. ..

..

c



1999

ISBN 5-89407-041-4
 
WORD (1.3)
 : 04.03.99 3:15 ( 26.10.98 1:05) : 13.04.99
681.3

.. . .

, . . , C++ . , , .

:

.., ..-..s
.., ..-.. . .. ( N 040777 23.07.96), 1999 . 76 .

- . ..

ISBN 5-89407-041-4

. .. , 1999
(c) 1999 ..
() 1999 . ..
1
..
c

-2 10 . , .

: .

. , , , LZW , . JPEG.

, . .

, http://graphics.cs.msu.su/ 


..
13.11.98

10 . , , :

  1. ( ) , . , , 500x800 , 1.2 , 400 (60 , 42 ). , CD-ROM, . .
  2. , , . , , , . , . .
  3. , , , , , 2- . .. , , , , . , R, G B , . , .
, , - .

, , :

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  3. , , , ?
.

. ( pixel picture element). . , . 16 256 .

- (grayscale). . 2, 16 256 . - , , . (), . RGB, (R), (G) (B) . , , CMYK, CIE XYZccir60-1 .. , .

, , . , . , , , . (, .)

:

  1. 1. (4-16) , . . : , , ..
  2. 2. , , . : , , , .
  3. 3. . : .
  4. 4. . : .
, 256 . (, 4). 8- 24-, , . : .

.

: , - , , .

,

, :

  1. 1. . . : . () , , WWW, . ( 640480 , 30002000) . , . ( ). , , , .
  2. 2. . . . : CD-ROM. , ( 50% ), , . , ( 650 ), , , . . , ( ).
  3. 3. . . : WWW. . , . , . WWW , . , . , , .
. , . , , . . , . . .

. , . .

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  1. . , . , , .
  2. . ...
  3. . . , , , . , , (), .
  4. . , . , .
  5. . . , , , . , JPEG ( ). JPEG , .
  6. ( ), . , , , , preview. , .
  7. . . (broadcasting ) , , , . , , , . , , . .
  8. . , . .
  9. . . .
  10. . . , . , MMX , CCITT Group 3 .


, ( ) .

: , , ( ) .

, , , , . , , . , , . , , , MMX, . , JPEG MMX, LZW . , , , .

, . . .

, , , 1994, , ( 6), . , , . Internet, , Interlaced GIF ( LZW) Progressive JPEG ( JPEG), , . , (, wavelet) , .

, . , ( 5-10 ) Internet , , .

, , . , , . .

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  2. , . , .
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, .

, , . . , RLE, LZW JPEG, . , , , . (. ). , , , .. , .

  1. , ?
  2. , ? , .
  3. .
  4. , ? .
  5. ?
  6. .
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  8. .
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  10. , ? .

RLE

. Run Length Encoding (RLE) . ( , ) . RLE , . < , > .

:

Initialization(...);
do {
    byte = ImageFile.ReadNextByte();
    if( (byte)) {
        counter = Low6bits(byte)+1;
        value = ImageFile.ReadNextByte();
        for(i=1 to counter)
            DecompressedFile.WriteByte(value)
        }
    else {
        DecompressedFile.WriteByte(byte)
} while(ImageFile.EOF());

(counter) :

6 , 1 64. 64 , .. 32 .

: RLE. . , , . , . , , , 11000000 . : - RLE. , . PCX. . .

.

:

Initialization(...);
do {
    byte = ImageFile.ReadNextByte();
    counter = Low7bits(byte)+1;
    if( (byte)) {
        value = ImageFile.ReadNextByte();
        for (i=1 to counter)
        CompressedFile.WriteByte(value)
    }
    else {
    for(i=1 to counter){
        value = ImageFile.ReadNextByte();
        CompressedFile.WriteByte(value)
    }
    CompressedFile.WriteByte(byte)
} while(ImageFile.EOF());

:

, 64 ( 32 , ), 1/128. .

: RLE. , TIFF, TGA. RLE:

: : 32, 2, 0,5. : 64, 3, 128/129. (, , )

: : .

: .

: , , , , . , .
LZW

Lempel, Ziv Welch. , RLE, .

LZ

LZ- , , , . , , , <, >, <> ( RLE). <, > <> , , <> , <> (.. ) . , . - . , <> <> 2 ( / ), 32 64.

