. , 1979-1986
2,7 ,
1,4 , -- 0,7 .
,
, , 5,1 ,
-- 3,9, -- 2,5 [224]. ,
,
.
: 1979
10
10 3,51,
-- 2,68, 1993 4,59 3,81
[225], -- ,
-
.
, , , ,
70- 80-
, , ,
. -,
,
,
50- - 70- . -,
,
,
80-
. -, ,
, , ,
.., ,
. ,
, .
, ,
, ,
, ,
. , 90- , ,
( , )
, , ,
, .
[214] - .: Ayres R. U. Turning Point. P. 116.
[215] - .: Rifkin J. The End of Work. N.Y., 1996. P. 174.
[216] - .: Brockway G.P. The End of Economic Man. N.Y.-L.,
1995. P. 88-89.
[217] - .: Kiplinger . World Boom Ahead. Why Business and
Consumers Will Prosper. Wash., 1998. P. 154.
[218] - .: Brockway G.P. The End of Economic Man. P. 163.
[219] - .: Korten D.C. When Corporations Rule the World.
P. 65.
[220] - .: Galbraith J.K. The Culture of Contentment. P.
92.
[221] - .: Coyle D.
The Weightless World. Strategies for Managing the Digital Economy. Cambridge
(Ma.), 1998. P. 11.
[222] - Elliott L., Atkinson D. The Age of Insecurity. P.
235.
[223] - .: The Economist. 1994. November 5. P. 19.
[224] - .: Danyger S., Gottschalk P. America Unequal. P.
118-119.
[225] - .: Tilly Ch., Tilly Ch. Work Under Capitalism.
N.Y., 1998. P. 213-214.
90-
90- ,
.
. 1998
-- 37 -- .
. ,
2 , , ,
1997
, 0,4 .
,
1998 0,2,
-- 3 [226].
,
,
,
.
, 3,5 ;
. 1996-1998
,
, .
, , ,
. , ,
, , ,
80-
.
, ,
,
. , 90- 96
, 79 -- ,
67 . , 55 . --
, 76 .
.
37,1 1970 34,5 1990-, --
15,5 22,5 [227]. ,
, ,
,
" ". , ,
1995 20
[226] - .: Mandel M. Cracking this Crazy Economy //
Business Week. European edition. 1999. January 25. P. 39-40.
[227] - .: M., Aim R. These Are the Good Old Days: A
Report on American Living Standards. Dallas (Tx.), 1994. P. 4.
[228];
,
, ,
.
(
,
, , ,
""/"-" [229]), -
. "
37,8 . .
7,65 , 10
1,46 , ,
, 0,1 . ,
, 1996 , (
) 10 , 8
" [230]. , ,
,
, 1992 --
-- 270 . 20
, 525 . 1 . 560
. 20
[231].
, , ,
[232].
, ,
,
,
-
[228] - .: The Economist. 1997. September 6. . 48.
[229] - .: Kat T. M.B. In the Shadow of the Poorhouse. P.
272.
[230] - Lappe P.M., Collins J., Rosset P., Esparza L. The
World Hunger: 12 Myths, 2nd ed. N.Y" 1998. P. 166.
[231] - .: Wolfe B.L. Reform of Health Care for the
Nonelderiy Poor // Danziger S.H., Sandefur G.D., Weinberg D.H.(Eds.)
Confronting Poverty: Prescription for Change. Cambridge (Ma.), 1994. P. 254.
[232] - .: Fischer C.S., Flout M., Jankowski M.S., Lucas
S.R., SwidlerA., Voss K. Inequality by Design. P. 141.
,
,
, .
,
,
20- .
90-
[233]; 1992 ,
, 1000
3,8 . ., 42
[234]; 1993 400 ,
Forbes, 328 . .,
, , ,
1 . [235]. ,
;
: , , ,
1990 1990-1992
, ,
[236]. 1996 2,7 .
, ,
240 . [237].
. ,
90-
40
, 20 --
12 --
[238]. , , ,
. , 1998
69,5
[233] - . Gray J. False Dawn. The Delusions of Global
Capitalism. L., 1998. P. 115.
[234] - . Korten B.C. When Corporations Rule the World. P.
108.
[235] - . Elliott L., Atkinson D. The Age of Insecurity.
P. 223.
[236] - . Celenie G. Trends 2000. How to Prepare for and
Profit from the Changes of :he 21st Century. N.Y., 1997. P. 37.
[237] - . Zepezauer M., Naiman A. Get the Rich off
Welfare. Tucson (FL), 1996. P. 7.
[238] - . Kiplinger K. World Boom Ahead. P. 153.
, , 65,9
, 49,6
51,4 -- ( 10
91,7; 89,8; 88,4
87,4 ) [239].
90-
.
, 1994 ,
10 . [240];
, .
, 44
, 28
[241], 71
2 . . ; 5
77
[242]. 85,8
1989-1997
10 ,
60 (!) 3,6
[243].
[244].
90-
, ,
,
. 90-
, 70- 80- , :
20 , ,
-- 11,8 .
. , 15
-
[239] - .: Thurow L. Creating Wealth. P. 201.
[240] - .: McAlister J.F.0. Prosperity for Now//Time.
1999. February 15. P. 58.
[241] - .: Kelly K. New Rules for the New Economy. N.Y.,
1998. P. 157.
[242] - .: Korten D.C. The Post-Corporate World. Life
After Capitalism. P. 62.
