".i", "#line ..."; -C "cpp" . -C , "xstr" "lint"; -o "". , "a.out" . -D= -D "" , "#define". - , "1"; -U ; -I "#include", "/", - , "", -I, - - ; 46 00210-01 33 01-4 -B - "" ccp, c0, c1 c2. "" , - ; -t[p012] , -B. -B - "": "/usr/c/". -T[al] ( "a") ("l") "" - . , ' , - cc, . , - ( ), - a.out. : .c .o ' a.out /tmp/ctm? 47 00210-01 33 01-4 /lib/cpp /lib/c0 0 /lib/c1 1 /lib/fc1 1 "-f" /usr/c/oc[01] /usr/c/ocpp /lib/c2 /lib/crt0.o /lib/mcrt0.o /lib/lib[a].a /usr/include "#include". /lib/fcrt0.0 "-f" : cdeb, prof, adb, ld . : , - , . . 48 00210-01 33 01-4 : ccat - . : ccat [ ...] : ccat , "" - compact. . : , , .. : compact, uncompact 49 00210-01 33 01-4 : cd - : cd dirname : cd "dirname" - . "dirname" . , cd , . - SHELL CSHELL. : csh, sh, pwd, chdir. 50 00210-01 33 01-4 : chmod - : chmod ... : "", . , "" - : 4000 - ; 2000 - ; 1000 ; 0400 ; 0200 ; 0100 ( ) ; 0070 , , () ; 0007 , , 51 00210-01 33 01-4 . "" : [] [ ] ... "" "u" ( ), "g" (), "o" (). "a" "ugo". "" , "a", (. umask). "" "+" - - , "-" - - "=" ( ). "" - "r" (), "w" (), "x" (), "s" ( - ) "t" ( ). "=" . : "" , . chmod o-w 52 00210-01 33 01-4 chmod +x : ls, chown, stat, umask. : , . . "s" "u" "g". ( -) . 53 00210-01 33 01-4 : clear - . : clear : clear , - (/etc/termcap). : /etc/termcap - . 54 00210-01 33 01-4 : cmp - . : cmp [-l] [-s] 1 2 : . ( "1" "-", - ). cmp - , , - , - , . , . -l () () ; -s , . : diff, comm : , 0 , 1 2 . 55 00210-01 33 01-4 : col - . : col [-bfx] : col . - , (ESC-7 -8) - (ESC-8 ESC-9). col , ".rt" pif , tbl. col , . , , . -f (). col , - . -b, col , . , - , 56 00210-01 33 01-4 . SI (017 -8) SO (016) - . ( - ), - , . SI SO - , . col - , . -x, . , (SP-040), (BS-010), (HT-011), (CR-015), (LF-012), ESC-7, ESC-8, ESC-9, SI, SO. - . : pif, tbl, greek : , 128 . 800 , . 57 00210-01 33 01-4 : colcrt - pif. : colcrt [-] [-2] [ ...] : colcrt , - . ( "-") - . "-" - . tbl. -2 - , . - , - . - . -2 , , . 58 00210-01 33 01-4 colcrt : tbl exum2.n | pif -ms | colcrt - | more : pif, col, more, ul. : 102 . - . - , "|" "-" - "+". 132 . , - . 59 00210-01 33 01-4 : colrm - . : colrm [ []] : colrm . - . , , . , . 1. : expand . 60 00210-01 33 01-4 : comm - () . : comm [-[123]] 1 2 : comm "1" "2", - - -8, : , "1", , "2" , . "-" . 1, 2 3 . , "comm -12" , . "Comm -23" - , , , "comm -123" - . : cmp, diff, uniq 61 00210-01 33 01-4 : compact - : compact [ ...] : compact . , - , , - . , . , - . - - , (compact) (uncompact) - . , compact uncompact . , ... | compact | uncompact | ... , . "", - ".C", "" . (".C") 62 00210-01 33 01-4 , . . . : 38% ; 43% ; 36% ; 19% . , - . : 13- , ".C". ( ) . : compact . , , .. : ".C". ( ). : uncompact, ccat 63 00210-01 33 01-4 : convert - ' a.out : convert [-e] 1 2 : convert ' "1" ' - "2". -e - -8 - ESD. , , . : a.out : 1. "2" . . 2. DSECT DXD. 3. - WXTRN. 4. ' SYM. 64 00210-01 33 01-4 5. . 