32770/32768 ( , 215 ), . 8192 . , , 32 4 , . , , , 5 , . LZ .

: LZ, <, > 3 , . LZW

. , , . , 2 .

. , . , , , , .

InitTable() .

InitTable();
CompressedFile.WriteCode(learCode);
CurStr= ;
while( ImageFile.EOF()){ //
    C=ImageFile.ReadNextByte();
    if(CurStr+C )
        CurStr=CurStr+;//
    else {
        code=CodeForString(CurStr);//code- !
        CompressedFile.WriteCode(code);
        AddStringToTable (CurStr+);
        CurStr=; //
    }
}
code=CodeForString(CurStr);
CompressedFile.WriteCode(code);
CompressedFile.WriteCode(CodeEndOfInformation);

, InitTable() , , . , , 256 (0, 1, ... , 255). (ClearCode) (CodeEndOfInformation) 256 257. 12- , , , 258 4095. , .

ReadNextByte() . WriteCode() ( ) . AddStringToTable() , . , . , InitTable(). CodeForString() .

:

45, 55, 55, 151, 55, 55, 55. , , <256>, 45 , 45 . , 45 . 55 , 45, 55 . . 45, 55 ( 258) <45>. :

  • 45 ;
  • 45, 55 . <258>45, 55. : <45>;
  • 55, 55 . : <259>55, 55. : <55>;
  • 55, 151 . : <260>55, 151. : <55>;
  • 151, 55 . : <261>151, 55. : <151>;
  • 55, 55 ;
  • 55, 55, 55 . : 55, 55, 55 <262>. : <259>;
, : <256>, <45>, <55>, <55>, <151>, <259>.

LZW , . , , .

, , , .

, , :

code=File.ReadCode();
while(code != odeEndOfInformation){
    if(code = learode) {
        InitTable();
        code=File.ReadCode();
        if(code = odeEndOfInformation)
            { };
        ImageFile.WriteString(StrFromTable(code));
        old_code=code;
    }
    else {
        if(InTable(code)) {
            ImageFile.WriteString(FromTable(code));
            AddStringToTable(StrFromTable(old_code)+
            FirstChar(StrFromTable(code)));
            old_code=code;
        }
        else {
            OutString= StrFromTable(old_code)+
            FirstChar(StrFromTable(old_code));
            ImageFile.WriteString(OutString);
            AddStringToTable(OutString);
            old_code=code;
        }
    }
}

ReadCode() . InitTable() , , .. . FirstChar() . StrFromTable() . AddStringToTable() ( ). WriteString() .

1. , . , , , 512, 512. , , .. . , . 512 , 9 , 512 10 . 9- 512, 10-. 1024 2048. 15% :

2. . , , , . , , , , . , .

, < , >. . , 0 4095 < ; ; , > , .

, , -. 8192 (213) . < ; ; >. 20 , (key). 12 , 8 .

- :

Index(key)= ((key >> 12) ^ key) & 8191;

>> (key >> 12 ), ^ , & .

, , .

. , , (.. 8- , , , 0). 258 0, 0, 259 0, 0, 0, ... 4095 3839 (=4095-256) . ( !) 3840 , . , 2 3839 (.. ) 3840*12/8 ( 12- ), .

: . : 1. , , ( ). : . (zip, arj, gz). , . , , 3840 , 3838 . 1 1.5 .

LZW GIF TIFF.

LZW:

: 1000, 4, 5/7 (, , ). 1000 7 .

: LZW 8- , . .

: , .

: , , . LZW .

, 60- . . , , . , , . .

.

. Y ={a1, ..., ar}, . Y

Y , n A. l(A).

W , W ={b1, ..., bq}. B W S(W ) W .

S=S(Y ) Y , S' S. F, A, A? S(Y ),

B=F(A), B? S(W ).

A, A .

. Y W :

a1 B1,
a2 B2,
. . .
ar Br

S . :   S'(W )=S(W )  , A. B1 ... Br . .

.

B=B' B"

B' B, B" B. L B B.

. S , i j(1?i, j? r, i? j) Bi Bj.

1. S , .

, Y ={a1,..., ar} (r>1) p1, . . . , pr a1,..., ar. , , W , W ={b1, ..., bq} (q>1). S

a1 B1,
. . .
ar Br

.

l, :

.

l , S .

, l l* S

. , S l= l*, , .

.

