Linux, , Space War, Emacs. , . Linux -, ( ). Linux .
Linux ( "") UNIX- , Intel 80386 80486. TeX X Windows, GNU C/C++, TCP/IP. UNIX, GNU (. E).
Linux 386 486 . UNIX . Linux , , , , ..
Linux . , - Linux , .
Linux - UNIX " " (free implementation).. , Internet, , , , . . , - UNIX . - .
Linux. - . , , , , .
Linux . , UNIX, " ", . , Linux , .
:
, Linux. UNIX, , . UNIX . - UNIX.
UNIX - , . 70- , , .
UNIX? , UNIX - " ", . Linux, , UNIX, .
UNIX , , , Cray Y-MP. UNIX . AT&T's System V 386 US$1500.
Linux - UNIX,
(Linus Torvalds)
Linux .
Minix -
UNIX-, Andy Tanenbaum, Linux
USENET newsgroup
comp.os.minix.
Minix ,
- , Minix.
Linux 80386. . :
" : - , . . , Minix . gcc Linux..." " , ( , - ) . 0.01 ( 1991 .). , . , Minix."
Linux 0.01 . 0.01 : , Minix-, .
5- 1991 ' ""
Linux, 0.02. Linux
bash (the GNU Bourne Again Shell) gcc (the GNU C compiler),
.
. - .
,
, . . .
, Linux-
" " -
.
comp.os.minix:
" Minix-1.1, ? - , ? , Minix ? , ? ." " , Minix- 386- . , ( , ), . 0.02,bash,gcc,gnu-make,gnu-sed,compress.."
0.03 0.10, . , 0.95, , "" . ( 1.0 , ). 1992 . - 1993 Linux 0.99.pl14 - 1.0. 1.1 patchlevel 52, 1.2.
Linux - UNIX, X Windows, TCP/IP, Emacs, UUCP, mail USENET. Linux, .. Linux . . Linux 486- , Sun Microsystems Digital Equipment Corporation. , " UNIX" , .
Linux , UNIX, , . - Linux .
Linux - ( UNIX). , , .
Linux UNIX ( UNIX) , IEEE POSIX.1, System V BSD. . , , Linux , UNIX-. Internet UNIX LINUX . , Linux, , , , .
Linux POSIX ( , csh bash), (pty), .
Linux
(virtual consoles),
" " . ,
"screen",
Linux.
387-FPU, , (.. ).
Linux . , ext2fs, Linux. , Minix-1 Xenix. MS-DOS, MS-DOS . ISO 9660 CD-ROM CD-ROM. 2 4.
Linux TCP/IP
.
Ethernet, SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol,
TCP/IP
), PLIP (Parallel Line Internet Protocol), PPP
(Point-to-Point Protocol), NFS (Network File System),
. TCP/IP,
FTP, telnet, NNTP SMTP.
5.
Linux Intel 80386 80486. , Linux . 80386 , UNIX ( Mulics). Linux .
Linux . , . , , .
' Linux
:
256 " " (swap space).
. , , .
, .. , (, SunOS). , , . , ' "" , . Linux , .
Linux "" . .
, Linux, . - , . , - .
,
UNIX, Linux.
, ls, awk, tr, sed,
bc, more ..
- Linux.
UNIX-. Linux
. ( 3
UNIX).
Linux , vi, ex,
pico, jove, GNU Emacs , Lucid Emacs
( X Windows)
joe. , ,
, Linux.
- .
UNIX "" vi (,
Linux, vi)
(, Linux,
red).
vi
,
Emacs. Emacs
LISP ,
. Emacs,
,
(
Linux- ).
- Linux
GNU. ,
BSD AT&T. ,
GNU vi - elvis, ,
AT&T. ,
GNU BSD System
V. , GNU .
shell. shell - , . , (shells) , > (job control) ( ), - (shell scripts). - , "batch file" MS-DOS.
Linux .
- . , C Shell (csh)
, -
. < shell
(Bourne Shell)
.
.
- .
, ,
Linux. - GNU
Bourne Again Shell (bash), .. Bourne shell,
,
, ,
, Emacs-
(Bourne shell).
