. -- -- " ". , , . , , , , , . , , , . , . ",-- ,-- ". : " ". , , . , , . , , . (, , .) . , . , , , . -- " "? . , , - , . , , , , , , , , . , . , . 1947 . : " , -- "*. , , - : " , ". ---- * . : . . . ., 1963, . 287. ---- . " ",-- " ". , . - , - " ", , . 16 1982 , . , , . , . , . . ( ) . , " , , , ". , , . . . . , , . . . . , . . , , "", , . , ( : " "), . , " " , . , , . , , , . -- . , "" " ", , . . .  {1} , , -- . --- . . {2} (1850--1935) -- , 1913 . --- . . {2a} -- . --- . . {3} (1866--1934) -- . --- . . {4} (1813--1878) -- , ; (1854--1915) - , , , 1908 .; (1871--1945) -- , . --- . . {5} (1817--1862)-- , , . --- . . {5a} .. " ", . II, . 4 ( .. . . ., . 18, 123). --- . . {6} -- , . {7} (1842--1910) -- , . --- . . {8} "" "" ( . opportunity - "") , , - . --- . . {9} : creation ("") procreation " ". --- . . {10} (1861--1947) -- , , 1929 . --- . . {11} (1873--1961) -- , 1936 . --- . . {12} (1891--1941) -- . . . . 1923 . ( . ). --- . . {13} (1818--1865)-- -, . --- . . {14} (1823--1913)-- , . . --- . . {15} , . " " (1798), " ", " ". . --- . . {15a} , , , . , , , , , . {16} , , . , "wear & tear" (" "). , . , , , (.: . . . ., 1982; . X., . ., . . . --, 1979). , . , (. : . . ., 1979). . . , . , . (. . 135). --- . . {16} .. " ". --- . . {17} . . , . , . . . . "partus felix" -- " ", ( .. . , , 1984). --- . . {18} (1707--1788) -- . --- . . {19} (1835--1902) -- -. --- . . {20} (1631--1700) -- . --- . . {20} (1874--1958) -- . --- . . {20} (1822--1888) -- . --- . . {21} " " 1964 . , , , . . --- . . {22} . --- . . {23} serendipity (1717--1797) -- . ( -- ) , . , , serendipity, "" , . --- . . {24} (1795--1881) -- , , . --- . . {25} (1820--1893) -- , , , ( .). --- . . {26} , 1564 . --- . . {27} (1478--1553) -- , , , . "". . : , : . 1-3, ., 1954; " ". ., 1956. --- . . {27} (1781--1826) -- ; ; . -- . --- . . {27} " " -- . , : , , . --- . . {27} (1514--1564) -- , . . --- . . {27} (1883--1970) -- . , , . 1931 . --- . . {28} VI, 1936--1952 . . --- . . {29} . --- . . {30} , , , . --- . . {31} (1819--1900) -- . --- . . {32} (1885--1972) -- . --- . . {33} (1749--1823)-- , . --- . . {34} ( . episte-me -- ...) - ; , "", . 1854 ., - . . : 1) - . , , ; 2) - . , . < . --MT> {35} (1853--1933) -- . . , . , . --- . . {36} (1890--1974) -- , , . . --- . . {36} (1824--1907) -- , , . --- . . {36} (1783--1855) -- , . --- . . {36} A Comprehensive Treatise on Inogranic and Theoretical Chemistry, vol. I, p: 17. {36} , . --- . . {37} . . (. . 4- , . 2, . 5. ., 1978, . 540). , , "". --- . . {37} (1853--1940) -- . (1886) , . --- . . {38} (1876--1928) -- . , , , . . , , . --- . . {39} (1728--1793) -- , - ; (1786). --- . . {40} : - . . ., 1950. --- . . {41} (1803--1882) - . "" (1836) " " (1850). --- . . {42} , , . --- . . [1] --MT