65 00210-01 33 01-4 : cp - . : cp [-i] 1 2 cp [-i] ... : "1" "2". "2" , , - . - "" - . cp - . -i , . , "y", cp . . : cat, pr, mv 66 00210-01 33 01-4 : crypt - /. : crypt [] : crypt . - "" , . "" , crypt , . crypt (1): crypt 1 < > crypt 1 < | pr , , . , crypt, , ed . : 1) ; 67 00210-01 33 01-4 2) ; 3) , , . crypt - 256- . , . , - . . , - , , , . crypt, , - ps . - crypt - . , . : /dev/tty : ed, makekey 68 00210-01 33 01-4 : csh - - . : csh [-cefinstvVxX] [...] : csh - CSHELL, , SHELL, , - - . csh - ".cshrc" - . csh - , ".login" . - , "%". - ".logout" . : CSHELL . , , 69 00210-01 33 01-4 . , . , CSHELL, - . - . "&", "|", ";", "<", ">", "(", ")", "*" . "#" - . . : , - , . - , "|", ( ). , (), ";", - . , - "&", csh - . ; - , 70 00210-01 33 01-4 "nohup". , (), - , . "||" "&&", - , ( ), - . : Csh , - , . "!". . "!" , " , , , "=" "(". , "^". , 1. - csh history. - : !N ; 71 00210-01 33 01-4 !-n n ; !c ; !?...?! "...", ; !! . , - ":" . , 0: 0 - , 1 - - .. : 0 ; n n- ; ^ ; $ ; % , ( ) ?...?; -y ; -y "0-y";27 * , ("%-$"); * , n- ("-$"); 72 00210-01 33 01-4 - , "*", "$". ":" , - "^", "$", "*", "-" "%". . ":". : g ; h , , ; , ; q , - ; r , "."; s/l/r l r. "/" . - l r " l, s "!?s?". r , l ; t , , ; 73 00210-01 33 01-4 x , q, , ; & . Csh . "^- ^". : alias unalias csh , - , . - , ( ), , - . , , - , history , . . . : - , - "$". 74 00210-01 33 01-4 : $ ${} . "" , . 20 ; $[] ${[]} , "- " ""; $# ${#} , - ; $0 . , ; $ ${} "$argv []"; $* "$argv [*]"; ":" 75 00210-01 33 01-4 : $? ${?} "1", "" , "0" - . $?0 "1", - , "0" - . $$ csh. : , `...`. , - , , , "`". , "...", . . - , - . : "*", "?", "[", 76 00210-01 33 01-4 "{" "^ ", - . , - , - . , - . : * , ; ? ; [...] . , "-", - - ; ~ , home; ~ ""; [a,b,...,n] . "[" "]" " a{b,c,d}e 77 00210-01 33 01-4 "abe ace ade". - . ".", - "/", "/" . / / : < "" ; << , "". - ; > >! >& >&! "" . - . noclobber, , 78 00210-01 33 01-4 . - - "!". , "&", - - ; >> >>& >>! >>&! "" ; "". - noclobber, , - , "!", . - "/dev/null". . "|&". : - , , , . @, exit, if while. - : "||", "&&", "|", "~", "&", 79 00210-01 33 01-4 "==", "!=", "<=", ">=", "<", ">", "<<", ">>", "+", "-", "*", "/", "%", "!", "^", "(", ")". - ; : == != <= >= < > << >> + - * / % "==", "!=", ; . : 0 - "", 1 ( , ) - "". . - , : "&", "|", "<", ">", "(", ")". csh - . : "=", "+=", "-=", "*=", "/=", "%=". "++" "--" - "" (, "@i++"). - , 80 00210-01 33 01-4 "{...}". csh "-l ", l : r ; w ; ; ; ; z ; f ; d . - . , 1 (), - 0 (). : : foreach ( ...) _ end "" " ..." "_- ". switch( ) 81 00210-01 33 01-4 case : ... breaksw ... default: ... breaksw endsw "" "". , - default. breaksw , - endsw. if( 1 ) then _1 else if( 2 ) then _2 else _3 endif ( ), "_1". - "2": , "_2" .. while( ) ... end , "- 82 00210-01 33 01-4 ". csh (if, else .) . : alias alias alias _ . - "". "- _" "". "_" . "" "alias" "unalias". alloc , , . break end - foreach while. break, , . breaksw switch, 83 00210-01 33 01-4 endsw. case : "" - switch. cd cd chdir chdir "". , - . continue while foreach. . default: , - switch. case. echo _ . " . else end endif 84 00210-01 33 01-4