.
         
       .
        
     (  ).
        ,
       .
        ,
       .
       
        .
          ,
          .
          ,
          .
        ,
         ,
          ,
         ,    .
          ,
         ,    .)
      ,     ,   ,
           
.         :
     
 The universe, by Heaven's decree,
     Was never formed in time gone by,
     But is, has been, shail ever be -
     For so say Bondi, Gold and I.
     Stay,  Cosmos, O Cosmos, stay the same!
     We the Steady State proclaim!
     The aging galaxies disperse,
     Burn out, and exit from the scene.
     But all the while, the universe
     Is, was, shall ever be, has been.
     Stay,  Cosmos,  Cosmos, stay the same!
     We the Steady State proclaim!
     And still new galaxies condense
     From nothing, as they did before.
     (Lemaitre and Gamow, no offence!)
     All was, will be for evermore.
     Stay,  Cosmos,  Cosmos, stay the same!
     We the Steady State proclaim!
     (   ,
       ,  .
      ,    ,
        , .
     ,  ,  ,     !
        !
       ,
         .
        
     ,    .
     ,  ,  ,     !
        !
           
      ,     
     (   -     !)
         .
           ,        
  .  ,      ,    
     .
     - , , -      ,  -    ,    
      ,    -  
-  !    !
             ,    ,
   ,      
"Monthly Notices" ( " ").
     -      ? -  .
     - ! -   . -     
      .      
!
     -    , -  . -     
  "   ,  "?         
       ,         
,            ,   
            
   .   ,  
           ,    
.
     -   , -        ,  -  
 ,    ,     
      ,     ?
     -  , -  . -      ,
 -    ,            
 ,          .
,        ,          
,           
.            -   
    ( , ,       
;              
 ) -   ,      
  . ,    ,  ,     
 ,  ,     
      .       
   ,       
     ,   ,      
              ,  
       .  ,  
  ,      
 ,       ,      
  ,       ,        ,
     ,   .  ,  
          
  ,     
      .  ,  ,      
  ,      .
     -  , -  ,     
 ,  -          ,    
,      .  :
     "Your years of toil",
     Said Ryle to Hoyle,
     "Are wasted years, believe me.
     The steady state
     Is out of date.
     Unless my eyes deceive me,
     My telescope
     Has dashed your hope;
     Your tenets are refuted.
     Let me be terse:
     Our universe
     Grows daily more diluted!"
     Said Hoyle, "You quote
     Lemaitre, I note,
     And Gamow. Well, forget them!
     That errant gang
     And their Big Bang -
     Why aid them and abet them?
     You see, my friend,
     It has no end
     And there was no beginning,
     As Bondi, Gold,
     And I will hold
     Until our hair is thinning."
     "Not sol "cried Ryle
     With rising bite
     And straining at the tether;
     "Far galaxies
     Are, as one sees,
     More tightly packed together!"
     "You make me boil!"
     Exploded Hoyle,
     His statement rearranging;
     "New matter's born
     Each night and morn
     The picture is unchanging!"
     "Come off it, Hoyle!
     I aim to foil
     You yet" (The fun commences)
     "And in a while",
     Continued Ryle,
     "I'll bring you to your sensed"
     ("   , -
       , -
       , .
      
        .
           ,
      
        ;
       .
        :
      
           !"
     " , -  , -
       ,  
      .    !
        
         -
           ?
      ,  ,
        
           ,
       , 
        ,
         !"
     "! -  ,
          , -
      ,
       ,
      !"
     "     ! -
      ,
        -. -
       
         ,
        !"
     "  , !
         
        (  !),
      , -
      , -
         !" {*})
     {*             
   "   " (Nature,  October  9,
1965, p. Ill),       :  "      
  ...    
  ,          ,    
 ".        ,  ,    
 -      "  ",    
,  ,   ,    :  ,
       ,       
.}
     -      ,  -      ,  -  
      .
        ,       ,   
        .
                                   7
                              
