:


                             ""



1.       . . . . . . . .
2.   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
        2.1.    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
        2.2.   (UID)    -
               (GID) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.  UNIX  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
        3.1.       . .
        3.2.         -
                . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
        3.3.       . . . . . . .
        3.4.      . . . . . .
        3.5.      . .
        3.6.     -
                . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
        3.7.         -
                . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
        3.8.      
        3.9.    . . . . . . . . . . . .
        3.10.    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
        3.11.      . . . . .
        3.12.        
                . . . . . . . . . . . .
        3.13.    . . . . . . . .
        3.14.      . . . . . .
        3.15.  /   . . . . . . .
        3.16   ,       
               . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .



       -      
UNIX.  UNIX      -
 ,        
 ,   .  -
      .
     ,       ,  
. , shell,   ,    -
.
       UNIX (   shell) -
  . ,  ,  -
 , shell        
     .   shell  -
 :      (  -
  fork),   ,     -
,   : -    --
.   -      
 -:  ,  ,
   .  -    -
   - (  -
  wait),    -      
. -    exec,  -
  UNIX  ,    
,       .
       ,      
  -.   ,    
  , shell (-) -
    -,        
.
      , -  "-
" (     exit).    -
           -
.   ,    ,    
   " ", .. , -
    .  - -
   -,    -
  ,   -    -
    .   -  -
    -    -
  .
             -
,  PID (process ID).    -  -
PPID (parent PID).    ,  
 ps (. 3.14).



         ,      
-  .    
,  ,  ,  
     ..



      ,     ,   -
  fork,   .   --
            ,  
      .     -
      -,    
   -.          
   .


                                (GID)

             
        
,   ,   (
   id (. 3.12)).     
             
.     , -
  ,       -
.
          ,   -
       ,
           
 .      -
    ,     -
,     .
          . 
      ,   -
   (. mail, rmdir)    -
   ,      
,     , ,  ,  -
       
 .



awk     -     
bc      -          
          
chmod   -     
cmp     -    
comm    -     
dc      -      -
          
echo    -       -
          
factor  -      
file    -   
find    -  
grep    -     
id      -     -
           
kill    -   
ps      -    
sort    -  /  
wc      -   ,     



 : awk [ -Fc ] [ -f ] [ <> ] [ <> ]
                                                    [ <> ]

     awk       , -
 -  ,   <>. -
           <>,
     progfile   

        awk -f progfile [ <> ]

     ,        
    ('). awk     -
   x=... y=...  ..  .     -
.
         .     -
 ,       .    
 "-"   .
       awk    ,    
.    ,   awk  -
  .    ,  -
  RS.
         ,   
.    .      -
,   FS   c    
-Fc.       $1,  $2,  ...;
$0 -   .     ,  
      .
       ,      <>,  
.         -
,    ,    .
      <->  :

        <> { <> }

            .
      . 
          -
  .     , 
,    .      
,      .    -
   ,         
 . ,       ,
.
        .    -
     , ,       
,         .  
   :

        if ( <> ) <> [ else <> ]
        while ( <> ) <>
        for ( <>; <>; <> ) <>
        break
        continue
        [ <> ] ...
        <> = <>
        print [ < > ] [ > <> ]
        printf <> [ , < > ]
                                              [ > <> ]
        next   (     
                 )
        exit   (  )

          ,    
 .  < >    .
         
 +, -, *, /, %   (  ).
         C:  ++,
--, +=, -=, *=,  /=,  %=.      
.        (-
 x[i])  .       -
.        -
 (").
      print       
(  ,    '> <>'),   
         
 .  printf      ,  
   (       
printf  C).
       length    -
,    ;   ,  -
      .      
 : exp, log, sqrt  int (int   
   ).    substr(s, m, n)  
n-   s,     m.  
sprintf(<>, <>, <>,  ...)   
       (.  printf)  
  .
      -    (  !, || ,&&  
)   (. grep (egrep)),   
 (/),    (. ).   -
       . -
        .  
    ,  ;   
          ,
   ,    ,  
 .
       -      -
:
        <> <_> <_>
        <> <_> <>

 <_> -       
                       C,
    <_> -  ~ ()  !~ ( ).
     <> -     ,  
    .
       -      
      BEGIN    END.
,    c      
       -Fc,  

        BEGIN { FS = c }

      :

        NF      -     
        NR      -    
        FILENAME-  ,      -
                   
        OFS     -     (   -
                  )
        ORS     -     (  
                  )
        OFMT    -    (  %.6g)

.