- tcsh, C Shell
bash. :
zsh - - ; ksh - ;
ash - BSD rc - Plan 9.
? Linux . , vi bash , . " , " - Linux.
- . ( , ? , ). (word processing) - : ( WYSIWYG - "What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get" - "---- --" - ) , , .
UNIX (text processing)- , . , , , vi Emacs. , . - , "" .
Linux . groff - GNU
nroff,
Bell Labs UNIX.
- TeX,
(Donald Knuth).
TeX, LaTeX.
, TeX groff
.
,
.
, groff ,
TeX,
. , groff ASCII ,
, TeX
.
,
TeX
TeX, , groff.
texinfo - TeX,
Free
Software Foundation. texinfo
"Info"
. Info -
, GNU, Emacs.
, , ( LaTeX). .
? " " , , , ..
:
Mr. Torvalds:
We are very upset with your current plans to implement
post-hypnotic suggestion in the Linux terminal driver code.
We feel this way for three reasons:
1. Planting subliminal messages in the terminal driver is not
only immoral, it is a waste of time;
2. It has been proven that ``post-hypnotic suggestions'' are
ineffective when used upon unsuspecting UNIX hackers;
3. We have already implemented high-voltage electric shocks,
as a security measure, in the code for login.
We hope you will reconsider.
LaTeX :
\begin{quote}
Mr. Torvalds:
We are very upset with your current plans to implement {\em post-
hypnotic
suggestion\/} in the {\bf Linux} termi-
nal driver code. We feel this
way for three reasons:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Planting subliminal messages in the ker-
nel driver is not only
immoral, it is a waste of time;
\item It has been proven that ``post-hypnotic sugges-
tions'' are ineffective
when used upon unsuspecting UNIX hackers;
\item We have already implemented high-voltage elec-
tric shocks, as a
security measure, in the code for {\tt login}.
\end{enumerate}
We hope you will reconsider.
\end{quote}
"" , , , , LaTeX. , . . , . , , .
WYSIWYG : ( ) . . , .
, , . . , WYSIWYG.
. , , . , .
,
.
, xdvi " "
, TeX X Window. - xfig,
WYSIWYG
,
, .
, , nroff,
.
-
. , Linux
idoc,
.
, MS-DOS,
MS-DOS
Linux.
.
METAFONT
TeX. ispell -
, makeindex -
, LaTeX.
groff TeX
, ,
TeX groff .
Linux UNIX- ,
, ,
, ,
UNIX-. UNIX
++.
++ Linux GNU gcc,
, .
++ ( AT&T 3.0 features) ,
Objective-C, '- .
++ Linux, Smalltalk, FORTRAN, Pascal, LISP, Scheme Ada ( , - ). , 80386, , Perl ( , ) Tcl/Tk (shell- , X Window).
Linux gdb,
. gprof -
, ,
. Emacs
. ,
GNU make imake
; RCS -
.
Linux (DLL),
,
.
, . ,
malloc(),
.
Linux UNIX-.
. POSIX.1,
, Linux,
. UNIX-
Linux ,
. ,
.
Linux , .
X Window ( ) - UNIX-. , . X Window, , login. , .
-, , , .. Linux X - . TCP/IP, X-, .
X Window MIT . , X Window. Linux X Window, XFree86; X11R5 UNIX- Linux. XFree86 , VGA, Super VGA, . X Window, , , .
- xterm ( ,
X Window); xdm
(X-, login); xclock (
); xman (X- Linux) ..
X, Linux,
XFree86 "" ,
MIT. ,
, X Window
Linux.
X Window
(window manager).
,
, , ,
.. XFree86
twm, MIT,
, Open Look Virtual Window Manager
(olvwm). Linux fvwm.
, ,
twm.
(desktop) -
, ,
, . fvwm
,
. Linux fvwm,
.
XFree86 , X. widget ( ), Athena, Open Look Xaw3D. , . PEX ( ).
- Motif widget. - Motif Linux. Motif , Linux Motif. , , Motif, . Motif , .
X Window . 386 4 RAM. 8 . , . ( S3-chipset). Linux XFree86 , 140000 xstones. , X Linux , , UNIX.
