shall be delivered:

1. Maloe i bol'shoe.

1. Big and small.

2. |mocional'nyj mir i ocenka.

2. Realm of emotions and evaluations.

3. Vybor i predpochtitel'nost'.

3. Choice and preference.

4. Uvelichenie znanij i uroven' prityazanij.

4. Growth of knowledge and claim balance.

5. Filologiya i avtodidaktika.

5. Philology and autodidactics.

6. Translyaciya kul'tury i avtodidaktika.

6. Transmission of culture and autodidactics.

7. Muzyka, muzyka, muzyka...

7. Music, music, music...

Tol'ko posle etogo slushatelyam ob®yasnyayutsya principy prilozheniya sistemnogo avtodidakticheskogo podhoda k izucheniyu ieroglifiki, tak kak k etomu vremeni oni stanovyatsya dostatochno vynoslivymi dlya organizacii dlitel'noj i napryazhennoj raboty s maksimal'no racional'nym napryazheniem sil (vprochem, soprovozhdaemym znachitel'nym uvelicheniem energopotenciala v techenii ih rashodovaniya).

Only after that learners are explained the principles of systematic autodidactical approach to studying hieroglyphics, because by that time they become powerful enough to arrange durable and tense work with maximum rational tension of vigour (accompanied by the way by the increase of potential power while the later is being spent).

III.

III

Stadiya pervonachal'nogo izucheniya ieroglifiki

The initial stage in studying hieroglyphics

Posle provedeniya po ukazannomu vyshe primernomu algoritmu podgotovki zhelayushchij izuchat' ieroglifiku mozhet pristupat' k pervoj stadii konkretnogo ovladeniya eyu.

After the preparation arranged with the help of the above mentioned algorithm the hieroglyphics learner may enter the first phase of actual mastering.

Central'naya ustanovka-sverhzadacha pervoj stadii - usvoenie gipertrofirovannogo (do primerno, 5000 znakov) alfavita.

The focal guideline supergoal at first stage is to study the hypertrophic alphabet (about 5000 signs).

Estestvenno - alfavit osobyj, s bukvami, kotorye imeeyut znacheniya i yavlyayutsya zachastuyu slovami, odnako na pervoj stadii imenno vyvedenie etoj osobennosti na vtoroj plan daet vozmozhnost' dobit'sya neprevysheniya takticheskoj sverhzadachi. Na etom etape neobhodimo usvoenie kitajskogo alfavita, chto oznachaet gabituaciyu dvizheniya rechevogo uklada (vklyuchaya obyazatel'no tonchajsheee intonirovanie! - bez etogo bukva ne schitaetsya takovoj - plyus sluchajnye priobreteniya ih semantiki, a takzhe ih sochetanij v slove).

It goes without saying that this specific alphabet contains meaningful letters used to turning into words, but at the first stage one should keep this specifics on the background to put the tactical supergoals low. At this stage it is necessary to assimilate the Chinese alphabet, which means habituation of the speech apparatus movements, including compulsory subtle intoning! (a letter is not considered essential without that) plus accidental semantic acquisitions and combinations in a word.

Glavnym priemom pri takoj psihologicheskoj akcentuacii zanyatij yavlyaetsya osoboe chtenie tolkovyh slovarej raznogo tipa: (CIHAI, HANUV DACIDIAN, SUIXIN XIANDAI HANYU DACIDIAN, XINHUA CIDIAN), kotoroe my nazyvaem cepnym chteniem. Tehnika takogo chteniya chrezvychajno prosta i napominaet igru: chitayut lingvisticheskoe ob®yasnenie ieroglifa do pervogo neizvestnogo znaka, kotoryj nahoditsya v etom zhe slovare, ob®yasnenie etogo ieroglifa chitaetsya do teh por, poka est' polnaya uverennost' v tochnom osoznanii dvizheniya rechevogo uklada i bezuprechnom intonirovanii. Takaya procedura dolzhna proizvoditsya kak mozhno chashche (psihologicheskaya ustanovka: "Prav tot, kto smotrit v slovar' do 1000 raz v den'").

