. TeX FAQ TeX TeX FAQ

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1. TeX

TeX ( "", "") . 3- " ". , . TeX 1978 (sabbatical year, ), [1] --- 1985. TeX de facto : TeX, American Mathematical Society, American Physical Society , -.

. , (ProTeX), , (, ) . TeX . "" , - . , TeX, , "", ( , 1991--1993.)

TeX ?

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TeX

:
  1. TeX :-)
  2. ( .tex), , .
  3. TeX, DVI (DeVice Independent). . ( , , --- , , , .)
  4. DVI- " ".
  5. .

2.

GNU/Linux, . , , TeX. GNU/Linux, , Slackware 2.0.1 Red Hat 6.0, TeX . , , Slackware 3.30 RedHat 5.1 TeX , .

. :

http://www.tug.org/ --- TeX Users' Group.

http://www.cemi.rssi.ru/cyrtug/ --- TeX.

[ ] :

. . TeX , ( , , ). LaTeX emTeX. , (, ), .

http://tug2.cs.umb.edu/ctan --- CTAN --- Comprehensive TeX Archive Network,

- ftp-, , . TeX, : D.E. Knuth "The TeX book", , , " TeX", (, RDTeX, 1993, ISBN 5-900614-01-8).

:

. . . " LaTeX", 2- ( , LaTeX2e, LaTeX, ), 1995 ., , .

.. ... LaTeX. . 1994, , . .

"The TeX Book" CTAN 

    texbook.tex
: 
    systems/knuth/tex/texbook.tex

CTAN, ftp ( ):

ftp.dante.de (Mainz, Germany)
ftp.tex.ac.uk (Cambridge, UK)
ctan.tug.org (Boston, Massachusetts, USA)

CTAN , . , ( !) CTAN.sites.

TeX ftp://ftp.radio-msu.net/tex-archive/, , .

, TeX, : http://xtalk.price.ru/tex/.

http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/index.html --- TeX, .

:

dvi- dvips, PostScript. , . *nix PS --- " ". , dvips PS- . , - .

, . , , latex2html. , --- , . , TeX --- , ?

[ ] , : http://hutchinson.belmont.ma.us/tth/tth-noncom/download.html. , CTAN , .

Micro$oft Widows :-) TeX M$-DOG. , DOS4GW texas ( --- sbtex, DOS-, ). texas ( , ), . [: texas Windows NT 4.0, "" (, , TeX, DOS- VDM), , , .]

dvi- DVIWIN v.2.7, Hippocrates Sendoukas, June 15, 1993. .

DOS- TeX, , :

emtex

[ ] CTANe emTeX systems/dos.

[ ] DOS --- emtex. - 1.2 B , .

MiKTeX

[ ] CTAN systems/win32/MikTeX --- -95-98 ( ...). MiKTeX , --- , YAP, dviWin, ...

EmTeX MikTeX :

WinEdit, 芒, , (, 30 ). WinEdit --- , , MultiEdite, , . WinEdit ( ).

: www.snafu.de/~cschenk/miktex

GNU/Linux teTeX, .

, WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get, , ), MS Word Word Perfect, LaTeX. Windows Scientific Word, GNU/Linux LyX.

3.

, DOG-, GNU/Linux ( Windows) - , , GNU/Linux, , .

TeX M$-DOG , . , : 

\TeX+
    |
    +FONTTFMS
    |
    +FORMATS.BIG
    |
    +INPUTS
sbtex sb38set.exe, , . (, ).

:

FONTTFMS --- *.tfm (TeX Font Metrics). cmr10.tfm, "Computer Modern Roman", 10 pt. TeX, , .tfm: cmr5.tfm, cmr7.tfm .. True Type, TeX ( ). , 5 pt 10 pt , .. , ( , , , 1.2 1.44). , .tfm- , GF PK (. ).

FORMATS.BIG ("BIG" , "big TeX for i386", .. ) --- "" . ? , TeX "" --- , . , PiCTeX, , 120K . , , " ". , TeX , . ( .)

: ( preloaded fonts), , . ( , , 180dpi 600dpi (. ), , , " ", ).

TeX , : 

tex '&plain' ...

INPUTS --- .tex, , , , ( --- plain.tex).

: .bat-, " " : 

set TEXFORMATS=d:\tex\formats.big
set TEXPOOL=d:\tex\formats.big
set TEXFONTS=d:\tex\fonttfms
set TEXINPUTS=d:\tex\inputs
, , dos4gw ( , ) PATH. TEXPOOL , tex.pool (tex.poo M$-DOG). .