, Y ={a1,..., ar} , W ={0,1}, .. .

S :

1. . Bi W ={0,1} .

2. air-1 air pi r-1 pi r a'{air-1 air} c pir-1+pir. 0 Bir-1 (Bir-1=0Bir-1), 1 Bir (Bir=1Bir).

3. air-1 air, a'{air-1air}. 2, 1 Bi, , , 1 .

: 4 Y ={a1,..., a4} (r=4), p1=0.5, p2=0.24, p3=0.15, p4=0.11 . :

, 2- , 0.26 ( 0 1 ). , 0.5. , , 1.

, , . , p4, B4=101, p3 B3=100, p2 B2=11, p1 B1=0. :

a1 0,
a2 11
a3 100
a4 101 , . a1 0, a4 101.

100 , a1 50 , a2 24 , a3 15 , a4 11 , 176 (). .. 1.76 .

, , , [10].

, .

. , , , .. /. . JPEG CCITT Group 3.

:

: 8, 1,5, 1 (, , ).

: . .

: 2 ( , ).

: , ( ).
CCITTGroup 3

- ( ). CCITT Group 3. , (Consultative Committee International Telegraph and Telephone). , . , , .

: . .

, , :

  • 0 63 1.
  • () 64 2560 64.
. , , . , , 0. , 0, 3, 556, 10, ... , 3 , 556 , 10 ..

, , .

:

for( ) {
    ;
    for( ) {
        if( ) {
            L= ;
            while(L > 2623) { // 2623=2560+63
                L=L-2560;
                (2560);
            }
            if(L > 63) {
                L2=L(L);
                L=L-L2;
                (L2);
            }
            (L);
            //
        }
        else {
            [ ,
            ,
            ]
        }
    }
    //
}

, .

( , ) :

((<-2560>)*[<-.>]<-.>(<-2560>)*[<-.>]<-.>)+

[(<-2560>)*[<-.>]<-.>]

()* 0 , ()+. 1 , [] 1 0 .

: 0, 3, 556, 10... : <-0><-3><-512><-44><-10>, , , 001101011001100101001011010000100 ( ). . , 569 33 , .. 17 .

: ? ? ( , . .)

 

, CCITT-3. ( ).

, CCITT-3. ( , . ).
  , : L2=L(L) : L2=(L>>6)*64, >> L 6 ( & ). : , 442, 2, 56, 3, 23, 3, 104, 1, 94, 1, 231, 120 ((442+2+..+231)/8). CCITT Group 3. ( ). .

:

 
 
 
 
   
 
 
0 00110101 0000110111   32 00011011 000001101010
1 00111 010   33 00010010 000001101011
2 0111 11   34 00010011 000011010010
3 1000 10   35 00010100 000011010011
4 1011 011   36 00010101 000011010100
5 1100 0011   37 00010110 000011010101
6 1110 0010   38 00010111 000011010110
7 1111 00011   39 00101000 000011010111
8 10011 000101   40 00101001 000001101100
9 10100 000100   41 00101010 000001101101
10 00111 0000100   42 00101011 000011011010
11 01000 0000101   43 00101100 000011011011
12 001000 0000111   44 00101101 000001010100
13 000011 00000100   45 00000100 000001010101
14 110100 00000111   46 00000101 000001010110
15 110101 000011000   47 00001010 000001010111
16 101010 0000010111   48 00001011 000001100100
17 101011 0000011000   49 01010010 000001100101
18 0100111 0000001000   50 01010011 000001010010
19 0001100 00001100111   51 01010100 000001010011
20 0001000 00001101000   52 01010101 000000100100
21 0010111 00001101100   53 00100100 000000110111
22 0000011 00000110111   54 00100101 000000111000
23 0000100 00000101000   55 01011000 000000100111
24 0101000 00000010111   56 01011001 000000101000
25 0101011 00000011000   57 01011010 000001011000
26 0010011 000011001010   58 01011011 000001011001
27 0100100 000011001011   59 01001010 000000101011
28 0011000 000011001100   60 01001011 000000101100
29 00000010 000011001101   61 00110010 000001011010
30 00000011 000001101000   62 00110011 000001100110
31 00011010 000001101001   63 00110100 000001100111

:


 
 
 
 
 
 
