0 ne alias eth1 ne alias eth2 ne options ne io=0x220,irq=5 , IP- 198.8.2.1 ethernet' elx70 . Motorol' - ethernet, - . ifconfig e1x70 198.8.2.1 up , m3760 ( ) IP- 198.8.3.1 ifconfig m3760 198.8.3.1 up &dD3. &d@. , 198.8.2.* *=1,...,254 - ethernet, - , ethernet, - 198.8.2.1 - .. - elx70. , - 198.8.3.* - ethernet - 198.8.3.1 route add net 198.8.2.0 198.8.2.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 0 route add net 198.8.3.0 198.8.3.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 0 IP-, - , 198.8.2.107 - , , . route add default 198.8.2.107 1 route - . - "" "" gateway', " - gateway' IP- . IP- 198.8.2.1 198.8.3.1 ethernet, () 0. 198.8.2.107 - - " " 1. , netstat -rn # ping -s fedfond # "" ping -s fedfond-gate ping -s 198.8.2.107 netstat -i # , lo0 localhost. - Loop-back . , . Loop-back - IP- 127.0.0.1 &dD4.&d@ TCP/IP 922. . , fedfond, IP-adres 198.8.2.1 . , ether net-, IP-. , ethernet IP- 198.8.3.1, , "fedfond-gate". : /etc/inet/rc.inet, /usr/sbin/ifconfig e1x70 `uname -n`-gate $net_mask up , ethernet fedfond-gate , . , IP- host' 1. sysadm "nodename" . : nodename ( ) systemname ( ) 2. /etc/hosts , IP- fedfond , !, fedfond-gate 198.8.2.1 fedfond 198.8.3.1 fedfond-gate 3. . &dD 2- ethernet Linux&d@ - ethernet - , . /etc/rc.d/rc.local : # 2140 insmod /lib/modules/2.0.18/de4x5.o io=0 # IP # ifconfig eth1 10.232.172.1 route add -net 10.232.172.0 gw 10.232.172.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 2- ethernet' , : /etc/lilo.conf append="ether=0,0,eth0 ether=0,0,eth1" # autoprobe # append="ether=10,0x300,0xe800,eth0 ether=12,0x280,eth1" : echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward &dD hardware ethernet' &d@ TCP/IP, , arp -a ping [-s] 123.456.789.255 arp -a , , . Linux: . , ifconfig Sun: boot- Hardware ethernet' Sun boot-, ifconfig . Sun NVRAM & hostid FAQ ../TXT/faqsunnvram.txt HP-UX: lanscan. boot- PDC. &dD5. &d@. , , - . BSD-Unix' API Berkly-sockets. AT&T System V TLI (Transport Level Interface) - "" (streams). SVR4 , . inetd (Internet Super Server), TLI listen (Network Listener). &dD6.&d@ TLI listen , IP- host'. " ". IP- - . , IP- 198.8.2.1 198.8.3.1, - C6080201, C6080301 , : nlsadmin -i tcp nlsadmin -l '\x00020acec60802010000000000000000' tcp nlsadmin -l '\x00020acec60803010000000000000000' tcp " ^^^^^^^^ 0ac" | | IP- &dD7.&d@ BSD . . , , , . inetd : /etc/inetd.conf --> /etc/services --> : netstat ( netstat -ta - Linux) &dD &d@ ARP - Address Resolution Protocol . / . , ethernet' , IP-. broadcst: ", , , : IP-_ - ", . arp -a # IP- eth- RARP - Reverse Address Resolution Protocol. , IP-. rarpd. -: ether- -> IP-. -broadcast' : ", ,,, eth- -. ?" rarpd , IP ( - bootparamd - , ). () RIP, BGP, EGP, ICMP. RIP - Routing Information Protocol ( ). routed / gated. BGP - Border Gateway Protocol EGP - External Gateway Protocol . gated ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol TCP/IP ( "port unreachable"), ping, traceroute, "redirect": "- , - ". host', , . DNS NIS/YP DNS - Domain Name System. - IP-, "" - ( pc101.fedfond.msk.su , ftp.sco.com ..) DNS - , bind, - (). - IP- "resolver" - gethostbyname, gethostbyaddr, DNS, IP- (domain-name). NIS/YP - Network Information System ( , Sun - Yellow Pages). NIS- ( ypserv) , : , , , , .. .. DNS NIS/YP: DNS - "" - , . NIS/YP - , . &dD TCP/IP &d@ unix- : , IP , DNS HP/UX: /etc/set_parms initial Linux Slackware: net_config Solaris: /etc/??? . &dD TCP/IP &d@ TCP/IP ether net' . , : RS-232, , ( 485, V.435). IP: RS-232 SLIP - Serial Line IP - TCP/IP " ", . CSLIP - Compressed SLIP - SLIP. IP-. : ! IP- IP- 40 . CSLIP' 3 . - - . , - . PPP - Point-to-Point Protocol , TCP " ". - SVR4. . - IPX. slip cslip - . Centronix- PLIP - Parallel Line IP - - . . . TCP/IP SCSI- - , - . , RFC 1149 IP . &dDTCP/IP &d@. TCP/IP - , . : , , High Speed Interface - , V.435 ( ), - PPP. , " " . +-------------------+ +-----------------+ ( | | | | ( >< |Host PPP V.435|========|V.435 | ~~~~~~ ( | -TCP/IP-> | | | ~~~~~~ /\ +-------------------+ +-----------------+ , - "", "" TCP/IP (PPP, Ether), Ethernet, High Speed Interface. "Cisco router", "NetBlaser". +-------------------+ +-----------------+ ( | | | | ( >< |Router PPP V.435|========|V.435 | ~~~~~~ ( | -TCP/IP-> | | | ~~~~~~ /\ +-------+-----------+ +-----------------+ | ... -Ethernet------ ... &dD, &d@. - , , , . : V32bis/V42 - , "" 16800 /. ~ 12000 /. V42 ( , ) 2-4 , .. 38400-57600 / / RS-232 UART (Universal Asyncronous Receiver-Transmitter) 16450 - 19200 bit/s. 16550 - 19200 bit/s. ( "A" - ) 16550A - 38400 bit/s. 16550A 115200 bit/s. ( "") ( - Solaris, Unixware - , FreeBSD, Netblaser, Cisco router - ) : /"", V32bis/V42 - 19200 /. 2- , V32bis/V42 - 38400 /. 4- , RAID,????? - 115200 /. 4- <=4, ????? 1 /. <=?, ????? ?? 2 /. . . V.435. PPP 64, 128, 256 / &dD * SLIP/CSLIP * &d@. host' , slattach, TCP/IP. , SLIP , "". SVR4, slip slattach /dev/comport NASH-IP-ADRES IH-IP-ADRES 19200 & # /dev/comport "slip" 19200 # IP- slip- SVR4, cslip slattach -c /dev/comport NASH-IP-ADRES IH-IP-ADRES 38400 & # /dev/comport "Compressed-slip" # 38400 # IP- C-slip- slattach -e /dev/comport NASH-IP-ADRES IH-IP-ADRES 38400 & # slip cslip, # , # " ", Linux, SLIP. SLIP Linux DIP, : /usr/sbin/dip config-file-name --------------------------------------------------------------- # main: get $local 193.232.171.22 get $remote 193.232.171.19 port /dev/modem speed 9600 mode SLIP exit --------------------------------------------------------------- # slip --------------------------------------------------------------- main: get $local uwalt.hacktic.nl get $remote xs4all.hacktic.nl port /dev/modem speed 38400 send ATQ0V1E1X4\r wait OK 2 dial p555-1234 login: sleep 2 wait ogin: 20 send MYLOGIN\n wait ssword: 20 send MYPASSWD\n # We are now logged in. wait SOMETEXT 15 get $mtu 296 # Ensure "route add -net default xs4all.hacktic.nl" will be done default mode SLIP --------------------------------------------------------------- dip' Linux, CSLIP. # "cslip" slattach -p cslip /dev/modem & ifconfig cs0 NASH-IP-ADRES pointopoint IH-IP-ADRES route add IH-IP-ADRES route add default gw IH-IP-ADRES Linux, PLIP. ifconfig plip1 NASH-IP-ADRES pointopoint IH-IP-ADRES route add IH-IP-ADRES route add default gw IH-IP-ADRES SLIP . "" . , "" SLIP, . . ( stty 19200 ; echo atdp9120123 ) < /dev/modem > /dev/modem sleep 55 atdp - , 