GNU/Linux . , , ( TDS, TeX Directory Structure, CTAN), --- - , . TeX GNU/Linux, ( ).

plain

TeX - . , 
I can't find the default format file!
, TeX ( plain.fmt ). . , GNU/Linux : 
/usr/lib/texmf/texmf/web2c/plain.fmt
- TeX , -. manpage--- , TeX' , TEXFORMATS. , manpage , plain.fmt, , (.. argv[0]), plain.fmt, , tex.fmt. ( , DOS-) .

, : 

/TeX/INPUTS/plain.tex (/usr/lib/texmf/texmf/tex/plain/base/plain.tex)
(sbtex): 
initex '\input plain.tex \dump \end'

initex (texas): 

tex -i '\input plain.tex \dump \end'
: plain.fmt plain.log. , .., . . , tex.pool --- TEXPOOL.

, TeX: 

tex '&plain' ...

METAFONT

, TeX . GF PK, .. "Generic Font" "PacKed font". , GF- , tfm-, , , . , ! TeX . , , , , , , () , --- ( aspect ratio ) .. . , , "" TeX, . ! TeX, GNU/Linux .

TeX PostScript.

METAFONT. M$-DOG ( sbtex) : 

MF-+
   |
   +-MFBASES
   |
   +-MFINPUTS
TeX. sbmfset.exe, ( . ).

mf ( ) , "" (, TeX --- plain.fmt, METAFONT --- plain.base), cm.base --- Computer Modern.

: 

inimf plain input local dump
"input local" -, sbmf. ( , , local.mf.)

"plain.bas" ("plain.base") MFBASES, .

, , cmr10, : 

mf '&cm' 'mode:=cdvi; mag:=magstep(0);input cmr10'
. , TeX --- . " ". , METAFONT , modes.mf . cdvi, -, , local.mf. GNU/Linux . , "mode:=localfont", "localfont" DOG, GNU/Linux, . , DOG (sbmf) imagen, GNU/Linux --- ljfour. ( TeX METAFONT , magstep(0)--magstep(6), : 1, 1.2, 1.44 .., , .). , .

, ( ), log- --- . : (.tfm) --- GF-, : cmr10.180, 180 . GFtoPK : 

gftopk cmr10.180
cmr10.180pk GNU/Linux cmr10.pk M$-DOG.

. dvi- TeX , dvi ( ) , . . , , ( , dvi-), , ( , ).

DVI viewer'

DVIWIN , , DVIEW. . --- . M$-DOG . , "DVIEW\PXL\". , 180 "DVIEW\PXL\180\", .. DVIWIN , "Options/Custom Resolutions" , , ( , , " ", , 132dpi 96dpi). "Options/Font Directory" ( , "d:\dview\pxl\$r"). : $r . ( , : "d:\dview\pxl\dpi$r" "dpi180").

--- . , dvi- , - . --- , .

4.

, ( ).

TeX: 

tex
: 
This is TeX, C Version 3.14t3
: 
**
, . , " ": 
**\relax
'\' ( ), , M$-DOG, '/'. : 
*
'**', , , '\' , , , . , 
** file
TeX file.tex. 
**\input file.txt
file.txt ( ). *nix': , '~' ( plain TeX, , , ).

, , TeX . , : 

This is TeX, C Version 3.14t3
**\relax

*Hello, \TeX.

*This is the first paragraph.

*
(Please type a command or say `\end')
*This is the second.

*
(Please type a command or say `\end')
*\bye

, : , . '\bye' ( '\end', '\bye' , ). \TeX TeX'.

: 

first.tex:
Hello, \TeX.
This is the first paragraph.

This is the second.

\bye
: 
tex first.tex
: 
tex "\batchmode\input first.tex"
"\batchmode" , TeX , . , TeX' , , , : 
tex "Hello, \TeX. This is the 1st paragraph.\par This is the 2nd.\bye"

, , : texput.dvi texput.log. , ---, TeX'. , , . , :-( , "..." "..." , TeX': , (, ), , (overfull and underfull [hv]boxes), hbox vbox "" " ". , , /. TeX , (, TeX , , ), . , , , , . ( --- "slug"). , , .. . , , , , . , , . , : () : 

\-\-
( ).

, . , , -, . ( : [2], "God", --- "weeknights", , :).

. : 

\hyphenation{frame-work ef-fi-ciency Lo-mo-no-sov}
TeX , . . , . ( , , "", .)

"" TeX , , , . "The TeX book", , ""--- . TeX , , "". babel LaTeX2e. .

, . . , AmSTeX , .. - . [ ]: 

\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article}
% ""  .
% \usepackage[cp1251]{inputenc}
% \usepackage[koi8-r]{inputenc}
\usepackage[russian]{babel}
\begin{document}
     ,      .
.
\end{document}
GNU/Linux , : 
latex example.tex
(, example.tex.)

, , .

5.

, " ", :

  1. plain.tex , , . .. cmr10 10pt, . (, ,