1)    first,    72 

        awk 'length > 72' first

2)      second   

        awk '{ print $2, $1 }' second

3)  ,      third,    -
      

    :
     prog:

                { s += $1 }
        END     { print "sum is", s, "average is", s/NR }

    :

        awk -f prog third

    :

awk '{ s += $1 } END { print "sum -",s,"average -",s/NR }' third

4)    fourth   

        awk '{ for (i = NF; i > 0; --i) print $i }' fourth

5)      fifth,      
   start/stop

        awk '/start/,/stop/' fifth

6)     sixth,      -
        

        awk '$1 != prev { print; prev = $1 }' sixth

7)   seventh,   ,  
   ,   "Page"

     program:

        /Page/ { $2 = n++; }
               { print }

   :

        awk -f program n=5 seventh


    3.2. bc -      

             

 : bc [ -c ] [ -l ] [ <> ... ]

     bc -    C- , -
      .  
   ,      -
.  -l      
  .
         bc. L     
 [a-z], E - , S - .


        ,   /*  */.

         : L
         : L [ E ]
         "ibase","obase","scale"
 
          ,     -
         
        ( E )
        sqrt ( E )
        length ( E )       
        scale ( E )          -
                        
        L ( E, ..., E )

        + - * / % ^     (% - , ^ -   )
        ++   --         (    1; -
                          )
        == <= >= != <>
        = =+ =- =* =/ =%

        E
        { S; ... ; S }
        if ( E ) S
        while ( E ) S
        for ( E; E; E ) S
         
        break
        quit
 
        define L ( L, ..., L ) {
                auto L, ..., L
                S; ...; S
                return ( E )
        }
,   -l :
        s(x)    - sin(x)
        c(x)    - cos(x)
        e(x)    - exp(x)
        l(x)    - ln(x)
        a(x)    - arctan(x)
        j(n,x)  -  

     .
      ,    ,  ,
      .    
   ;   .    scale
   .   ibase  
obase            -
.
                
   ,     .   -
    .  ,      
"auto",     .   -
          -
,       
.
     bc -   dc,      -
,      -c ( ).

     .  sqrt(x)   10  .

/*         */
        scale = 20
/*        */
        define r(a) {
                auto x,y
                y = a + 1
                x = y + 1
                while ( y < x ) {
                        x = y
                        y = 0.5 * ( x + a / x )
                }
        return (y)
        }

/*        */
        for ( i = 1; i <= 10; i++ ) r(i)
/*       */
        quit

.
      for     E.
     Quit   ,    .


    3.3. chmod -     


 : chmod  

            
  .       
  .
       -  ,  
  :

        04000  -    UID -
                    UID 
        02000  -    GID -
                    GID 
        00400  -    
        00200  -    
        00100  -    
        00040  -     
        00020  -     
        00010  -     
        00004  -     
        00002  -     
        00001  -     

     ,    ,    
    ,       
 ,   0400, 0200, 0040  0004.   -
    :

        chmod 644 file

      :

        [ <> ] <> <>

      <>    u (), g ()
 o ().   <>    a,    
 ugo.
     <>  : + -   , - - -
  , = -      -
  .
     <> -     r (), w (),
x (), s ( UID   GID).    
<>    <>   =      
.
             ,
,       ,
 <>    ,    -
 . , 

        chmod u+w,go+x file

      ,     
   -   .  -
    ( ).
               
( ).       
    

        ls -l file

(  UID  GID   s   -
  x:   s,  
    x,   S  -    
).
     .   file  : -rw-rw-rw-,  
     .
1)       

        chmod o-w file

        ( -rw-rw-r-- )

2)   

        chmod +x file

        ( -rwxrwxr-x )

3)         ,   -
    

        chmod g=+r file

        ( -rwx-w-r-x )

4)   UID   UID 

        chmod u+s file

        ( -rws-w-r-x )


    3.4. cmp -    


 : cmp [-l] [-s] file1 file2

       file1  file2 ( file1   -
 -,    ).  , cmp  
  ,   ;    -
,        ,    
   .      -
  ,   :

        cmp: EOF on < >

 < > -   .
      :

-l      -    ()   -
           ()   
-s      -   ,        :
             - 0,   - 1,  
                    
            - 2.