55 . , , "- ". . , ? Ping' "" . , , "" slip ( slip , TCP/IP). slip? slattach. while true # do sleep 60 # if ping 107.65.8.254 | grep 'is alive' ; then echo Ok > /dev/null # IH-IP-ADRES else # slattach slip_pid=`ps -ef | grep slattach | cut -c1-6` kill -9 $slip_pid # (stty 19200; echo atdp9120123) < /dev/modem > /dev/modem sleep 55 # slattach slattach -e /dev/modem 195.8.2.3 107.65.8.254 19200 & fi done &dD * PPP * &d@ &dDMOTOROLA: PPP&d@ /etc/inet/ppphosts - ppp- UUCP , ppp /etc/strcf , slink ppp- (" "). man ppp man pppd man ppphosts &dDLinux&d@ pppd. pppd chat, pppd IP-, , , chat- . : ( ) IP=123.456.789.12 pppd connect 'chat -v ABORT "NO DIALTONE" ABORT BUSY "" ATZ OK \ atdp9386933 Username: ppmoshkow Passwd: mypasswd mode ;' \ crtscts defaultroute modem noipdefault -detach mru 1500 \ 123.456.789.12:194.85.105.1 /dev/modem 38400 : pppd connect 'chat -v ABORT "NO DIALTONE" ABORT BUSY "" ATZ OK \ atdp9386933 Username: ppmoshkow Passwd: mypasswd mode ;' \ crtscts defaultroute modem noipdefault -detach mru 1500 \ 0.0.0.0: /dev/modem 38400 &dDWindows 95&d@ MS Plus - "Network dialup script editor" : --------------------------------------------------------------- proc main waitfor "login:" until 5 transmit $USERID, raw transmit "^M" waitfor "Password:" transmit "password^M" waitfor "modem" until 5 endproc --------------------------------------------------------------- logname, password , . &dDHP-UX 10.20&d@ HP-UX/10.20 ppp . slip. ftp free- iij-ppp http://www.verinet.com/~barthold/ftp/iij-ppp0.94beta2.hpux10.tar.gz http://www.verinet.com/~barthold/ftp/iij-ppp0.94beta2.hpux10.tar.gz . SLIP "ppl" "LAN/9000 Link" product. . &dD NFS&d@ - Network File System. UNIX' NFS. Unix- NFS , . : mount -F nfs udalennaq.mashina:/katalog_tam /katalog , BSD Linux mount -o rsize=8192,wsize=8192 mashina:/katalog_tam /katalog ls -al /katalog NFS - Unix', NFS MSDOS- PC. PC/NFS ( "PC-NFS" - PC/NFS "Sun Select"). .. PC', NFS PC, Unix' , NFS. - , PC/NFS PC , Netware - . , Unix-host, NFS- , , Netware , ethernet', , 1.5-2. NFS- 100 Kb , Netwar' - 50. &dD2.&d@ PC/NFS - : 486dx2/66, wd8013 16 bit: : Kb/ NFS for PC PC-NFS 4.0 220 120 PC-NFS 5.0(**) 220 120 Pathway 350 170 PCTCP 3.0 350 200 TSOFT (*) 200 100 XFS (*) 500 50 Chameleon NFS(**) 2- Unix for PC Linux/NFS(*) 400 350 FreeBSD/NFS(*) 900 300 Unixware/NFS 400 300 Netware 3.11 500 600 NW Lite 400 500 WFW (Samba) 150 150 Lantastic ? ? (*) - - (**) - : / NFS SUN SPARCstation / IBM/RS6000 900/400 Kb/ &dD3. , Unix- NFS &d@ : rpc.portmap - RPC (Remote Procedure Call) ( NFS RPC) ( Motorole .) mountd - ( - / ) nfsd - NFS biod - NFS- ( SunOS) pcnfsd - "" - PC/NFS . MSDOS - , pcnfsd PC- user' . ( , ) 3. - , : /etc/rc3.d/S22nfs - NFS- , , "- " NFS, . /etc/dfs/dfstab shareall share ( SVR4) /etc/exports exportfs -a ( UNIX) &dD4.&d@ NFS. , Unix' NFS . , . : &dDMotorola 922&d@ 3. /etc/inittab is:2:initdefault: is:3:initdefault: pcnfsd - "" PCNFS' /etc/rc3.d/S22nfs : /usr/lib/nfs/pcnfsd sysadm network_services / remote_files / local_recources / share / nfs , - "" NFS. , /home /etc/inittab , unix shutdown -y -g0 -i6 &dDLinux&d@ /etc/rc.d/rc.inet2 , rpc.portmap rpc.nfsd rpc.mountd rpc.ugidd /etc/exports / (rw) &dDSun Solaris 1.1&d@. /etc/exports ... /home /usr &dDSun Solaris 2.3&d@. /etc/dfs/dfstab - . ( ) &dD5.