. : ($a, $b, $c, $d) = unpack('C4',$addr[0]); getsockname  . getsockopt , ,  . glob  '*' ls. gmtime  time() . : ($sec,$min,$hour,$mday,$mon,$year,$wday,$yday,$isdst)=gmtime(time); goto  goto goto & . foreach .. . : goto ('1', '2', '3')[$i]; $i = 0 '1', $i = 1 '2' .. (goto &) "" . - . grep ,  grep , . $_ . true. true. hex  . import import, . use(). index , ,  index , . . 0 $[. 1. -1. int . ioctl FILEHANDLE, FUNCTION, SCALAR ioctl(). : require "ioctl.ph"; join ,  . keys  . - . each . kill  ( ) . . last  last break . . . continue . lc  . lcfirst  . length  . link OLDFILE, NEWFILE NEWFILE OLDFILE. listen SOCKET, QUEUESIZE listen(). local  . . my(). localtime  9- time . : ($sec,$min,$hour,$mday,$mon,$year,$wday,$yday,$isdst)=localtime(time); log  . lstat  lstat stat() . m// . "" map ,  map , . . mkdir ,  . 1 0 . msgctl ID, CMD, ARG msgctl() System V msgget KEY, FLAGS msgget() System V msgsnd ID, MSG, FLAGS msgsnd() System V msgrcv ID, VAR, SIZE, TYPE, FLAGS msgrcv() System V my  . . next  next continue . . continue . - . no Module . . oct  . open , open . "" - . () . '<' ( ). '>' - . '>>' - . '+>' '+<' - . '|' (). '-' - (STDIN), '>-' - (STDOUT). true false - . () ">&" . '&' '<', '>>', '+>', '+>>' '+<'. . "<&=N" N -, fdopen(). "|-" "-|" "" (fork) . (PID) 0 - . / / . /. $?. . opendir ,  readdir(), telldir(), seekdir(), rewinddir() closedir(). true . ord  ascii . pack ,  . - . A - , . a - , 0 . b - ( ) B - ( ) h - ( - ) H - ( ) c - C - . s - ( ) . S - . i - ( ) . I - . l - (4 ) . L - . n - "" . N - "" . v - "VAX" . V - "VAX" . f - single float. F - double float. p - 0. P - . u - uuencode. x - - X - . @ - . . 'a', 'A', 'b', 'B', 'h' 'H', . '*' . 'a' 'A' - ( 'A' , 'a' - ). 'b' 'B' . 'h' 'H' (). 'P' - . (floats double) . , (double) 'f' . . : print(pack("ccc",65,66,67)); # ABC print(pack("A4A3","ab","cdefg")); # "ab cde" print(pack("a4a3","ab","cdefg")); # "ab\0\0cde" pipe READHANDLE, WRITEHANDLE pipe(). pop  . 1. . @ARGV @_ . pos  m//g . print  print print . true . STDOUT ( select()). $_. select(). print , .. . . - . printf  printf "print sprintf()". printf() . push ,  . . q// qq// qx// qw// . . quotemeta  . rand  rand 0 . - 0 1. srand(). read , , ,  read , , . . . . readdir  opendir(). . . readlink  . . recv SOCKIT, SCALAR, LEN, FLAGS . recvfrom(). redo  redo continue. . ref  true - false. . : REF, SCALAR, ARRAY, HASH, CODE, GLOB - . ref() typeof(). rename _, __ . 1 0. require  require - , . - . true. 1; ".pm" , require use(). reset  reset continue . . '-'. . ?? . . : reset 'a'; # # 'a' reset 'a-z' # . : 'A-Z' .. @ARGV @ENV. return  . . reverse  . . rewindir  readdir(). rindex , ,  rindex , index , . , . rmdir  . 1 0 . $! (errno). s/// . "". scalar  . .. . seek , ,  . 0 - , 1 - , 2 - . 1 0 - . seekdir ,  readdir(). telldir(). select  select - . print write select. . select RBITS, WBITS, EBITS, TIMEOUT select() semctl ID, SEMNUM, CMD, ARG semctl() SYSTEM V. semget KEY, NSEMS, FLAGS semget() SYSTEM V. semop KEY, OPSTRING semop() SYSTEM V. send SOCKET, MSG, FLAGS, TO send SOCKET, MSG, FLAGS . send(). setpgrp PID, PGRP PGRP PID 0 = . setpriority WHICH, WHO, PRIORITY PRIORITY WHO WHICH. setsockopt SOCKET, LEVEL, OPTNAME, OPTVAL . . shift  shift . . - @ARGV @_ . shmctl ID, CMD, ARG shmctl() System V shmget KEY, SIZE, FLAGS shmget() System V shmread ID, VAR, POS, SIZE shmread ID, STRING, POS, SIZE System V. shutdown SOCKET, HOW HOW. sin  . sleep  sleep . SIGALARM. . socket SOCKET, DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL SOCKET. socketpair SOCKET1, SOCKET2, DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL "" DOMAIN. true false - . sort  sort sort . . . , . . $main::a $main::b. . splice , , ,  splice , , splice , . . . . split //, ,  split //, split // split , , . , @_ ( @_ ??) $_. . . . . . . : ($a, $b, $) = split(/ /, " ",3); $a = '', $b = '' $ = ' ' - , . : @a = split(/([,.])