| Active Voice (dejstvitel'nyj zalog: "YA delayu") | ||||
| Vremya | Simple (prostoe) | Continuous (dlitel'noe) | Perfect (zaversh£nnoe) | Perfect Continuous (zaversh£nno-dlitel'noe) |
| Nastoyashchee (Present) | Konstataciya fakta (chto delaet?).Dejstvie, povtoryayushcheesya regulyarno, obychnoe. every day - kazhdyj den' usually - obychno often - chasto always - vsegda never - nikogda sometimes - inogda Krome togo, eto vremya upotreblyaetsya v pridatochnyh predlozheniyah vremeni i usloviya posle soyuzov if, when, as soon as, before, vmesto Future Simple. As soon as I write the letter, I will post it immediately. Krome togo, eto vremya upotreblyaetsya vmesto Continuous s glagolami, oboznachayushchimi vospriyatie, umstvennye usiliya, chuvstva: to see, to feel, to hear, to know, to understand, to want, to love, to be, to belong, to consist. I see her now. I hear a noise. I don't understand what he is talking about. |
Process (chto delaetsya sejchas?).Dejstvie v razvitii, nezakonchennoe, proishodyashchee v nastoyashchij moment. |
Zaversh£nnost' (chto sdelal/sdelano?).Dejstvie, sovershivsheesya v nedal£kom proshlom, no imeyushchee neposredstvennuyu svyaz' s dannym momentom. Rech' id£t o nalichestvuyushchem sejchas rezul'tate togo dejstviya. Bez utochneniya momenta vremeni. No mogut byt': already - uzhe, just - tol'ko chto, today - segodnya, this week - na etoj nedele . |
Process uzhe v techenie nekotorogo perioda vremeni.Dejstvie, nachavsheesya do nastoyashchego momenta, dlivsheesya nekotoroe vremya, i prodolzhayushcheesya v moment rechi ili zakonchivsheesya neposredstvenno pered momentom rechi. "Uzhe v techenie..." |
| Pishet (kazhdyj den'). Pishet stihi. Pishet krasivo. |
Pishet sejchas (ya govoryu - a on pishet). | Napisal (uzhe) pis'mo (to est': u menya imeetsya napisannoe pis'mo). | Pishet uzhe (v techenie chasa) chas. Pishet s dvuh chasov. |
|
| I,you,we,they V, he,she,it V-s |
to be V-ing | to have/has V3 | to have/has been V-ing | |
| I write a letter. I write book stories. |
I am writing this letter. {You,we,they} are writing this letter. {He,she,it} is writing this letter. |
I have written this letter. He has already written this letter. |
I have been writing this letter for two days. | |
| Proshedshee (Past) |
Dejstvie, sovershavsheesya ili svershivsheesya v proshlom
i nikak ne svyazannoe s nastoyashchim momentom rechi. |
Dejstvie v razvitii, nezakonchennoe, proishodyashchee v
opredelennyj moment v proshlom. CHasto ukazan moment proshlogo. Nikogda ne ispol'zuyutsya glagoly v Past Continuous so slovami for, since, recently. |
Dejstvie, zaversh£nnoe k kakomu-to opredel£nnomu momentu v proshlom. |
Dejstvie, kotoroe nachalos' ranee ukazannogo momenta v proshlom i
prodolzhalos' vplot' do etogo momenta, isklyuchaya ili vklyuchaya ego. Nikogda ne ispol'zuyutsya glagoly v Past Perfect Continuous so slovami at, when, while. |
| (Na)pisal vchera. (Na)pisal na proshloj nedele. (Na)pisal god nazad. (Na)pisal v 1980 godu. |
Pisal vchera v tri chasa. Pisal, kogda ya vosh£l. Pisal, poka ya rabotal. |
Napisal pis'mo vchera/segodnya k semi chasam. Napisal do togo, kak ya prish£l. |
Pisal vchera uzhe dva chasa (uzhe v techenie dvuh chasov), kogda ya nakonec prish£l. | |
| V-ed, V2 | was/were V-ing | had V3 | had been V-ing | |
| He wrote this letter yesterday. | He was writing this letter yesterday when I came. They were writing this letter at seven o'clock last night. He was writing the letter while you were reading. |
He had written this letter by seven o'clock last night. He had written this letter before I came. |
He had been writing this letter for two hours yesterday when I came. He had been writing the letter since two o'clock when you came. |
|
| Budushchee (Future) | Dejstvie ili ryad posledovatel'nyh dejstvij, kotorye sluchatsya v budushchem. |
Dejstvie v razvitii, nezakonchennoe, proishodyashchee v
opredelennyj moment v budushchem. CHasto ukazan moment budushchego. |
Dejstvie, kotoroe budet zaversheno do kakogo-to momenta ili drugogo sobytiya v budushchem. | Dejstvie, kotoroe nachn£tsya do opredel£nnogo momenta v budushchem i budet prodolzhat'sya vplot' do etogo momenta. |
| Napishet zavtra. Napishet zavtra k semi chasam. Napishet cherez nedelyu. Napishet v budushchem godu. |
Budet pisat' zavtra v sem' chasov. Budet pisat', kogda nekto prid£t. Budet pisat', kogda ty budesh' chitat'. |
Napishet zavtra k semi chasam. Napishet do togo, kak on prid£t. |
Budet pisat' uzhe chas, kogda on prid£t. | |
| will V | will be V-ing | will have V3 | will have been V-ing | |
| I will write the letter tomorrow. I will write the letter tomorrow by 7 o'clock. |
I will be writing a letter when he comes. (obratite vnimanie na nastoyashchee vremya glagola come -- esli glavnoe predlozhenie v budushchem vremeni, to uslovie - v nastoyashchem!). I will be writing a letter at 7 o'clock tomorrow. I will be writing a letter while you'll be reading. |
I will have written the letter before he comes. | I will have been writing a letter for an hour when he comes. | |