&d@ . RFS. DFS. RFS - Remote File Sharing. . NFS - BSD Unix', RFS - System V Unix'. , NFS. NFS . , , . , NFS. automounter'. RFS for MSDOS PC . RFS , . RFS . , ? DFS - Distributed File System. . , . . &dD automount-&d@ - - , NFS-. " " - .., . , . - automountd. . /etc/rc2.d/S20nfs.client automountd # NIS automountd -m -f /etc/auto.master # # automountd "" - - . : /etc/auto_master - : /etc/auto_direct - , /etc/auto_home - , . /etc/auto_master :--------------------------------------------- # # Master map for automounter # /net -hosts # : imyarek - # /net/imyarek # /- /etc/auto_direct /home /etc/auto_home /etc/auto_direct :--------------------------------------------- # # /usr/informix -ro,soft classic00:/usr/informix /usr/local -rw,soft classic00:/usr/local # # . # /usr/share/man -ro,soft classic00:/usr/share/man \ -ro,soft sun21:/usr/share/man \ -ro,soft sun22:/usr/share/man /etc/auto_home :--------------------------------------------- moshkow s08:/udd/moshkow leo classic00:/export/home/leo # : * classic00:/export/home/& * sun21:/export/home/& polxzowatelx - /home/polxzowatelx . &dDDNS - Domain Name Service&d@ &dD DNS-&d@ &dD dns-server&d@ /etc/resolv.conf : search moshkow.pp.ru sosed.msk.ru nameserver 127.0.0.1 ;nameserver 194.8.2.1 &dD &d@ /etc/host.conf : (Linux, BSD) order bind, hosts, nis multi on /etc/nsswitch.conf : ( Solaris, HP-UX) . . . hosts: files bind nis . . . &dD &d@ ( , ) /etc/defaultdomain : moshkow.pp.ru &dD DNS&d@ nslookup -ty=ns msk.ru zzz=msk.ru ; named-xfer -z $zzz -f filename ns.$zzz egrep '^[a-z]' filename | egrep -v A | grep NS| cut -f1 | sort -u| wc RIPE: ftp://ftp.ripe.net/ripe/hostcount ftp://ftp.ripe.net/ripe/hostcount ftp://ftp.ripe.net/ripe/dbase ftp://ftp.ripe.net/ripe/dbase &dD 1997:&d@ ru 1400 msk.ru 217 spb.ru 490 ras.ru 20 msu.su 19 rssi.ru 42 &dD * DNS- * &d@ - named.boot /var/named &dD &d@ moshkow.pp.ru pp.ru ( - RIPN) Revers- 173.233.193.in-addr.arpa 233.193.in-addr.arpa ( - RIPN) /etc/named.boot ; config- DNS /var/named/moshkow.pp.ru ; /var/named/193.233.173.0 ; -dns /var/named/root.cache ; . /var/named/127.0.0.1 ; . , DNS . 1.5 "" , /var/named/root.cache . dns "" , . -dns' - , IP-. /var/named/moshkow.pp.ru: ======================== @ IN SOA ns.moshkow.pp.ru. moshkow.ipsun.ras.ru. ( 1997093001 ; serial 28800 ;8 Refresh secondary 7200 ;2 Retry secondary "" 6048000;70d Expire secondary 864000);10d Minimum IN NS ns.moshkow.pp.ru. IN NS nss.ras.ru. IN MX 10 mail.moshkow.pp.ru. IN MX 50 mail.ras.ru. ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ns IN A 193.233.173.111 nss IN A 193.233.172.8 proxy CNAME t111 mail CNAME t111 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; t01 IN A 193.233.173.1 t02 IN A 193.233.173.2 . . . t254 IN A 193.233.173.254 t255 IN A 193.233.173.255 /var/named/193.233.173.0 : ======================== @ IN SOA ns.moshkow.pp.ru. moshkow.ipsun.ras.ru. ( 1997093001 ; serial 28800 ; refresh ( 8 hours) 7200 ; retry ( 2 hours) 6048000 ; expire (70 days ) 864000 ) ; minimum (10 days ) IN NS ns.moshkow.pp.ru. IN NS nss.ras.ru. IN MX 10 mail.moshkow.pp.ru. IN MX 50 mail.ras.ru. ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; 1 IN PTR t01.moshkow.pp.ru. 2 IN PTR t02.moshkow.pp.ru. . . . 255 IN PTR t255.moshkow.pp.ru. /var/named/root.cache ----------------------------------------- ; ftp://ftp.rs.internic.net/domain/named.root ; . 3600000 IN NS A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 3600000 A 198.41.0.4 . 3600000 NS B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 3600000 A 128.9.0.107 . 3600000 NS C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 3600000 A 192.33.4.12 . 3600000 NS D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 3600000 A 128.8.10.90 . 3600000 NS E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 3600000 A 192.203.230.10 . 3600000 NS F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 3600000 A 192.5.5.241 . 3600000 NS G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 3600000 A 192.112.36.4 . 3600000 NS H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 3600000 A 128.63.2.53 . 3600000 NS I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 3600000 A 192.36.148.17 /var/named/127.0.0.0 -------------------------- @ IN SOA localhost. root.localhost. ( 1997071201 ; Serial 36000 ; Refresh 3600 ; Retry 3600000 ; Expire 36000 ) ; Minimun IN NS localhost. 1 IN PTR localhost. =========== /etc/named.boot directory /var/named ; /var/named cache . root.cache ; root.cache primary 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa 127.0.0.0 ; 127.0.0.0 ; forwarders 193.124.148.65 193.124.23.4 primary moshkow.pp.ru moshkow.pp.ru ; moshkow.pp.ru primary 173.233.193.in-addr.arpa 193.233.173.0 ; 193.233.173.0 ; secondary moshkow.orc.ru 193.124.148.81 second/moshkow.orc.ru &dD &d@ $INCLUDE /var/named/header @ $INCLUDE /var/named/fedfond-hosts-spisok @ &dD:&d@ &dD : &d@ IN SOA , , . . , @ . . , \ . andrei.arkhipov@elvis.ru 5 : &dDSerial&d@ . . : &dDYYYYMMDDNN&d@ YYYY - , MM - , DD - , NN - . &dDRefresh&d@ "refresh" "serial", . : 86400, 24 . &dDRetry&d@ , "retry" . : 7200, 2 . &dDExpire&d@ "expire" , . : 2592000, 30 . &dDMinimum TTL&d@ , . : 345600, 4 . , ( SOA) , (ns.spb.su / ns.ussr.eu.net), , . , ns.elvis.ru ns2.elvis.ru ns.spb.su ns.ussr.eu.net , . ===================================== EOF =========================== [ Article crossposted from comp.protocols.tcp-ip.domains ] [ Author was Craig Richmond - division (craig@ecel.uwa.edu.au) ] [ Posted on 3 Aug 1993 10:53:51 GMT ] Setting up a basic DNS server for a domain Revision 1.1.1 Craig Richmond craig@ecel.uwa.edu.au 3rd August 1993 About this document I have written this file because it seems that the same questions seem to pop up time and time again and when I had to install DNS from scratch the first time, we found very little to help us. This document covers setting up a Domain Name Server with authority over your domain and using a few of the more useful but less well known (hopefully this document will take care of that) features of nslookup to get information about the DNS and to work out why yours isn't working. If you are using a Sun Workstation and you want t