64 11011 0000001111   1344 011011010 0000001010011
128 10010 000011001000   1408 011011011 0000001010100
192 01011 000011001001   1472 010011000 0000001010101
256 0110111 000001011011   1536 010011001 0000001011010
320 00110110 000000110011   1600 010011010 0000001011011
384 00110111 000000110100   1664 011000 0000001100100
448 01100100 000000110101   1728 010011011 0000001100101
512 01100101 0000001101100   1792 00000001000
.  
576 01101000 0000001101101   1856 00000001100
//
640 01100111 0000001001010   1920 00000001101
//
704 011001100 0000001001011   1984 000000010010
//
768 011001101 0000001001100   2048 000000010011
//
832 011010010 0000001001101   2112 000000010100
//
896 011010011 0000001110010   2176 000000010101
//
960 011010100 0000001110011   2240 000000010110
//
1024 011010101 0000001110100   2304 000000010111
//
1088 011010110 0000001110101   2368 000000011100
//
1152 011010111 0000001110110   2432 000000011101
//
1216 011011000 0000001110111   2496 000000011110
//
1280 011011001 0000001010010   2560 000000011111
//
, .

TIFF.

CCITT Group 3

: 213.(3), 2, 5 .

: - , , .

: 1.

: , .
JBIG

ISO (Joint Bi-level Experts Group) - [5]. , . , 2-, 4- . . JBIG , , , . , . , ߔ , . , . .

Q- [6], IBM. Q-, , , . , , .

Lossless JPEG

(Joint Photographic Expert Group). JBIG, Lossless JPEG 24- 8- . JPEG . : 20, 2, 1. Lossless JPEG , . JPEG . .

. , , , , . , . 10-200 . , , . , , . . , , .

, . , ; , , .

  1. RLE?
  2. RLE, .
  3. CCITT G-3?
  4. CCITT G-3, . ( , .)
  5. .
  6. .
  7. ?

. , , .. . . , . , . . , , , . .

, . , , , , , . : (L2 , root mean square RMS):

5% ( ). , ߔ (, ?). .

, , :

, , . .. ( ), .

, , (peak-to-peak signal-to-noise ratio PSNR).

, , , . , .

. , . , , . , , , . , , . , , . , , .
 
JPEG

JPEG . - [1]. 88, . , (. ) . , JPEG .

24- . JPEG Joint Photographic Expert Group ISO . ['jei'peg]. ( ), . .

. , , , . , , .

(quantization). . , .

, . 24- .

1.

RGB, , (Red), (Green) (Blue) , YCrCb ( YUV).

Y , Cr, Cb , ( ). , , , Cr Cb , , . . , , .

RGB YCrCb :

YUV .

2.

88. 8 . . Y , Cr Cb . .. 16x16 . , , 3/4 . YCrCb. RGB , , .

3.

. , , .

:

4.

. , . (Y, U V), , q[u,v] ( ).

, . , , , , , .

JPEG , . gamma.

. gamma , 88. , .

5.

8x8 64- -, .. (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (2,0)...

, , , .

6.

. (, ), , , . , 42 3 0 0 0 -2 0 0 0 0 1 ... (0,42) (0,3) (3,-2) (4,1) ... .

7.

.

. 10-15 .


, JPEG.

, :

  1. .
  2. 24 .
, :
  1. (8x8). , , .
  2. .
, JPEG 1991 . , . , . , . ( ).

, , , 24- 10-20 PCMCIA. . , , , ߔ .

JPEG , . . - JPEG , . , , .

JPEG , , , 24- . , 256- , , , . , , , , , . , , , 8- GIF 24- JPEG, GIF , . , ( 3-20 !), , JPEG .

. JPEG ISO, . , , , , , . , , ISO, . , . , , , 100% 10 . , , 100% . JPEG .

ISO JPEG . JPEG Quick Time, PostScript Level 2, Tiff 6.0 , , .

JPEG:

: 2-200 ( ).

: 24 ().

: 1

: , ( ). , 88 .

, (Iterated Function System IFS). , , , IFS , .. .

, IFS , . (_, _, ).

Fractal Image Compression. , , , , :

  • .
  • , , .
  • .
  • .
  • () .

, . , , . , , . , . IFS. IFS.

, . . , , ( ).

, IFS: . , (, , ). , , , .

: 4 , , ( ). , , . , .

  =>


, , . . , , , , . , . , .

, . [3] [4].

