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1 "The End of History" The National Interest 16 (Summer 1989 .), .
3-18.
2
. "Reply to My Critics", The National Interest 18 (Winter
1989--1990); . 21-22.
3 ,
.
1.
4 Emile Fackenheim, God's Presence in Historiy: Jewish Affirmations and
Philosophical Reflections (New York: New York Universites Press, 1970),
.5--.
5 Robert Mackenzie, The Nineteenth Century -- A History,
(R.G. Collinwood), The Idea of History (New York:
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6 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th edition (London, 1911) vol. 27, .72.
7 Norman Angell, The Great Illusion: A Study of the Relation of
Military Power to National Advantage (London: Heinemann, 1914).
8 Paul Fussel, The Great War and Modern Memory (New York: New York
Oxford Universites Press, 1956).
9 Modris Eksteins, Rites of Spring: The Great War
and the Birth of the Modern Age (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989, pp.
176-191); . Fussel (1975), . 19--20.
10 , 1959, . 19.
11 (Ekstein 1989), . 291.
12 - (Jean-Fran?ois Revel),
"But We Follow the Worse" The National Interest (Winter 1989-1990): 99-103.
13 . (Gertrude Himmelfarb)
"The End of History?", The National Interest (Winter 1989): 25--26.
. (Leszek Kolakowsky) "Uncertainties of a
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14 . Henry Kissinger, "The Perlament Challenge of: U.S.
Policy Toward the Soviet Union" Kissinger, America Foreign Policy,
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15 , 1984 ,
" , ,
:
". (Robert
Bernes), After Brezhnev The American Spectator17, no. 4 (April 1984), .
35-37
16 - (Jean-Fran?ois Revel), How Democracies Perish
(New Zork: Harper and Row, 1983), . 3.
17 Jeanne Kirpatrick, "Dictatorshops and Double Standarts", Commentary
68 (November 1979); 34--35.
18 , , .
Stephen Sestanovich, "Anxiety and Ideology", University of Chicago Law
Rewiew 52, . 2 (Spring 1985): 3--16.
19 Revel (1983), . 17; , -
.
-
. , ,
, How Democracies Perish.
20 (Jerry Hough), The Soviet Union and Social Science
Theory (Cambridge, Mass.: Havard University Press, 1977), . 8.
: ", , , ,
- ...
""
...
".
21 Hough (1977), . 5. ,
Merle Fainsod How the Soviet Union is Giverned,
,
,
.
,
1988 ,
, 1990 . . How the Soviet Union is
Giverned (Cambridge, Mass.: Havard University Press, 1979), . 363--380.
22 James McAdams, "Crise in the Soviet Empire: Three Ambiguites in
Search of Prediction", Comparative Politics 20, no. 1 (October 1987):
107-118.
23 . Peter Hauslohner, "Gorbathev's
Social Contrac
t", Soviet Economy 3 (1987), 54--89.
24 ., , ,
"". "Introduction: Political
Legitimacy, Weber and Communist Mono-organizational System", .
Rigby and Ferenc Feher, Political Legitimation in Communist States
(Nnew York: St. Martin Press, 1982).
25 Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Chanbung Societes (New Haven:
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(New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1986), . 119--122.
26 . Dankwart A. Rustow "Democracy: A Global
Revolution?" Foreign Affairs 69, no. 4 (Fall 1990): 75--90.
2. I
27 ,
,
. ,
, . ., ,
Rigby and Feher (1982).
The Theory of Social and Economic
Organization Talcott Parson (New York: Oxford University
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.
28 , "Tyranny and
Wisdom" Leo Straus, On Tyranny (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University
Press, 1963), . 152--153.
29 1944
, ,
, ,
.
30 . Guillermp
O'Donnell and Phillippe Schmitter, Transition from Authoritarian Rule:
Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: John Hopkiens
University Press, 1986d), . 15.
31 -- . Juan Linz, The
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(Baltimore: John Hopkiens University Press, 1978).
32 Phillippe
C. Schmitter, "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of
Authoritarianism in Portugal", Armed Forces and Society 2, no. 1 (November
1975): 5--33.
33 . Thomas C. Bruneau, "Continuity and Change in
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Geoffrey Pridham, The New Mediterranean Democracies: Regime
Transition in Spain, Greece, and Portugal (London: Frank Cass, 1984).
34 Kenneth Maxwell, "Regime Overthrow and Prospects for Democratic
Transition in Portugal" . Guillermo O'Donnell, Phillippe
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Southern Europe (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1986c), p. 136
35 Kenneth Medhurst, "Spain Evolutionary Pathway from Dictatorship to
Democracy" B Pridham (1984), . 31-32, Jose Casanova, "Modemization and
Democratization: Reflections on Spain's Transition to Democracy", Social
Research 50 (Winter 1983): 929-973.
36 Jose Maria Maravall and Julian Srtamaria, "Politieal Change in Spain
and the Prospect for Democracy", B O'Donnell and Phillippe Schmitter
(1986c), p. 81.. , 1975 , , 42,2%
51,7%
,
. John F. Coverdale, The Political Transformation of Spain
after Franco (New York: Praeger, 1979), p. 17.
37 , 77,7% ,
,
1976 , 94,2% "". Coverdale (1979), ; 53.
38 P. Nikiforos Diamandouros, "Regime Change and Prospects for
Democracy in Greece: 1974--l983", O'Donnell, Schmitteri and Whitehead
(1986c), p. 148.
39
, -
, - . "Transition to, and
Consolidation of, Democratic Politics in Greece, 1974--1983: A Tentative
Assessment", B Pridham (1984), pp. 53--54.
40 . Carios Waisman, "Argentina: Autarkic Industrailization and
Illegitimacy" . Larry Diamond, Juan Linz and Semour Martin
Lipset, Democracy in Developing Countries, vol. 4, Latin America (Boulder,
Colo: Linne Rienner, 1988b), p. 85.
41 Cyntia McClintock, "Peru; Precarious Regimes, Authoritarian and
Democratic", B . Diamond et al. (1988b), p. 350. ,
,
1985 .
42 . Thomas E. Skidmore, The
Politics of Military Rule in Brazil, 1964-1985 (New York: Oxford University
Press, 1988), pp. 210-255.
43 Charles Guy.Gillespie and Luis Eduarcto Gonzaicz, "Uruguay: the
Survival of Old and Autonomous Institutions" . Diamomd et al.