               
    ,      .      ,  
 ,       .   
  ,          ,  
    .       ,  
              
.     ,     
  ,   -    -    
      .     ,  
    . -          
!               .    
 ,         ,  
  "".     ,    
        ; ,   
 ,         ,      
  . ,           
,   ,        . 
       ,   
        ,   .
     - , -   , -          
     .
     The universe, by Heaven's decree,
     Was never formed in time gone by,
     But is, has been, shail ever be -
     For so say Bondi, Gold and I.
     Stay,  Cosmos, O Cosmos, stay the same!
     We the Steady State proclaim!
     The aging galaxies disperse,
     Burn out, and exit from the scene.
     But all the while, the universe
     Is, was, shall ever be, has been.
     Stay,  Cosmos,  Cosmos, stay the same!
     We the Steady State proclaim!
     And still new galaxies condense
     From nothing, as they did before.
     (Lemaitre and Gamow, no offence!)
     All was, will be for evermore.
     Stay,  Cosmos,  Cosmos, stay the same!
     We the Steady State proclaim!
     (   ,
       ,  .
      ,    ,
        , .
     ,  ,  ,     !
        !
       ,
         .
        
     ,    .
     ,  ,  ,     !
        !
           
      ,     
     (   -     !)
         .
           ,        
  .  ,      ,    
     .
     - , , -      ,  -    ,    
      ,    -  
-  !    !
             ,    ,
   ,      
"Monthly Notices" ( " ").
     -      ? -  .
     - ! -   . -     
      .      
!
     -    , -  . -     
  "   ,  "?         
       ,         
,            ,   
            
   .   ,  
           ,    
.
     -   , -        ,  -  
 ,    ,     
      ,     ?
     -  , -  . -      ,
 -    ,            
 ,          .
,        ,          
,           
.            -   
    ( , ,       
;              
 ) -   ,      
  . ,    ,  ,     
 ,  ,     
      .       
   ,       
     ,   ,      
              ,  
       .  ,  
  ,      
 ,       ,      
  ,       ,        ,
     ,   .  ,  
          
  ,     
      .  ,  ,      
  ,      .
     -  , -  ,     
 ,  -          ,    
,      .  :
     "Your years of toil",
     Said Ryle to Hoyle,
     "Are wasted years, believe me.
     The steady state
     Is out of date.
     Unless my eyes deceive me,
     My telescope
     Has dashed your hope;
     Your tenets are refuted.
     Let me be terse:
     Our universe
     Grows daily more diluted!"
     Said Hoyle, "You quote
     Lemaitre, I note,
     And Gamow. Well, forget them!
     That errant gang
     And their Big Bang -
     Why aid them and abet them?
     You see, my friend,
     It has no end
     And there was no beginning,
     As Bondi, Gold,
     And I will hold
     Until our hair is thinning."
     "Not sol "cried Ryle
     With rising bite
     And straining at the tether;
     "Far galaxies
     Are, as one sees,
     More tightly packed together!"
     "You make me boil!"
     Exploded Hoyle,
     His statement rearranging;
     "New matter's born
     Each night and morn
     The picture is unchanging!"
     "Come off it, Hoyle!
     I aim to foil
     You yet" (The fun commences)
     "And in a while",
     Continued Ryle,
     "I'll bring you to your sensed"
     ("   , -
       , -
       , .
      
        .
           ,
      
        ;
       .
        :
      
           !"
     " , -  , -
       ,  
      .    !
        
         -
           ?
      ,  ,
        
           ,
       , 
        ,
         !"
     "! -  ,
          , -
      ,
       ,
      !"
     "     ! -
      ,
        -. -
       
         ,
        !"
     "  , !
         
        (  !),
      , -
      , -
         !" {*})
     {*             
   "   " (Nature,  October  9,
1965, p. Ill),       :  "      
  ...    
  ,          ,    
 ".        ,  ,    
 -      "  ",    
,  ,   ,    :  ,
       ,       
.}
     -      ,  -      ,  -  
      .
        ,       ,   
        .
                                   7
                              