    3.5. comm -     


 : comm [ - [ 123 ] ] file1 file2

     Comm   file1  file2     
:
        1. ,    file1
        2. ,    file2
        3. ,    
 -       .
      1,2  3      .
, comm -12  ,    ; comm -23 -
   file1,    file2;  comm  -123
  .


    3.6. dc -      


 : dc [  ]

     dc -         
.          ,
       ,    ,
 .   dc -  ,
   .   , 
    ,        
.
     bc,   dc,     
C-           
   (. 3.2).
     dc   :

<> -     . <> - -
             0-9.         
           (_)        .
          <>    .

+-/*%^  -      (+),  
          (-),  (*),   (%)    
                ,  
          ,      .    
                 
          .      .
sx      -           
           x,  x -  .   S,   x
                 
          .
lx      - ,    x,   .
           x  .    -
           .   L,     -
                   -
             .
d       -   
p       -    ( ).  P  
                .
f       -    .
q       -   .
x       -       dc    
          
X       -        
          
[ ... ] - ,   ,      
          .
x =x -       -
          .     ,  -
            x    dc  
          .
v       -       
          .    ,    .
!       -        
          shell
c       -  
i       -        -
              . I  -
                  
          .
o       -        -
              . O   -
                  -
           .
k       -        -
              :    
             ,   ,    
            .
z       -      
Z       -        ( -
               ).
?       -        -
          .

.   10  n!

        [la1+dsa*pla10>y]sy
        0sa1
        lyx



x is unimplemented      - x -  
stack empty             -    ,   -
                          
Out of pushdown         -  
Nesting Depth           -    


    3.7. echo -       


      echo       ,
      .  -
,   :

        \b      -       
        \c      -    
        \f      -  
        \n      -  
        \r      -  
        \\      - 
        \0xx    -      ,  0  -
                  ,   ASCII 


    3.8.      


 : factor [ <> ]

               
.    - 2  (~  7.2*10).  
    :

        Ouch!

     .
              -
,       .


    3.9. file -   


 : file [ -f ffile ] <> ...

      file       ,
   ,      .  
 ,  file    512    -
  .
        -f        -
  ,  .


    3.10. find -  


 : find < > <>

     Find       -
  ,  ,   -
 <>,      -
.    n      -
, +n  ,  n, -n - ,  n.

-name <>    ,     
                <>
-perm onum      ,        
                onum (. chmod)
-type c         ,    c,  c - b, c,  d,  p,
                 f - -   -
                 ,  ,    (pipe)  
                 
-links n        ,    n 
-user uname     ,  UID    uname
-group gname    ,  GID    gname
-size n[c]      ,     n    (  512
                ).    c,      
                  
-atime n        ,       n 
-mtime n        ,       -
                 n 
-ctime n        ,        
                  n 
-exec cmd       ,     cmd -
                   . Cmd  -
                   ,    
                .     {}  
                  
-ok cmd          ,   exec,   , 
                  cmd  -
                  cmd     y
-print           ;   
()     ,      -
                 (   )

           -
 (   ):

1)  (! -   NOT)
2)  ( AND,  )
3)  (- -  OR)

     .      a.out  *.o, 
    :

find / \( -name a.out -o -name '*.o' \) -atime +7 -exec rm {} \;


    3.11. grep -     


            -
: grep, egrep  fgrep.

 :
        grep  [  ]      [  ]
        egrep [  ] [  ] [  ]
        fgrep [  ] [  ]    [  ]

          (    -
 )   ,  .  ,
      . 
 grep        (.  "-
   shell);     
 . egrep   -
          
  .    fgrep  -
  ; fgrep   .
        :

-v        ,   
-x           (
         fgrep)
-c              
        
-i              -
        
-l         ,    -
          
-n             
-b           ,   
        .       -
          
-s         ,    ""
         "   " (  grep)
-e 
          ,      <>,  
        ,  <>    - (  -
          grep)
-f 
          (egrep)      (fgrep)
          

       ,  ,    
 , .    $, *,  [,
^, |, (, )  \     <>    
 '...'.
     fgrep  ,    <>.
     egrep       ,    
shell (.) ( \(  \) ), ,  :

1.  ,   +,  -
       .
2.  ,   ?,  -
        .
3.   ,   |  ,  ,     .
4.         
.
     egrep     [a-z].
             ,  
,    0,      -
   - 1,      
 ,   , (   
  ) - 2.


