2-3 CALL 23 3 CALL 36 5 CALL 29 + EA 2-4 CALL 24 2 CALL 57 + EA 2-4 CBW 2 1 CLC 2 1 CLD 2 1 CLI 2 1 CMC 2 1 CMP , 3 2 CMP , 9(13) + EA 2-4 CMP , 9(13) + EA 2-4 CMP , 4 3-4 CMP , 10(14) + EA 3-6 CMP , 4 2-3 CMPS , 22(30) 1 CMPS (REP) , 9 + 22(30)/ 1 CWD 5 1 DAA 4 1 DAS 4 1 DEC 2 1 DEC 3 2 DEC 15(23) + EA 2-4 DIV 80-90 2 DIV 144-162 2 DIV (86-96) + EA 2-4 DIV (154-172) + EA 2-4 ESC , 8(12) + EA 2-4 ESC , 2 2 HLT 2 1 IDIV 101-112 2 IDIV 165-185 2 IDIV (107-118) + EA 2-4 IDIV (175-194) + EA 2-4 IMUL 80-98 2 IMUL 128-154 2 IMUL (86-104) + EA 2-4 IMUL (138-164) + EA 2-4 IN , 10(14) 2 IN , DX 8(12) 1 INC 2 1 INC 3 2 INC 15(23) + EA 2-4 INT 3 52 1 INT , 3 51 2 INTO 53 4 1 IRET 32 1 JCXZ 18 6 2 JMP 15 2 JMP 15 3 JMP 15 5 Jxxx 16 4 2 LAHF 4 1 LDS , 24 + EA 2-4 LEA , 2 + EA 2-4 LES , 24 + EA 2-4 LOCK 2 1 LODS - 12(16) 1 LODS (REP) - 9+13(17)/ 1 LOOP 17 5 2 LOOPE 18 6 2 LOOPNE 19 5 2 LOOPNZ 19 5 2 LOOPZ 18 6 2 MOV , 10(14) 3 MOV , 10(14) 3 MOV , 2 2 MOV , 8(12) + EA 2-4 MOV , 9(13) + EA 2-4 MOV , 4 2-3 MOV , 10(14) + EA 3 MOV , 2 2 MOV , 8(12) + EA 2-4 MOV , 2 2 MOV , 9(13) + EA 2-4 MOVS , 18(26) 1 MOVS (REP) , 9+17(25)/ 1 MUL 70-77 2 MUL 118-133 2 MUL (76-83) + EA 2-4 MUL (128-143) + EA 2-4 NEG 3 2 NEG 16(24) + EA 2-4 NOP 3 1 NOT 3 2 NOT 16(24) + EA 2-4 OR , 3 2 OR , 9(13) + EA 2-4 OR , 16(24) + EA 2-4 OR , 4 3-4 OR , 17(25) + EA 3-6 OR , 4 2-3 OUT , 10(14) 2 OUT DX, 8(12) 1 POP 12 1 POP 12 1 POP 25 + EA 2-4 POPF 12 1 PUSH 15 1 PUSH 14 1 PUSH 24 + EA 2-4 PUSHF 14 1 RCL , 1 2 2 RCL , CL 8+4/ 2 RCL , 1 15(23) + EA 2 RCL , 1 20(28)+EA+4/ 2 RCR , 1 2 2 RCR , CL 8+4/ 2 RCR , 1 15(23) + EA 2 RCR , 1 20(28)+EA+4/ 2 REP 2 1 REPE 2 1 REPNE 2 1 REPZ 2 1 REPNZ 2 1 RET (, POP) 20 1 RET (, POP) 24 3 RET (, POP) 32 1 RET (, POP) 31 3 ROL , 1 2 2 ROL , CL 8+4/ 2 ROL , 1 15(23) + EA 2 ROL , 1 20(28)+EA+4/ 2 ROR , 1 2 2 ROR , CL 8+4/ 2 ROR , 1 15(23) + EA 2 ROR , 1 20(28)+EA+4/ 2 SAHF 4 1 SAL , 1 2 2 SAL , CL 8+4/ 2 SAL , 1 15(23) + EA 2 SAL , 1 20(28)+EA+4/ 2 SAR , 1 2 2 SAR , CL 8+4/ 2 SAR , 1 15(23) + EA 2 SAR , 1 20(28)+EA+4/ 2 SBB , 3 2 SBB , 9(13) + EA 2-4 SBB , 16(24) + EA 2-4 SBB , 4 3-4 SBB , 17(25) + EA 3-6 SBB , 4 2-3 SCAS 15(19) 1 SCAS (REP) 9+15(19)/ 1 SHL , 1 2 2 SHL , CL 8+4/ 2 SHL , 1 15(23) + EA 