The basic method under such psychological accentuation in studies is reading of various defining dictionaries: (CIHAI; HAMYU DACIDIAN; SUIXIN XIANDAI HAMYU DACIDIAN; XINHUA CIDIAN), we call that chain reading. Its technique is very simple and gamelike: one reads linguistic explanation of a character till he comes across the first uncommon sign, which can be found in the same dictionary; one reads the explanation of the character till he is absolutely sure of his conscious moving with the speech apparatus and exact intoning. Such procedure shall be repeated as often as possible (psychological setting; "That one does well, who looks up into dictionaries 1000 times a day").

Dlya shirokogo ispol'zovaniya imeyushchihsya slovarej neobhodimo nauchit'sya otyskivat' ieroglify po kazhdoj iz sushchestvuyushchih sistem, otdavaya, odnako, predpochtenie sistemam otyskivaniya po "chetyrem uglam" i po "pyati chertam". Poslednyaya pridumana kitajskim rabochim Lo Syan'anem. Ona yavlyaetsya edinstvennoj iz vseh, pozvolyayushchih nahodit' ieroglif podobno slovu, v fonematicheskih slovaryah.

To use efficiently the dictionaries available it is necessary to learn how to look for characters according to each of the techniques in existence, though giving preference to "four corners" and "five strokes. The later one was invented by a Chinese worker Lo Sianyam. It is unique in respect of making it possible to look for characters like words in phonematic dictionaries.

Sistema otyskivaniya "po chetyrem uglam", na nash vzglyad, naibolee vygodna s psihologicheskoj tochki zreniya.

The "four corners" search technique, in our opinion, is mostly beneficial from the psychological viewpoint.

Vo vsyakom sluchae, te izuchayushchie ieroglifiku, kotorym bylo rekomendovano perejti na akcentirovannoe ispol'zovanie etoj sistemy, ispytali cherez nekotoroe vremya nevedomye im ran'she chuvstva uverennosti v svoih silah, radosti vo vremya raboty, chto skazalos' i na rezul'tatah - imenno u etih uchashchihsya pervaya stadiya zavershalas' k 3 - 4-mesyachnomu sroku. Malen'kij etapnyj ekzamen zaklyuchaetsya v foneticheskom chtenii bol'shogo gazetnogo teksta (vspomnim - i nam eto zdes' kazhetsya umestnym, - kak slepomu anglijskomu poetu Dzh. Mil'tonu chitali drevneevrejskie i drevnegrecheskie teksty ego docheri, ne ponimavshie etih yazykov, no vosproizvodivshie teksty originalov sovershenno svobodno).

In any case hieroglyphics learners who had been recommended to transfer to accentuated usage of this system, some time later felt never experienced before sense of confidence in one's own abilities, great delight of work and consequently had better results - they accomplished the first stage within 3-4 months. A small intermediate exam included phonetic reading of a large text from a newspaper (it would be quite fitting to recall here that a blind English poet G. Milton was read in ancient Hebrew and Greek by his daughters who did not understand those languages but easily reproduced texts in the original).

Razumeetsya, obshchij smysl pri takih chteniyah obychno shvatyvaetsya, i rech' idet, podcherkivaem, ob akcente na lokomotorno-orfoepicheskoj sfere i na neprevyshenii trebovatel'nosti v otnoshenii ponimaniya. Inoj podhod schitaetsya nami oshibochnym, ibo on vyzyvaet razlichnye psihicheskie napryazheniya, kotorye, zakreplyayas' v ochen' vazhnoj s etoj tochki zreniya pervoj stadii obucheniya, bystro privodyat k nervnym i psihicheskim istoshcheniyam, k idiosinkrazii po otnosheniya k yazyku i voobshche k umstvennym zanyatiyam.

It goes without saying that a reader usually grasps the general idea, but we speak about emphasising locomotor and orthoepical aspects with strict following to the rule of not exceeding claims in respect of understanding. We consider any different approach to be erroneous, since it causes various psychic tensions, which taking roots in the very important from this viewpoint initial stage of studying progressively result in nervous and psychic exhaustion and idiosyncrasy towards languages and intellectual work in general.

Ad vocem delenie processa obucheniya na stadii voobshche neobhodimo dobavit' sleduyushchee.

Ad vocem the general division of studying process into stages it is necessary to add the following.