               
    ,      .      ,  
 ,       .   
  ,          ,  
    .       ,  
              
.     ,     
  ,   -    -    
      .     ,  
    . -          
!               .    
 ,         ,  
  "".     ,    
        ; ,   
 ,         ,      
  . ,           
,   ,        . 
       ,   
        ,   .
     - , -   , -          
     .
      , ,    ,       :
               ,      
.   ,    -    
(            ,      )  -
 "   ".    ,      ,  
:              ,      
,         (  -    __
    )      ,
   0o    180o        .
       ,    
  .
        ,          ,    
       .
     -  S-, -           ,  
 ,  ,  .
     -      -  , -   
, -         ?
     -   , -  , -    
  ,   ,      ,    
   .
     - ,  ! -     .
     - ,  , -   .  -  
       ,  ,
    ,  "  ".    
            ,      
 ,    ,    :
              .    
    ,        ,      
   ( ),     
  ,        
    .
          .
     -    , -  , -      
 ,      .  ,   
  ,           
     .
     -   ,        -    ,  -
   ,     
       .
     -  ,   "", -  . -  , 
       .      
,    .           
,    "  "  " - ".
     -      , -   .
     - , -  , -       ,
       .    -  
        
           ,  
             
.     ,        -
 ,          ,    
 .            
      .      ,      
      ,    
  .
              ,    
    .
     - !  -    .  -        
 ,   ,  .  .  -
 .        -      
,      !
     -        ?  -      
.
     -    !   ,  -    .  -
  ,        ,      
. , ,     .  ,  ,
    .
                 ,     
 ,    ,     :
 ""        
     .      ,  
        ,        ,  
    .
      , ,    ,       :
               ,      
.   ,    -    
(            ,      )  -
 "   ".    ,      ,  
:              ,      
,         (  -    __
    )      ,
   0o    180o        .
       ,    
  .
        ,          ,    
       .
     -  S-, -           ,  
 ,  ,  .
     -      -  , -   
, -         ?
     -   , -  , -    
  ,   ,      ,    
   .
     - ,  ! -     .
     - ,  , -   .  -  
       ,  ,
    ,  "  ".    
            ,      
 ,    ,    :
              .    
    ,        ,      
   ( ),     
  ,        
    .
          .
     -    , -  , -      
 ,      .  ,   
  ,           
     .
     -   ,        -    ,  -
   ,     
       .
     -  ,   "", -  . -  , 
       .      
,    .           
,    "  "  " - ".
     -      , -   .
     - , -  , -       ,
       .    -  
        
           ,  
             
.     ,        -
 ,          ,    
 .            
      .      ,      
      ,    
  .
              ,    
    .
     - !  -    .  -        
 ,   ,  .  .  -
 .        -      
,      !
     -        ?  -      
.
     -    !   ,  -    .  -
  ,        ,      
. , ,     .  ,  ,
    .
                 ,     
 ,    ,     :
 ""        
     .      ,  
        ,        ,  
    .
      -    " ", -      .
-   ,   "".  ,  ?
     -  ,          ,   -   
. -               
   .         ,
          ,           
:     ""     .
     -             , -    
  ,        
   , ""    .  
      :    
, ""        ,      
   .
     -     , -     
, -    ,        ,      
 ,     ,  ""      ,
, ,  ?         
""!
          ,   :
     -    - 1 000 000 000...000 000 .
                     
     ,   .  ,  
 :       ,    
    ,        ,  ""
   .
     - ,  ,     ,      
 .      ,      
   (,       ).
     -  , -  . - ,     ,
            ,  
          .       
               -
,    .      
,                  .
          ,      
 ,    ,      
  " "   ,      
  .
     -              ?  -    
.
     -  ,  . , ,    
,     ,     
  .      ,  ,      ,
    ,      ,         
, . .  .       ,  
 , -           !    
   -   !
                   
   .            ,
   .        
   ,    .
     -  ,   , -  . -   
   ,     .     
      ,           
 .    ,       
    .     
   .
     - ,         ! -  
 .
     -   , -  . -        
     ,       .    
   ,       .      
  ?
     -   ! -   .
                ,  
  ,    ,   -  
  .
     -   , -   .  -        
      ,        
            
                
.
                
       .       
,        .       
      ,    
         .    
   ,     
          ,    
   ,  ,   , 
  . ,        ,    
  ,    ,        
           
  ,         ,
,           ,  
      ,   
   .
       ,            
       -  ,  
,   ,              
            .    ,
           ,      
 .    ,  
  XX ,      ,   
            _    
   ,         
_.                
 ,       ,  
       ,    
 - ,    .
       1900  .        ,      
        ,    
 :  _    ,    
             ,      
,         ""_.  
             
     - "" -  .
        