2 SHL , 1 20(28)+EA+4/ 2 SHR , 1 2 2 SHR , CL 8+4/ 2 SHR , 1 15(23) + EA 2 SHR , 1 20(28)+EA+4/ 2 STC 2 1 STD 2 1 STI 2 1 STOS 11(15) 1 STOS (REP) 9+10(14)/ 1 SUB , 3 2 SUB , 9(13) + EA 2-4 SUB , 16(24) + EA 2-4 SUB , 4 3-4 SUB , 17(25) + EA 3-6 SUB AL, 4 2-3 TEST , 3 2 TEST , 9(13) + EA 2-4 TEST , 5 3-4 TEST , 11 + EA 3-6 TEST AL, 4 2-3 WAIT 3 + 5n 1 XCNG AL, 3 1 XCNG , 17(25) + EA 2-4 XCNG , 4 2 XLAT - 11 1 XOR , 3 2 XOR , 9(13) + EA 2-4 XOR , 16(24) + EA 2-4 XOR , 4 3-4 XOR , 17(25) + EA 3-6 XOR AL, 4 2-3 . 80286. , , - . 80286 , . , , - . m , n - . AAA 3 1 AAD 14 2 AAM 16 2 AAS 3 1 ADC / 2,7* 2 ADC / 3,7* 3-4 ADC 3 2-3 ADD / 2,7* 2 ADD / 3,7* 3-4 ADD 3 2-3 AND / 2,7* 2 AND / 3,7* 3-4 AND 3 2-3 CALL 7+m 3 CALL / - 7+m,11+m* 2 CALL 13+m 5 CBW 2 1 CLC 2 1 CLD 2 1 CLI 3 1 CMC 2 1 CMP / 2,6* 2 CMP / 2,7* 2 CMP / 3,6* 3-4 CMP 3 2-3 CMPS CX 5 + 9n 2 CMPS 8 1 CWD 2 1 DAA 3 1 DAS 3 1 DEC / 2,7* 2 DEC 2 1 DIV 14 2 DIV 22 2 DIV 17* 2 DIV 25* 2 ESC 9-20* 2 HLT 2 1 IDIV 17 2 IDIV 25 2 IDIV 20* 2 IDIV 28* 2 IMUL 13 2 IMUL 21 2 IMUL 16* 2 IMUL 24* 2 IMUL 21,24* 3-4 IN 5 2 IN 5 1 INC / 2,7* 2 INC 2 1 INS 5 + 4m 2 INS 5 1 INT 23 + m 2 INT 3 23 + m 1 INTO 24 + m 3 1 IRET 17 + m 1 JCXZ 8 + m 4 2 JMP / 7 + m 2 JMP 7 + m 2 JMP / 7 + m,11 + m* 2 JMP 7 + m 2 Jxxx 7 + m 3 2 LAHF 2 1 LDS 7* 2 LEA 3* 2 LES 7* 2 LOCK 0 1 LODS 5 1 LODS CX 5 + 4n 1 LOOP 8 + 4n 4 2 LOOPZ/LOOPE 8 + 4n 4 2 LOOPNZ/LOOPNE 8 + 4n 4 2 MOV / 2,3* 2 MOV / 2,5* 2 MOV / 2,3* 3-4 MOV 2 2-3 MOV 5 3 MOV 3 3 MOV / 2,5* 2 MOV / 2,3* 2 MOVS 5 1 MOVS CX 5 + 4n 2 MUL 13 2 MUL 21 2 MUL 16* 2 MUL 24* 2 NEG 2 2 NOT / 2,7* 2 OR / 2,7* 2 OR / 3,7* 3-4 OR 3 2-3 OUT 3 2 OUT 3 1 OUTS 5 + 4m 2 OUTS 5 1 POP 5* 2 POP 5 1 POP 5 1 POPA 19 1 POPF 5 1 PUSH 5* 2 PUSH 3 1 PUSH 3 1 PUSH 3 2-3 PUSHA 17 1 PUSHF 3 1 RCA / 1 2,7* 2 RCA / CX 5+n, 8+n* 2 RCA / 5+n, 8+n* 3 RCR / 1 2,7* 2 RCR / CX 5+n, 8+n* 2 RCR / 5+n, 8+n* 3 RET 11 + m 1 RET , SP 11 + m 3 RET 15 + m 1 RET , SP 15 + m 3 ROL / 1 2,7* 2 ROL / CX 5+n, 8+n* 2 ROL / 5+n, 8+n* 3 ROR / 1 2,7* 2 ROR / CX 5+n, 8+n* 2 ROR / 5+n, 8+n* 3 SAHF 2 1 SAL / 1 2,7* 2 SAL / CX 5+n, 8+n* 2 SAL / 5+n, 8+n* 3 SAR / 1 2,7* 2 SAR / CX 5+n, 8+n* 2 SAR / 5+n, 8+n* 3 SBB / 2,7* 2 SBB / 3,7* 3-4 SBB 3 2-3 SCAS CX 5+8n 2 SCAS 