Sushchestvuyut pyat' stadij s sobstvennym urovnem neprevysheniya trebovanij (prityazanij), a imenno:

There are five stages with the individual levelling of claim balance, namely:

1) stadiya so sverhzadachej "znakomstvo i uznavanie"; ustanovka neprevysheniya: passivnye (nereproduciruemye) znaniya i zaplanirovannnye obshirnye probely;

1) the stage with the supergoal of "acquaintance and recognition"; orientation on not exceeding claims: passive (non-reproduced) knowledge and conceived vast gaps;

2) stadiya so sverhzadachej "pervye motornye navyki"; ustanovka neprevysheniya: dvigatel'nyj ryad s provalami, temp medlennyj, pervye popytki reproducirovaniya;

2) the stage with the supergoal of "initial motoric skills"; orientation on not exceeding claims: movements continuity with lapses, slow tempo, first attempts of reproducing;

3) stadiya so sverhzadachej "passazhnaya motorika"; ustanovka neprevysheniya: provaly redki, no est'; fragmentarnoe neponimanie;

3) the stage with the supergoal of "passage motorics"; orientation on not exceeding claims: lapses are rare but still occur; fragmentary misunderstanding;

4) stadiya so sverhzadachej "sinhronizaciya chteniya i ponimaniya"; ustanovka neprevysheniya: otstavanie ponimaniya pri uvelichenii skorosti chteniya;

4) the stage with supergoal of "simultaneous reading and understanding"; orientation on not exceeding claims: understanding starts lagging behind when the fluency of reading increases;

5) stadiya so sverhzadachej "prakticheskoe instrumental'noe ispol'zovanie predmeta" (naprimer yazyka); ustanovka neprevysheniya: trebovanie polnogo ponimaniya.

5) the stage with the supergoal of "practical instrumental usage of the subject (of the language, for example); orientation: claim of complete understanding.

Kak my vidim, po svoej sverhzadache pervaya stadiya izucheniya ieroglifiki v ramkah nashego sistemnogo podhoda dolzhna byt' osoznana obuchayushchim kak sinkretichnaya, uroven' prityazanij na etoj stadii dolzhen byt' soznatel'no zanizhen. Akcentualizaciya zhe dolzhna osushchestvlyat'sya na priobretenie pervyh motornyh navykov, to est' sinhronnoj reacii na bukvu (ieroglif kak foneticheskij znak), a ne na semantiku. Delo v tom, chto estestvennej vsego snachala nakaplivat' dvizheniya, motornye, kineticheskie navyki i tol'ko zatem (togda eto namnogo proshche) akcentirovat' znachenie ideogrammy. Tak postupayut deti, uchas' govorit'.

As we see, according to its supergoal the first stage in studying hieroglyphics within the frame work of our systematic approach shall be considered by learners as systematic, the level of claims at this stage shall be consciously put low. Accentuation shall be laid on acquiring initial motoric skill, i.e. synchronic reaction to a letter (a character as a phonetic sign), not to semantics. The matter is that it is more natural to primarily accumulate movements, motoric and kinetic skills and only after that (as it is much easier) to accentuate the meaning of an ideogram. In such a way children do when they learn speaking.

Osnovoj raboty na etom etape yavlyaetsya oral'naya metodika, raznoobraznye chteniya (vsluh, vnutrennim golosom plyus maksimal'no yarkoe predstavlenie myshechnyh oshchushchenij). Tak, vo vremya zanyatij pis'mom neobhodimo priderzhivat'sya pravila melodizacii ieroglifiki v trehdol'nom ritme, kotoroe zaklyuchaetsya v tom, chto pishchushchij, schitaya na tri (val's), staraetsya ulozhit' v etot ritm dvizheniya, neobhodimye dlya napisaniya, a takzhe pytaetsya napet' nekuyu melodiyu. Naprimer, ieroglif " " dolzhen ispolnyat'sya v sootvetstvii s etim pravilom takim obrazom:

At this stage the basic method is oral technique, various kinds of reading (aloud, with the inner voice plus maximum bright mental representation of muscular movements and sensations). Thus, when exercising writing it is necessary to follow the rule of melodizing hieroglyphics in 3/4 rhythm. The person, writing characters, counts by three (a waltz), trying to fit into this rhythm the movements necessary for writing and attempts to sign some melody. For example, the character shall be performed in the way according to this rule:

raz , dva , tri,

raz , dva ,

one , two , three ,

one , two .

