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2.

2.1

, . , , , . , , , .

Linux - . , , X-Window. , .

2.2

, . . , , .

, . ( ) ASCII ( ).

ASCII ( ASCII 7- ) 128 . , ASCII , , , , , , . (0-127). , . 7 , ( ).

ASCII 7 ASCII 8 ( ASCII). 0 255. (0-127) - ASCII, 127 . ASCII ( 8 ASCII), .

ASCII 8 . (ISO) , ISO 8859-X . 8- , ( 0-127) ASCII, . , :

Latin 1 , , ( umlauts, .).

ASCII - IBM ( , ). - .

, , 8- ASCII- ( - , ), 8- . , ASCII 7 , 8- , ASCII . , , ASCII . , - , . .

, 8 , Locale .

8- , ASCII . ASCII - ASCII . ASCII.

ISO 8859-5 , . ( ) , ( ), , , . Internet KOI8-R (. ). ISO 8859-5 , . , , , , OpenVMS ..

- ISO 8859-5 , , .

, Alt Microsoft CP1251. Alt Microsoft - . IBM PC , IBM . Alt - IBM , , . , , , . Alt - ( - ).

Microsoft CP1251 - Microsoft Windows. , .

, - , , , cp1251 Linux e-mail.

: KOI8 . Alt CP1251, UNIX . UNIX , KOI8 .

. (7- ) ASCII. 8- , , . 8- ( 8- ). KOI8 . ASCII , . , , , KOI8, , ""  , !

, KOI8-R , KOI8: KOI8-U.

KOI8-R . KOI8 . cp1251, .

, KOI8-R Internet. . , . - RFC 1489 ("Registration of a Cyrillic Character Set").

, ASCII . Unicode. Unix Linux , , Unicode.

UNICODE

UNICODE - ISO 10646, , .. 256 UNICODE = Latin-1 (ISO 8859-1). 40.000 65.535 (3 ) , . - EURO 1998 .. , - c, , - ( - `man 7 utf-8').

4 - 2147418112 - .

http://www.unicode.org.

UNICODE : http://charts.unicode.org/ .


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