7 1 SEG ( ) 0 1 SHL / 1 2,7* 2 SHL / CX 5+n, 8+n* 2 SHL / 5+n, 8+n* 3 STC 2 1 STD 2 1 STI 2 1 STOS CX 5+3n 2 STOS 3 1 SAL / 1 2,7* 2 SAL / CX 5+n, 8+n* 2 SAL / 5+n, 8+n* 3 SUB / 2,7* 2 SUB / 3,7* 3-4 SUB 3 2-3 TEST / 2,6* 2 TEST / 3,6* 3-4 TEST 3 2-3 WAIT 3 1 XCNG / 3,5* 2 XCNG 3 1 XLAT 5 1 XOR / 2,7* 2 XOR / 3,7* 3-4 XOR 3 2-3 . IBM PC. 146818: AT, . 6845: . 76496: PCjr. 765 (PD765): . 8048: . 8237: (DMA). 8250: . 8253: . 8255: . 8259: . 8087: PC, XT PCjr. 8088: PC, XT PCjr. 80286: AT. 80287: AT. : , - (0000:0000), - - ( ). : , - , ( ). : " " , - . : MS DOS - .. - , . : /, , . : , - , . , . : , , . AND: , , - , . ANSI.SYS: , , BIOS. , MS DOS, IBM PC. ASCII: 0 127, 128 ASCII. IBM PC ASCII, 256 . ASCII: , ASCII, / ^Z (ASCII 26). ASCIIZ: , . : , . : , . : , . : , . : , . , , .. , , .. , , , .. : , , , - , . ( ) , .. , , .. AUTOEXEC.BAT: , - . B: , , , , 10111011B. . . : . , , . : , . , , - . - . : , . : , DOS, , , - . : , . BIOS: /, - , . BIOS: , 0040:0000, BIOS . : , , , - . , 0-3 - , . : , . : EGA , 0-3. 16- - , 4 , ( ). , . : , . . : , - , . - . : , .. - , , 16- . , 16. : -, - ( ). : - . - , . : , , . , . : , MS DOS . CD: " ". . DCD. : EGA 4 - . , . : , - , . , . : , () . : , - , . - "" "". : , , . : , , , . , , . : , (- ). : , , . - . PCjr EGA , , . : 0 15, - . EGA, - , 64 (0-63). COM: , - . : , - , , - . : , . , - .. : , , (, , - ). CONFIG.SYS: , - . , , . : . . : 32 ASCII. , - . . : , . , . , (, ESC, ASCII 27). CPU: , , - . IBM PC - 8088, PC AT, - 80286. CRC: . . : , . . : , - . . CR/LF: / . - , . CRT: - , .. . CTS: . , - , . . : , 128 , . . . : , , , , . : , 128 . . , 128 0, 1 ( - , 128 129- , 1 - , 0 127). : , ; , , - . : , , . : , . DS. : , - , . DB: , , 1 , . DCD: . - , , . DD: , , 4 . DTA : , 128 , 80H . : , . : , - , , , , . : , - , . : - , . : - ; , . : , - , , . : . . ( PCjr). : . . DMA: . . : , , , A> B>. : , , A:, B: .. DSR: . , , . DTA: . , , - . DTR: . , , . DW: , , 2 . : . , , . : " " , . : , - , . , , BUFFERS BREAK. EOF: " ". : , . : , . Esc-: , - Esc (ASCII 27). , Esc-. EXE: , . , . EXE- , . - , COM. EXEC: , - . . : . , , . - . : , ( ), ASCII, Ctrl Alt. , ASCII 0, ASCII. : 3.0 MS DOS - . , , . : , 7- , . : , ES. ES DS ( ) . FAT: . . FCB: . . : , - . : , , . : ,