/, ",."); @a = ("", "," ,"", ".", "") sprintf ,  sprintf() . sqrt  . srand  rand. . stat  stat 13 . : ($dev,$ino,$mode,$nlink,$uid,$gid,$rdev,$size,$atime,$mtime,$ctime, $blksize,$blocks) = stat($filename); $dev - $ino - i- $mode - $nlink - $uid - $gid - $rdev - $size - $atime - $mtime - $ctime - $blksize - $blocks - . '_' stat(). study  study . . : ( $_) . . . substr , ,  substr , . . . symlink _, _ .. . 1 0 - . syscall  . - - . . . , . . . 14 . . sysread , , ,  sysread , , read(). . system  "exec " fork() . wait(). 256. syswrite , , ,  syswrite , , write(). . tell  tell . . telldir  . seekdir(). tie , ,  . - new (TIESCALAR, TIEARRAY TIEHASH). . ! keys() values() . : TIEHASH classname, LIST DESTROY this FETCH this, key STORE this, key, value DELETE this, key EXISTS this, key FIRSTKEY this NEXTKEY this, lastkey : TIEHASH classname, LIST DESTROY this FETCH this, key STORE this, key, value [others TBD] : TIEHASH classname, LIST DESTROY this FETCH this, key STORE this, key, value time 1 1970 00:00:00 UTC. . times 4- : ($user, $system, $cuser, $csystem) = times; : $user - . $system - . $cuser - - . $csystem - . tr/// . "". truncate , truncate , . uc  . ucfirst  . umask  umask umask . . undef  undef . , . . unlink  . . -U. unpack ,  pack(). . . pack(). '%' . 16 . untie  tie(). unshift ,  shift. . use  use . . . : BEGIN { require ; import ; } . utime  . . . values  . . vec , ,  . wait . PID -1 . $?. waitpid PID, FLAGS PID. PID -1 . $?. wantarray true false - . warn  STDERR die(), . write  write write format. . - select(), $~. . " " . "_TOP". $^. $- 0 . "". y/// . "".  * *  () (). : sub ; # . . sub (); . sub ; # . sub () ; # , . : $ = sub ; : use qw(1 2 ); : ( ); # '&' . ; # . &; # @_ @_. $_[0] - , $_[1] - .. @_ - , . - . . return(). '&' . . Private . my(). . my() private , , eval() do/require/use . Private auto . : # . print fact(3); # 3*2*1 sub fact # . { my $m; # private local ! $m = $_[0]; return 1 if $m <= 1; return($m * fact($m -1)); } private : my() = ; : my($m) = $_[0]; local. private - . private () local - . . local() .  (prototypes). . : sub mylink($$) mylink $old, $new sub myvec($$$) myvec $var, $offset, 1 sub myindex($$;$) myindex &getstring, "substr" sub myreverse(@) myreverse $a, $b, $c sub myjoin($@) myjoin ":",$a,$b,$c sub mypop(\@) mypop @array sub mysplice(\@$$@) mysplice @array, @array, 0, @pushme sub mykeys(\%) mykeys %{$hashref} sub myopen(*;$) myopen HANDLE, $name sub mypipe(**) mypipe READHANDLE, WRITEHANDLE sub mygrep(&@) mygrep { /foo/ } $a, $b, $c sub myrand($) myrand 42 sub mytime() mytime : \'' - '' '@' '%' - '$' - '&' - '*' - ';' - .  . , . '*' 'type glob' '*' " ". '*' " ". '*' .. $_[0].  . . . : use subs '1', '2' ....; . . . 'AUTOLOAD' $AUTOLOAD . .  * (packages) *  . . . : packages _; . main. '::' . : $main::var1 - . ::var1 - . main . $1::var1 - '1' $1::2::var1 - 2 1. '_' . main. STDIN, STDOUT, STDERR, ARGV, ARGVOUT, ENV, INC SIG .  . () "::". %main:: , 'mod1' %mod1:: .. * '' . : *pi = \3.14159; $pi - .  . - , - . BEGIN END. sub . BEGIN .. . BEGIN. . END .. . END . . . . , @ISA . .  . , , : package _; # '.pm' require Exporter; # @ISA = qw(Exporter); # -//- @EXPORT = qw(func1 func2) # . ! ! @EXPORT_OK = qw( $ @ ); # , .. { # ..... sub func1 ........ sub func2 ........ 1; } ".pm" . @INC "/usr/local/lib/perl/". : use _; .  . pragma ( ) . Pragma . : use ; no ; .  pragma: diagnostics . integer . less . overload . sigtrap . strict "" . subs . . AnyDBM_File . AutoLoader . AutoSplit . Benchmark . Carp . Config . Cwd . DB_File Berkley DB. Devel::SelfStubber . DynaLoader C. English . Env Exporter / . ExtUtils::LibList . ExtUtils::MakeMaker Makefile ExtUtils::Manifest MANIFEST ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap DynaLoader. Fcntl Fcntl.h File::Basename . File::CheckTree . File::Find . FileHandle . File::Path / . Getopt::Long . Getopt::Std . I18N::Collate . IPC::Open2 . IPC::Open3 , , . Net::Ping . POSIX IEEE Std 1003.1 SelfLoader . Socket socket.h Test::Harness . Text::Abbrev . . CPAN CPAN. . , , , , , -, , CGI Web . CPAN .  * *  . format , , . write() . : format = FORMLIST . format '.' . '' - , . '' - STDOUT. FORMLIST - . : 1. . '#'. 2. (picture). 3. . - " " . '@' '^'. , . . : ">>>>" - . "<<<<" - -//- . "||||" - -//- . "####.###" - . "@*" - . .