Takoj sposob daet vklyuchenie pravogo polushariya mozga (to est' otklyuchaet refleksiyu, zdes' sovershenno ne nuzhnuyu); v rezul'tate chego legko zapominaetsya poryadok chert i ves' ieroglif kak sistema realizovannyh spetyh dvizhenij. Vybor zhe trehdol'nosti obosnovan kak praktikoj, tak i teoreticheskimi izyskaniyami razlichnyh avtorov, privodit' kotorye zdes', za neimeniem mesta, my ne budem.

This method provokes the involvement of the right brain (i.e. switches off reflection absolutely inoperative here) with the result of easy memorising the order of strokes and the entire character as the system of realized sung movements. The choice of this rhythm is verified both by practice and theoretical developments of different authors, to whom we will not refer here owing to the lack of space.

Sobstvenno, vozvrashcheniem k pis'mu (s akcentuaciej na nem) i zakanchivaetsya pervaya stadiya znakomstva s ieroglifikoj. Pri aktivnyh zanyatiyah lyudej s dostatochno razvitymi avtodidakticheskimi navykami dlitsya ona okolo 2-3 mesyacev.

Actually, with coming back to writing (and accentuation on it) the first stage of acquaintance with hieroglyphics ends up. It lasts for 2-3 months if the people enjoying the skill of selfstudying work actively.

Upomyanem eshche lish' o vazhnom, na nash vzglyad, sportivno-igrovom tembre zanyatij, kotoryj opiraetsya na aktualizirovannyj interes, opredelyaemyj nami kak samoyavlyayushchijsya potok assaciacij.

We specify here only very important, in our opinion, sporting and playful timbre of studying based on the actualized interest, which we define as a self-appearing stream of associations.

IV.

IV

Analiticheskaya stadiya

Analytic stage

Kak izvestno, ob®em pererabotannogo uchebnogo materiala v nashem predstavlenii umen'shaetsya pryamo proporcional'no vozrastaniyu konkretnoj analitichnosti.

As it is known, the amount of studying material gone through as we see it, decreases proportionately to the increasing level of actual analytical abilities.

Material v sinkreticheskom, neprorabotannom vide vladeet obuchayushchimsya, zavoevyvaya, podchinyaya ego svoej beskonechnoj ob®emnost'yu.

The material in syncretic unexamined form enslaves the learner subduing and conquering him with its infinite amounts.

Ovladenie zhe materialom daetsya lish' po dostizhenii optimal'nogo urovnya proanalizirovannosti. |to prakticheski i mozhet sluzhit' dostatochno nadezhnym kriteriem uspeha nashej deyatel'nosti v dannom napravlenii.

It becomes possible to assume the material only after having gained the optimum level in analysing it. Practically that may be a reliable criterion of our successful activity in this respect.

V obshchem analiticheskaya stadiya v izuchenii ierogrifiki sootvetstvuet vtoroj, tret'ej i chetvertoj stadiyam sistemnogo podhoda. Razlichie proslezhivaetsya lish' v otnoshenii "passazhnoj tehniki", vyrabotka kotoroj po yasnym prichinam fizicheski nevozmozhna. Odnako eto ne meshaet ispol'zovaniyu ustanovok neprevysheniya, priderzhivat'sya kotoryh krajne neobhodimo.

In general the analytic stage in studying hieroglyphics corresponds to the second, third and forth stages in the systematic approach. The difference is evident only in the respect of "passage technique" which is physically impossible. But that does not prevent from implementing the orientations on not to exceeding claims; it is strictly recommended to follow them.

CHto kasaetsya konkretnoj metodiki, to nam kazhetsya neobhodi-mym rassmotret' neskol'ko ispol'zovannyh nami priemov.

As for actual technique, it seems appropriate to consider some of our methods.

1. Tehnika vsmatrivaniya i vosproizvedeniya s uvelicheniem, sostoyashchaya v tom, chto izuchayushchij razmashisto i v trehdol'nom ritme pishet v vozduhe ieroglif, kak by sozdavaya kineticheskij motiv; uchastvovat' v etom akte dolzhna vsya ruka (predstavlenie ob etom, pri nevozmozhnosti real'nogo dejstviya, takzhe prinosit nemaluyu pol'zu).

1. The technique of peering into and reproducing with enlargement supposes a learner to draw a sprawling character in the air following the 3/4 rhythm and producing a kinetic motif with the employment of the whole arm in this act (it is also very useful to fancy this movement in case of impossibility to perform it).