    3.12. id -    

               

 : id

      id     , -
 UID, GID          
.


    3.13. kill -   


 : kill [ -< > ] pid ...

     kill   15  .   -
    ,     
  .      
ps (. 3.14).     
shell   .
     ,   ,    
.     ,   
15  . 

        kill -9 ...

 , , ,    .
(   . "   shell")


    3.14. ps -    


 : ps [  ]

     ps     .  ,
    ,    
.  ps   :

-e          
-f        
-l          
-t <>
              ,    
        <> ( <>,  tty  console)
-p <>
              
-u 
             ,    UID  
           
-g 
              ,  GID  
        

             
 ;  l  f ,     
     ; all ,  -
      .

F       (l)      (),    -
                   :
                        01  
                        02  
                        04      -
                              
                        10 
                        20   
                        40   
S       (l)      :
                        0   
                        S   
                        W   
                        R   
                        I       
                           
                        Z   
                        T   (stopped) 
                        X     
UID     (f,l)   UID  ;     -
                    -f
PID     (all)    
PPID    (f,l)    -
C       (f,l)      
STIME   (f)       
PRI     (l)       ;       
                 
NI      (l)       
ADDR    (l)         (    
                ),    ,  
                 
SZ      (l)         
WCHAN   (l)     , -     ;  
                   
TTY     (all)   ,     
TIME    (all)     
CMD     (all)    ;    -f,  -
                  

         ,     
 ,  .
        -f ps       -
,          -
.    ,     -
 .


    3.15. sort -  /  


 : sort [ - cmu ] [ -ooutput ] [ -ykmem ]
[ -zrecsz ] [ -dfiMnr ] [ -btx ] [ +pos1 [ -pos2 ]] [ files ]

     Sort       
    .       
,         -,  
   .
              ,
    .  ,   
     ;     -
       ASCII.
         :

-c      ,      
          
-m        ;    
-u            
-ooutput
             ,  
          ;      
          .  -o  output   
-ykmem    sort    -
         ;        
        kmem .          -
          ,     -
          . ,  -y0  
           .  -
        , -y ( )    
         
-zrecsz    ,    ,  -
         sort   .      
             recsz  .

          :

-d      "" :      
         ,   
-f          
-i         ,      
        040-0176
-M             
           ,  "JAN" < "FEB" <  ...  <  "DEC".
                "JAN".
            -b (. )
-n       ,   ,  -,  -
         ,        .
            -b (. )
-r        

      +pos1 -pos2 ,      -
   pos1     pos2.   -pos2
,    .
      pos1  pos2      -  -
  ,  
  .  ,   -
      . 
      -
    (,      -
   ).      -
 :

-tx               x;
          x   (.. xx 
          )
-b              
          

     Pos1  pos2  : m.n , ,     
  bdfinr. +m.n  (n+1)      (m+1)
.  .n  .0.      -b,    n
     (m+1) ; +m.0b  -
    (m+1) . -m.n   n  
(  )    m .
 n ,   .0,   
m .    -b,  n   -
    (m+1) ; -m.1b     -
  (m+1) .
         ,     
       .    
   ,      -
  .

.

1.   infile      -
    

        sort +1 -2 infile

2.      infile1  infile2,
      outfile.      
      

        sort -r -o outfile +1.0 -1.2 infile1 infile2

3.      infile1   infile2
          

        sort -r +1.0b -1.1b infile1 infile2

4.   passwd,     -
    UID ( ,   - :)

        sort -t: +2n -3 /etc/passwd

5.      infile, 
          

        sort -um +2 -3 infile


    3.16. wc -   ,     


 : wc [ -lwc ] [ <> ... ]

     wc  ,   ,     -
     ,      
.           
.
      -     ,    
  .
      l, w  c        ,
,     ,   -
 .     -lwc.
           ,   -
   .

Last-modified: Sun, 07 Aug 2005 11:49:26 GMT

  :