.  ,

a, b, c, d, e, f   .

.  ,

a, b, c, d, e, f, p, q, r, s, t, u   .

.   .   ,   () .

.   (, d) , s: , ,

: , .

. ( )

  (, d).   ,      .

.

. S, 0 1  

 ,

  [0..1]x[0..1]. S  , (e,f) ,

.

, S , p ( ) q.

. W  ,  , ,    , (IFS).

. , , ( IFS). 7-16 .   ,   .

, . , , .

, , :

  1. , . . .
  2. . , , .. .
  3. . .
  4. , Y, 4 .
  5. 00, 900, 1800 2700. . ( ) 8.
  6. () () 0,75.
 :
  1. , .
  2. . IFS:
  • , . 512512, 8 .
  • , .
  • 7-9 , .
. , 4 . , , , . , .

, 256 512512 8 4096 (512/8x512/8). 3.5 . , 262144 (512512) ( ), 14336 . 18 . , , LZW.

:

  1. , , ( .)
  2. , 2.
  3. , 900.
.

. .

for (all range blocks) {
    min_distance = MaximumDistance;
    Rij = image->CopyBlock(i,j);
    for (all domain blocks) { // .
        current= . ;
        D=image->CopyBlock(current);
        current_distance = Rij.L2distance(D);
        if(current_distance < min_distance) {
            // best :
            min_distance = current_distance;
            best = current;
        }
    } //Next range
    Save_Coefficients_to_file(best);
} //Next domain

, ( ), L2 ( ) . (1) , (2) 0 7, (, ), (3) . :

,

rij (R), dij (D). :

.

L2 n, , .

, 256 512512 8 :
 

for (all domain blocks) 4096 (=512/8 x 512/8)
for (all range blocks) +
symmetry transformation 		 492032 (=(512/2-8)* (512/2-8)*8)
q d(R,D) > 3*64 +

> 2*64 *

: > 3* 128.983.236.608 +

> 2* 128.983.236.608 *

, ( ) .

. , .

(, ), , IFS, ( ). 16 .

;
;
Until( ){
    For(every range (R)){
        D=image->CopyBlock(D_coord_for_R);
        For(every pixel(i,j) in the block{
            Rij = 0.75Dij + oR;
        } //Next pixel
    } //Next block
}//Until end

Rij (, , ) , , .

, (N +, 1 * , N , .. 7-16). , , , JPEG, ( ) 64 + 64 ? ( RLE !). , . , , -, , . -, , ( SGI, Intel MMX...), , JPEG. , .

. , , - ? , . , , , . , - .

, , , . . -, , . -, , , , ( ). -, , , . , . , , JPEG.

:

: 2-2000 ( ).

: 24 (). , ( ) , .

: 100-100000

: , 2-4 . .
()

wavelet. , . . - . . 5-100. , , .

, , , 0.

a2i a2i+1 b1i=(a2i+a2i+1)/2 b2i=(a2i-a2i+1)/2. ai b1,2i.

: 8 (ai): (220, 211, 212, 218, 217, 214, 210, 202). b1i, b2i: (215.5, 215, 215.5, 206) (4.5, -3, 1.5, 4). , b2i 0. , b1i ai. , . (215.5, 215, 215.5, 206): (215.25, 210.75) (0.25, 4.75). , , , , .

, . wavelet- 4-6 . , , (.. ). .

: (215, 211) (0, 5) (5, -3, 2, 4) (. ). , . . 4 a2i,2j, a2i+1, 2j, a2i, 2j+1, a2i+1, 2j+1,


 
  
B1
B2

 
 
B3
B4

 

 

, 512512 4 256256 :
 

-- 


, , . . . . 4 128128. , : 4 6464, 3 128128 3 256256. , , (), ( 1- 1/4 - 1/16 - 1/64...).

, ߔ . , , .

JPEG , , 88 . , 22, 44, 88 .. , , .

:

: 2-200 ( ).

: JPEG.

: ~1.5

: , .
 