2. Tehnika koncentracii vnimaniya, analogichnaya prinyatomu v psihologii krugu koncentracii; rassmatrivanie ieroglifa v dannom sluchae yavlyaetsya processom, sut' kotorogo - soznatel'nyj perevod lucha vnimaniya s odnogo predmeta na drugoj, chto daet vozmozhnost' prakticheski beskonechnogo vsmatrivaniya. Zametim, chto v tak nazyvaemuyu material'nuyu bazu avtodidakta rekomendovano vklyuchenie neskol'kih lup, v tom chisle s avtonomnoj podsvetkoj: filatelichestskoj - na lapkah, kontaktnoj i dlya nosheniya s soboj; eto v osnovnom, profilakticheskaya mera, odnako, s tochki zreniya psihologii, my zdes' usmatrivaem i vozmozhnost' blagopriyatnogo razvitiya igrovogo elementa, i otvlechenie ot chrezmernoj centralizacii materiala.

2) The technique of concentrating attention analogical to the circle of concentration used in psychology; peering into a character in this case is a process with conscious direction of the observation from one object to another, what makes perception practically endless. We urgently recommended to use various magnifying glasses (including a one with a built-in lamp): a legged philatelist glass, a contact one and a glass to carry about. That is a prophylactic measure, but from psychological viewpoint, we consider the possibility of introducing play element and distracting from excessive centalization of material.

3. CHeredovanie raboty so slovaryami s uchetom chrezmernoj gabituacii (ustalosti ot vida, sensornoj ustalosti, stilevogo utomleniya, giperadaptacii k materialu v opredelennom variante izlozheniya - nadeemsya, chto smysl etih yavlenij yasen uzhe iz ih nazvanij); analiz i sravnenie v dannom sluchae svyazany s akcentuirovannym ispol'zovaniem bol'shogo kolichestva slovarej i posobij (eto-to i privodit v optimal'nom sluchae k psihologicheskomu podstraivaniyu situacii, po svoim parametram napominayushchej pogruzhenie v yazykovuyu sredu ili dazhe "prebyvanie v srede kul'turnyh nositelej yazyka"). Estestvenno, chto v etom sluchae takzhe nedopustimo oral'noe, imaginativnoe i kineticheskoe umolkanie. Vse dolzhno zvuchat', pet', sochinyat'sya, dopolnyat' podrobnostyami partituru znaniya. Psihologicheskim orientirom zdes' mozhet sluzhit' tak nazyvaemaya poza gribnika, povyshayushchaya koefficient evristichnosti.

3) Alternation of dictionaries with account of extreme habituation (tiredness of the very sight, sensory fatigue, weariness of style, hyperadaptation to the material in a certain variant of presentation: we hope that the nature of these phenomena is evident from their names); analysis and comparison in this case are connected with accentuated usage of a great number of dictionaries and books (all that resulting in optimum psychological verification of the situation which resembles in its main parameters the immersion into language enviroment or even "being in the environment of the well- educated native speakers.") Naturally, in this case it is impossible to remain orally, imaginatively and kinetically silent. Everything should sound, sing, be composed and add details to the music score of knowledge. The psychological foothold in this respect could be the so-called pose of a mushroom- goer, increasing the coefficient of euricability.

Rabota nad kitajskoj leksikoj v polnom ob®eme etogo slova provoditsya po opisannomu vyshe modificirovannomu assometodu posle svobodnogo ovladeniya foneticheskim chteniem. Material dlya zakladok luchshe brat' v karmannom russko-kitajskom slovare, prigotavlivaya ezhednevno po 100 slov (ili vyrazhenij); poslednee obstoyatel'stvo dolzhno byt' svyazano s neprevysheniem trebovatel'nosti na kazhdoj stadii ispol'zuemogo metoda tol'ko v etom sluchae mozhno dobit'sya molnienosnogo associirovaniya i bol'shego (do 10 raz v den') chisla reproducirovanij.

The work over Chinese vocabulary in the full meaning of this word shall be arranged according to the above-described modified associative technique after mastering of relaxed phonetic reading.It is better to take material for layings from Russian-Chinese pocket dictionary, preparing daily 100 words (or phrases); the latter shall be connected with the rule not to exceed claims at every stage of the technique used - only in this case it is possible to develop alert associative abilities and a great number (up to 10 per day) of reproductions.