5 X.
? ? ? ? Linux UNIX: TCP/IP UUCP. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) , , Internet. Linux, TCP/IP Internet , USENET, FTP .. Internet Linux.
TCP/IP Ethernet, . Linux Ethernet .
, Ethernet, Linux SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol), Internet . SLIP SLIP-, Internet. SLIP-. Linux Ethernet , SLIP- .
NFS (Network File System)
. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
.
sendmail -
SMTP;
NNTP, C-News INN; telnet,
rlogin rsh -
; finger -
Internet. -
TCP/IP.
Linux, , , elm, pine, rn,
nn tin.
TCP/IP UNIX-, Linux - . , , TCP/IP, Linux. X- Linux TCP/IP, .
5 Linux TCP/IP, SLIP.
UUCP (UNIX-to-UNIX Copy) - , UNIX-. , UUCP- , UUCP TCP/IP. TCP/IP SLIP-, , UUCP. 5.
, , , Linux. BBS (Bulletin Board Systems), - , Prodigy, CompuServe America On-Line. UNIX- . Linux . Linux MS-DOS .
Linux - Seyon - X-,
, Kermit, ZModem ..
C-Kermit, pcomm minicom.
.
SLIP-,
term
. term
. term X-
X- ,
X-
Linux-. - KA9Q - ,
SLIP.
BBS - . Linux BBS, , . , Linux BBS, dial-in . BBS Linux XBBS UniBoard BBS.
BBS -, . BBS UNIX, .
TCP/IP UUCP, Linux BBS, FidoNet . 5.
MS-DOS. Linux MS-DOS Emulator, MS-DOS Linux. , Linux MS-DOS , 80386 , MS-DOS.
MS-DOS , . , MS-DOS, , , , . , , 80386, Microsoft Windows ( 386-). , Linux MS-DOS Emulator : 4DOS ( ), Foxpro 2.0, Harvard Graphics, MathCad, Stacker 3.1, Turbo Assembler, Turbo C/C++, Turbo Pascal, Microsoft Windows 3.0 ( ) WordPerfect 5.1. MS-DOS ( PKZIP ..) .
MS-DOS , MS-DOS , Linux. , MS-DOS. , , MS-DOS , Linux, . LILO , . Linux , OS/2.
Linux "" Linux MS-DOS. MS-DOS Linux MS-DOS, "".
, WINE - Microsoft Windows X Window System Linux. WINE, MS-Windows Linux. Windows Sun Microsystems. WINE - , . 5 MS-DOS, Linux.
Linux , "" . Linux UNIX-, . , .
Linux ,
Postgres, Ingres, Mbase.
-,
UNIX.
/rdb.
FELT (Finite Element
Analysis Tool); gnuplot ( ); Octave (
, MATLAB); xspread (
spreadsheet); xfractint (X-
Fractint); xlispstat ( )
. Spice (
) Khoros (/
).
, , Linux. Linux UNIX-, .
, Linux
.
"" , Nethack Moria; MUDs
(Multi-User Dungeons,
), DikuMUD TinyMUD; X,
xtetris, netrek Xboard (X11- gnuchess).
---- - Doom
Linux.
Linux -, CDplayer (, CD-ROM, CD-), MIDI ( , MIDI ) - .
? Linux, , Linux . , . Linux, INDEX FTP Linux, Internet. , .
, , Linux. UNIX Linux, , . , , . , , . , Linux. , .
GNU (the GNU General Public License) GPL. GPL GNU Free Software Foundataion. " ". "" , . GPL , GPL Linux. GPL E.
Linux , GPL, , . GPL , .
', " ", GPL - public domain. public domain - copyright , , " " - . , GPL, , . , copyright, . , - public domain.
GPL shareware. shareware , . GPL .
GPL , . , , GPL. , , Linux, . , , GPL.
GPL . , GPL . , GPL ( ) . , - GPL, , .
. , , GPL ? , , - CD-ROM . CD-ROM, . GPL.
, , , GPL. , , . , CD-ROM GPL, CD-ROM, . , , GPL. , . , GPL, .
- .
Internet, ,
Linux, .