| Passive Voice (stradatel'nyj zalog: "YA podvergayus' chuzhomu dejstviyu") | |||
| Vremya | Simple (prostoe) | Continuous (dlitel'noe) | Perfect (zaversh£nnoe) |
| Nastoyashchee (Present) |
|||
| Menya chasto (obychno, vsegda) sprashivayut. |
Menya sprashivayut pryamo sejchas. | Menya uzhe sprosili k etomu momentu. | |
| to be (am, are, is) V-ed, V3 | to be (am, are, is) being V-ed, V3 | to have/has been V-ed, V3 | |
| I am often asked by the people about ... | I am being asked by my chief... | I have been asked at that moment. | |
| Proshedshee (Past) |
|||
| Menya sprosili kogda-to. |
Menya sprashivali v tot moment. | Menya uzhe sprosili k tomu momentu. | |
| was/were V-ed, V3 | was/were being V-ed, V3 | had been V-ed, V3 | |
| I was asked by the policeman ... They were asked by the policeman... |
I was being asked. | I had been asked. | |
| Budushchee (Future) |
|||
| Menya sprosyat (zavtra). |
Takoj formy net | Menya uzhe sprosyat k tomu momentu. | |
| will be V-ed, V3 | |ta forma otsutstvuet, ispol'zuetsya Future Simple: will be being V-ed, V3 |
will have been V-ed, V3 | |
| I will be asked by the students ... | Takoj formy net | I will have been asked. | |
| Pryamaya rech' | Kosvennaya rech' |
| You are pretty. You are so intelligent. You dance so well. You've got [have got] lovely hair. I'll never forget this day. |
He said I was pretty. He said I was so intelligent. He said I danced so well. He said I had got lovely hair. He said he would never forget that day. |
| Do you like ballet? Have you ever been to Boston? |
He asked me if/whether I liked ballet. He asked me if/whether I had ever been to Boston. |
| Where do you study? What are you reading? When will we meet again? Why don't you stay longer? |
He asked me where I studied. He asked me what I was reading. He asked me when I should meet him again. He asked me why I didn't stay longer. |
| Give me your telephone number, please. Ring me up tomorrow. Help me to translate an article from English! |
He asked me to give him my telephone number. He asked me to ring him up the next morning. He asked me to help him to translate an article from English. |
| Soglasovanie vrem£n (Active Voice) | ||||
| Glavnoe predlozhenie | Pridatochnoe predlozhenie v kosvennoj rechi | |||
|
On skazal, chto... He said, that... |
Simple | Continuous | Perfect | Perfect Continuous |
| Nastoyashchee (Present)... | ||||
| pishet (voobshche) | pishet (sejchas) | napisal (uzhe) | pishet (uzhe v techenie chasa) | |
| write | is writing | has written | has been writing | |
| ...perehodit v formy proshedshego vremeni (Past) | ||||
| wrote | was writing | had written | had been writing | |
| Proshedshee (Past)... | ||||
| napisal (vchera) | pisal (vchera v 7 chasov) | napisal (vchera k 7i chasam) | pisal (vchera uzhe 3 chasa, kogda vdrug nechto sluchilos') | |
| wrote | was writing | had written | had been writing | |
| ...perehodit v formy proshedshego zhe vremeni (Past) | ||||
| had written (Perfect) | was writing (Continuous - ne menyaetsya) ili had been writing (Perfect Continuous) |
eta forma osta£tsya bez izmeneniya | eta forma osta£tsya bez izmeneniya | |
| Budushchee (Future)... | ||||
| napishet (zavtra) | budet pisat' (zavtra v 7 chasov) | napishet (zavtra k 7i chasam) | budet pisat' (zavtra uzhe 3 chasa, kogda vdrug nechto sluchitsya) | |
| will write | will be writing | will have written | will have been writing | |
| ...perehodit v formy Budushchego-v-proshedshem (Future-in-the-past) | ||||
| would write | would be writing | would have written | would have been writing | |
| Pryamaya rech' | Kosvennaya rech' |
| now - sejchas here - zdes' this, these - eto, etot, eti today - segodnya tomorrow - zavtra yesterday - vchera next week - na sleduyushchej nedele next year - na budushchij god last week - na proshloj nedele last year - v proshlom godu |
then - togda there - tam that, those - to, tot, te that day - v tot den' (the) next day, the following day - na sleduyushchij den' the day before, the previous day - nakanune the next week, the following week - na sleduyushchej nedele the next year, the following year - v sleduyushchem godu the previous week - za nedelyu do the year before - za god do |
| Soglasovanie vrem£n (Passive Voice) | ||||
| Glavnoe predlozhenie | Pridatochnoe dopolnitel'noe predlozhenie | |||
|
On skazal, chto eti ambary He said, that... |
Simple | Continuous | Perfect | |
| Nastoyashchee (Present)... | ||||
| stroyat (voobshche) | stroyat (sejchas) | vystroili (uzhe) | ||
| ...perehodit v formy proshedshego vremeni (Past) | ||||
| were built | were being built | had been built | ||
| Proshedshee (Past)... | ||||
| vystroili, stroili (v proshlom godu) | stroili v ... | vystroili (k 1 yanvarya) | ||
| ...perehodit v te zhe formy proshedshego zhe vremeni (Past) | ||||
| Budushchee (Future)... | ||||
| postroyat (v budushchem godu) | postroyat (k 1 yanvarya) | |||
| ...perehodit v formy Budushchego-v-proshedshem (Future-in-the-past) | ||||
| would be built | would have been built | |||
Last-modified: Tue, 17 Aug 1999 14:50:54 GMT