 

, , .
,
RLE : 2 2 2 2 2 2 15 15 15 
LZW : 2 3 15 40 2 3 15 40
: 2 2 3 2 2 4 3 2 2 2 4
CCITT-3 , ,
JPEG

 
 
-
 
RLE 32, 2, 0.5 
1
 3,4-
1D
LZW 1000, 4, 5/7
1.2-3
 1-8
1D
8, 1.5, 1
1-1.5
 8
1D
CCITT-3 213(3), 5, 0.25
~1
 1-
1D
JBIG 2-30
~1
 1-
2D
Lossless JPEG 2
~1
 24-,
2D
JPEG 2-20
~1
 24-,
2D
2-200
1.5
 24-,
2D
2-2000
1000-10000
 24-,
2.5D

:
  1. 16 (24 );
  2. , ;
  3. ;
  4. ;
  5. .
  1. ?
  2. .
  3. JPEG?
  4. ?
  5. () ?
  6. JPEG ?

    7. .

, ..

, PC, Apple UNIX : ADEX, Alpha Microsystems BMP, Autologic, AVHRR, Binary Information File (BIF), Calcomp CCRF, CALS, Core IDC, Cubicomp PictureMaker, Dr. Halo CUT, Encapsulated PostScript, ER Mapper Raster, Erdas LAN/GIS, First Publisher ART, GEM VDI Image File, GIF, GOES, Hitachi Raster Format, PCL, RTL, HP-48sx Graphic Object (GROB), HSI JPEG, HSI Raw, IFF/ILBM, Img Software Set, Jovian VI, JPEG/JFIF, Lumena CEL, Macintosh PICT/PICT2, MacPaint, MTV Ray Tracer Format, OS/2 Bitmap, PCPAINT/Pictor Page Format, PCX, PDS, Portable BitMap (PBM), QDV, QRT Raw, RIX, Scodl, Silicon Graphics Image, SPOT Image, Stork, Sun Icon, Sun Raster, Targa, TIFF, Utah Raster Toolkit Format, VITec, Vivid Format, Windows Bitmap, WordPerfect Graphic File, XBM, XPM, XWD.

. JPEG, , , , (, , ).

. , RLE . TIFF, BMP, PCX. , - , , . , , , , . . (. .)

. , TIFF 6.0 RLE-PackBits, RLE-CCITT, LZW, , JPEG, . BMP TGA RLE ( !), .

1: , , , , . . 10001000256 BMP , , 1000000 , RLE, 64 . 15 000 (!), . , 64 , . , RLE BMP, , . , 40004000256 250 , RLE. , BMP RLE ( , .. Windows, ).

, ( , ( , ), ). , 10001000256 JPEG 7 . , , 4 68 (- ). ( 0 ).

, . , . , , TIFF ( ). - JPEG, ISO ( ) , . , . , - ( ), ( !) -. - , , .

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[2] B.Smith, L.Rowe Algorithm for manipulating compressed images. // Computer Graphics and applications. September 1993.

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[4] Y.Fisher Fractal image compression // SigGraph-92.

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[6] W.B.Pennebaker J.L. Mitchell, G.G. Langdon, R.B. Arps, An overview of the basic principles of the Q-coder adaptive binary arithmetic coder // IBM Journal of research and development, Vol.32, No.6, November 1988, pp. 771-726.

[7] D.A.Huffman A method for the construction of minimum redundancy codes. // Proc. of IRE val.40 1962 pp. 1098-1101.

[8] Standardisation of Group 3 Facsimile apparatus for document transmission. CCITT Recommendations. Fascicle VII.2. T.4. 1980.

[9] .. . // . , 1986. ߔ.

[10] .. . // .-, . 1995.

[11] .. // . 8 (29) 1995

[12] .. MPEG - ISO // . 2. 1995

[13] .. // ComputerWorld-. 15. 12 1995

[14] .. // . 4. 1995

[15] .. // ComputerWorld-. 6 (23). 20 1996

[16] .. WWW // ComputerWorld-. 15 (32). 23 1996

 [17] .. // , 1995.

[18] .. IBM PC // , 1992

[19] Windows // . , 1995

[20] E.Hamilton JPEG File Interchange Format // Version 1.2. September 1, 1992, San Jose CA: C-Cube Microsystems, Inc.

[21] Aldus Corporation Developers Desk. TIFF - Revision 6.0, Final, June 3, 1992

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4,9 (PCX)
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2,9 (TGA)		 12 (TIFF-LZW)
10,1 (GIF)		 9,5 (TIFF) 31,2 (TIFF)
 
5 (TIFF-CCITT RLE)
2,49 (TIFF-PackBits)
2,26 (PCX)
1,7 (TGA)
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