[243] - .: Mishel L., Bernstein J., Schmitt J. The State
of Working America 1998-99. P. 271.
[244] - .: Korten D.C. The Post-Corporate World. P.
171-172.
( , 18
,
[245]).
20 ,
3,7-3,9 .
( )
, (
1995 47,6 ) [246]. ,
,
,
, .
,
"80/20 society".
,
,
"", , ,
(20 ), ,
(80 ). ,
.
, . ,
90- 20
50
(, , 47
[247] 48,7 [248] ). ,
1989 1995 , 80
, ,
[249]. (non-supervisory
workers): 1973 1995 ,
36 ,
14 -
[245] - .: Chomsky N. World Orders, Old and New. L., 1997.
P. 142.
[246] - .: Kiplinger . World Boom Ahead. P. 154.
[247] - .: The Economist. 1997. September 6. P. 48.
[248] - .: Kiplinger K. World Boom Ahead. P. 154.
[249] - .: Bootle R. The Death of Inflation. Surviving and
Thriving in the Zero Era L 1996. P.33-34.
[250]. ,
,
, 70 . .,
,
, , ,
.
, ,
" "
,
.
,
,
. , ,
, ,
24 , 90
. , ,
;
, " 20
75 . 500 .
. , 80 ,
30 . . ,
,
" [251],
. ,
,
. . , "
[ ]
. ,
,
,
. < ... > , -- , --
[250] - .: Taylor K.B. The Quest for Universal Capitalism
in the United States // Halal W.E., Taylor K.B. (Eds.) Twenty-First Century
Economics. P. 357.
[251] - The Guardian. 1997. February 3.
: ,
, ,
20 80
[]" [252].
,
,
,
.
,
. ,
, ,
. ,
. ,
, . 1995
10
, 11,5 , 12 -- 23
[253]. , 1997-1998 ,
,
,
,
. ,
, :
18,2 ,
-- 12,3, -- 12,2, -- 11,5, -- 10,8;
11 ,
1 1999
[254].
. 77,5
74 ,
[252] - Koch R. The 80/20 Principle. . 242-243.
[253] - .: Bootle R. The Death of Inflation. P. 34.
[254] - .: The Economist. 1999. January 16. P. 98.
69 59 -- [255].
,
(17,74 ./ 18,08 ,
19,34 31,87 ),
-- (37,9 35,0 , 31,7
, 29,0 ) [256];
.
100-125 .
, ,
( 678 . 1998 ),
4,3
[257].
, , ,
,
, , ,
[258].
,
, ,
.
, ,
. , ,
,
, , ,
- .
.,
13,5 . , 10
[259],
4,5 . . ,
6,5 , ,
de facto
. ,
, -
[255] - .: Morion C. Beyond World Class. Houndmills-L.,
1998. P. 250.
[256] - .: Luttwak E. Turbo-Capitalism. P. 218.
[257] - .: Mandel M. Cracking this Crazy Economy. P.
39-40.
[258] - .: Koch R. The Third Revolution. P. 242.
[259] - .: Gray J. False Dawn. P. 112.
,
70- . , . . : " 50-
, ,
10 , ""
(postmanagerial corporation) ...
"" ,
15-20
. 6 25
"
[260].
, ,
.
. ,
,
,
,
.. . ,
, , ,
, , ,
,
.
,
(
) ,
. ,
, 1975
70 , 45
, , ;
"portfolio people",
,
[261].
[260] - Godden J., Koch R. Managing Without Management. L.,
1996. P. 210.
[261] - .: Bootle R. The Death of Inflation. P. 35.
. ,
,
, .
28 ;
1996 ,
, 24,5 . , 22,1
( 1979 -- 16,1 );
(self-employed) 6,5 10,2 ,
76,7 65,2
[262]. .,
"",
, --
600 . . [263]
" (volatile)" , , ,
[264].
.
90-
15,6 , -- 16,3 ,
-- 18,6 , -- 24,1 .
80- ,
,
,
[265].
.
, 80- ,
, 63 94
;
[266]; 30
. 18 24 ,
, 40
, .
,
, ,
,
,
.
:
,
,
[267].
, ,
, , ,
,
. ,
.
[262] - .: Morton . Beyond World Class. P. 250;
XX : Tilly
Ch., Tilly Ch. Work Under Capitalism. P. 146.
[263] - .: Chomsky N. World Orders, Old and New. P. 143.
[264] - .: Kanter R.M. World Class. Thriving Locally in
the Global Economy. N.Y., 1995. P. 151-152.
[265] - .: Moody . Workers in a Lean World. L.-N.Y.,
1997. P. 98-99.
(underclass),
,
. underclass 1963
( ) .,
, underklass
XIX . , .-
[266] - .: Pierson Ch. Beyond the Welfare State? P. 78.
[267] - .: Tilly Ch. Durable Unequality. P. 242-243.
,
,
. ,
. , " ,
,
,
,
" [268].
.
.
, " "
,
,
.
,
, ,
. 1977 Time
,
; ,
70- .
,
, ,
, -, ,
, , , ..
., 1981 The New Yorker
,
. ., "underclass
: 1) ,
,
; 2) ,
(
); 3) , ""
; 4) , , ,
[268] - Myrdal G. Challenge to Affluence. N.Y., 1963. P. 10.
,
" [269].
, . "- -" [270].
, .
.
( ,
..),
[271],
,
.
underclass ,
(,
..),
( .),
,
,