                   -
,        ,       
  ,   (,    )
,               ,        
.
      ,        h,
,      ,    ,    ,
   
                                E = hv, (1)
      v - .        6,547    10^27
.     ,   . 
      ,      
     .
               ,  
     ,  _      
  ,            
 " ",     _.
        ,    hv   
     ,  ,    
,       ,          .
,           
v = /(),
     -    " ", -      .
-   ,   "".  ,  ?
     -  ,          ,   -   
. -               
   .         ,
          ,           
:     ""     .
     -             , -    
  ,        
   , ""    .  
      :    
, ""        ,      
   .
     -     , -     
, -    ,        ,      
 ,     ,  ""      ,
, ,  ?         
""!
          ,   :
     -    - 1 000 000 000...000 000 .
                     
     ,   .  ,  
 :       ,    
    ,        ,  ""
   .
     - ,  ,     ,      
 .      ,      
   (,       ).
     -  , -  . - ,     ,
            ,  
          .       
               -
,    .      
,                  .
          ,      
 ,    ,      
  " "   ,      
  .
     -              ?  -    
.
     -  ,  . , ,    
,     ,     
  .      ,  ,      ,
    ,      ,         
, . .  .       ,  
 , -           !    
   -   !
                   
   .            ,
   .        
   ,    .
     -  ,   , -  . -   
   ,     .     
      ,           
 .    ,       
    .     
   .
     - ,         ! -  
 .
     -   , -  . -        
     ,       .    
   ,       .      
  ?
     -   ! -   .
                ,  
  ,    ,   -  
  .
     -   , -   .  -        
      ,        
            
                
.
                
       .       
,        .       
      ,    
         .    
   ,     
          ,    
   ,  ,   , 
  . ,        ,    
  ,    ,        
           
  ,         ,
,           ,  
      ,   
   .
       ,            
       -  ,  
,   ,              
            .    ,
           ,      
 .    ,  
  XX ,      ,   
            _    
   ,         
_.                
 ,       ,  
       ,    
 - ,    .
       1900  .        ,      
        ,    
 :  _    ,    
             ,      
,         ""_.  
             
     - "" -  .
        
                   -
,        ,       
  ,   (,    )
,               ,        
.
      ,        h,
,      ,    ,    ,
   
                                E = hv, (1)
      v - .        6,547    10^27
.     ,   . 
      ,      
     .
               ,  
     ,  _      
  ,            
 " ",     _.
        ,    hv   
     ,  ,    
,       ,          .
,           
v = /(),        
      (2)
       ,     
,   ,    ,      
     .
                      
   ,        
             .  
    ,    ,    ,
      ,        ,
         ,        ,
  (1)  (2).      ,  
           
(  )      .
              ,      ,  
  ,        
   .
                    
   ,   1913 .      ,
 _          
            
        _,          
       .  
,           ,   
,    ,       .  
  , ,      ,     
 ,        
      ,     
,
 (2)
       ,     
,   ,    ,      
     .
                      
   ,        
             .  
    ,    ,    ,
      ,        ,
         ,        ,
  (1)  (2).      ,  
           
(  )      .
              ,      ,  
  ,        
   .
                    
   ,   1913 .      ,
 _          
            
        _,          
       .  
,           ,   
,    ,       .  
  , ,      ,     
 ,        
      ,     
,    
      , (3)
      l -   ,    .  -
                
    ,        
 ,      ,      
       .
            
             
     .    
  ,      ,        
   ,          
   .        
  ,           
 ,      ,      ,  
  ,         
.
     ,    ,               ,
                
      ,  
       ,
              
  "",   "",  .  
                 
 ,    ,  , 
,              
,           
       ,  
          .    ,    
       ,
                  
           ,
       .
       ,  ,   , 
      , 
(     )         ,
            ,      
  ,              ,   
 , .
         -,      (  )  ,    
           ,
     ,        
  : ",       ,   
 ".       
      ,              
  .             ,
             
       ,      
.     ,  ,    
,          ,          .
,    ,      .
,              
 ,            
,        .        
         
,   ,  ,      
            
      .    ,  
   ,          
    .
, (3)
      l -   ,    .  -
                
    ,        
 ,      ,      
       .
            
             
     .    
  ,      ,        
   ,          
   .        
  ,           
 ,      ,      ,  
  ,         
.
     ,    ,               ,
                
      ,  
       ,
              
  "",   "",  .  
                 
 ,    ,  , 
,              
,           
       ,  
          .    ,    
       ,
                  
           ,
       .
       ,  ,   , 
      , 
(     )         ,
            ,      
  ,              ,   
 , .
         -,      (  )  ,    
           ,
     ,        
  : ",       ,   
 ".       
      ,              
  .             ,
             
       ,      
.     ,  ,    
,          ,          .
,    ,      .
,              
 ,            
,        .        
         
,   ,  ,      
            
      .    ,  
   ,          
    .
      .  ,
                ,
    ,  ,       
  .    ,  
   ,   ,        
 ,   ,      
 .
                ,
 ,            ,
    ,             
            .          
,                 
    ,    
 , "    ",  ,      ,    
     .
       ,  ,       
  ,       
     .    ,        
 ,        ,        
, ,    ,         
   .         
,    ,                
.  ,          
     ,        ,  
            
 ,    .    
 .
      ,         
  ,         :  
     !        
 ,             
  ,       ,  
,        
  .              
                        
               
  -           
 .          
    ,              
,      ,            
  .
             .  ,
                ,
    ,  ,       
  .    ,  
   ,   ,        
 ,   ,      
 .
                ,
 ,            ,
    ,             
            .          
,                 
    ,    
 , "    ",  ,      ,    
     .
       ,  ,       
  ,       
     .    ,        
 ,        ,        
, ,    ,         
   .         
,    ,                
.  ,          
     ,        ,  
            
 ,    .    
 .
      ,         
  ,         :  
     !        
 ,             
  ,       ,  
,        
  .              
                        
               
  -           
 .          
    ,              
,      ,            
  .
      ,   
             
.                -
  , ,   , 
        ,      
 .    ""     
 ,      ,    "
"   ,  .  
 ""       . 
                  
               
  . ,         ,  
        .    ""
 ,   ,      
,   (3),       
   ,    - .
   ,        
  .                  
 ,          ,    
!
     ,      ,   
,           ,
              
,          -
   .       ,    
   ,    -  
,               
.          
     ,    ,  
       ,  
  ,              -    
,         .   
 " "      ,    
    ,   ,     ,
   ,  ,      
.
               
   ,    .   
,     -    -   
        .
       (     
,    )   
 ,      .   ,
  (2),
           ,   
             
.                -
  , ,   , 
        ,      
 .    ""     
 ,      ,    "
"   ,  .  
 ""       . 
                  
               
  . ,         ,  
        .    ""
 ,   ,      
,   (3),       
   ,    - .
   ,        
  .                  
 ,          ,    
!
     ,      ,   
,           ,
              
,          -
   .       ,    
   ,    -  
,               
.          
     ,    ,  
       ,  
  ,              -    
,         .   
 " "      ,    
    ,   ,     ,
   ,  ,      
.
               
   ,    .   
,     -    -   
        .
       (     
,    )   
 ,      .   ,
  (2),     
      (4)
       ,          
  (()q = ),
 (4)
       ,          
  (()q = ), 
      (5)
               ,
 "".    (3)    ,  
       
(()q = l),            ,      
 .   (5),        
 ,   , 
  : _    ,    
,  _.
                      
,   ,
 (5)
               ,
 "".    (3)    ,  
       
(()q = l),            ,      
 .   (5),        
 ,   , 
  : _    ,    
,  _.
                      
,   , 
      (6)
      ,       ,  
(6)   . ,        0,0000001    
,        0,00000001 %!  
  (  10^-27  )    ()u  *  ()q
   100.       
         +-10^8  /,      
        .               
 10^8 , .  .  ,      
 .  , ""       
 ,  ""        ""  -
_     _.
              
             
.            
     ,          
. ,       ,      
 - ,        
  .     ,          
    ,          
  .
       . ,    ,  ,  
      ,
 (6)
      ,       ,  
(6)   . ,        0,0000001    
,        0,00000001 %!  
  (  10^-27  )    ()u  *  ()q
   100.       
         +-10^8  /,      
        .               
 10^8 , .  .  ,      
 .  , ""       
 ,  ""        ""  -
_     _.
              
             
.            
     ,          
. ,       ,      
 - ,        
  .     ,          
    ,          
  .
       . ,    ,  ,  
      ,