. - ; . , Linux.
Linux, . Linux - , , . UNIX-, .
, UNIX, , , , , . - . , , , " ". , .
. . , , , ' .
, UNIX , . , . . - UNIX. , , , , , . , UNIX , , .
Linux
, , ,
.. , Linux
.
Linux Internet . , Internet , , , Linux , , . , . Linux- USENET. : , , , "" , y, ( - ).
. , ( ) . , , , , , , .
, . , "", . , UNIX, . Linux .
, , , "" , .. , . Linux- Internet, - Linux FTP- ( C) Linux- USENET, . , -, , , .
-, "", , ( , ). "", . .
, , . , -. .
, UNIX. ? , , - . . Linux. , , .
Linux (distribution), . . - , . Linux 2.1.
Linux, - UNIX . Linux , - "" . UNIX - , UNIX. Linux, , , . UNIX, Linux . - Linux- .
Linux UNIX . , UNIX Linux . , , . , Linux - UNIX. Linux - , .., UNIX .
, Linux, UNIX, . - 3 UNIX, 4 - Linux. Linux. , , , .
UNIX UNIX. , .
, UNIX, Linux. , UNIX , , Linux - UNIX. , , , , . - Linux, .
, . , . , , , . , WINE (Microsoft Windows Emulator for Linux) "" , . Linux- , , , - , . UNIX .
UNIX UNIX, Linux . . . . , - .
, Linux? , , , . , Emacs, . , Emacs, , , . .
, Linux , "" UNIX-. Linux , . Linux- , , , UNIX. Linux , . , Linux , UNIX.
Linux , MS-DOS, OS/2, UNIX . , , Linux . , .
Linux , , ? . - Linux - UNIX. UNIX, MS-DOS? Linux UNIX , X Window. , , UNIX. Linux UNIX . Linux - UNIX, UNIX-.
. Linux UNIX . . , , Linux, UNIX. Linux . , .
Linux . , Linux ( ) . , Linux - . , . 2.
- Linux MS-DOS. Linux MS-DOS, .
Linux (, TeX), , MS-DOS Linux. WordPerfect MS-DOS, TeX - . MS-DOS, Linux, , , .
, , , MS-DOS 80386 80486 . , Linux . ( - RAM). Linux UNIX-, MS-DOS. Linux UNIX, , MS-DOS.
MS-DOS Linux . , , Linux MS-DOS . MS-DOS - ( ), . , - . , $1000 . Linux , , , .
Linux MS-DOS, , . Linux - . UNIX , , Linux , .
, Linux MS-DOS. , MS-DOS Linux. MS-DOS, MS-DOS. Microsoft Windows .
. , OS/2 IBM Windows NT Microsoft MS-DOS.
OS/2 Windows NT , Linux. , OS/2, Windows NT Linux : , .. , Linux UNIX, UNIX-.
UNIX ? , . Internet, , , UNIX. ( Internet UNIX).
, UNIX , . UNIX-, . . ( - ) UNIX ( ).
OS/2 Windows NT . . ( - OS/2). : . OS/2 OS/2, , Windows NT.
UNIX . , . Linux POSIX.1 UNIX. , Linux , Linux-.
UNIX 80386 80486. 80386 UNIX, . UNIX, Linux. , UNIX . Linux UNIX.
Linux . Linux , , . UNIX , Linux . 1.8.
-, UNIX , . Linux , Internet, . 1.9 .
, , Linux , UNIX. Linux , ( TCP/IP) , .
. Linux , Internet ( ) . , CD-ROM ( B). , Linux - . Linux , . .
UNIX, , , , . , , , . , , Linux UNIX , .
" ", , Linux , . Linux . Linux . , , UNIX.
UNIX 386 486. 386BSD. 386BSD Linux , "" . : Linux ( ), 386BSD , . . : Linux - UNIX- ( ); 386BSD BSD, 386.
NetBSD - BSD NET/2 , 386. NetBSD 386BSD .
HURD - Free Software Foundation UNIX . Free Software Foundation ( ). HURD .
UNIX, Coherent ( $99) Minix (, UNIX, Linux). , , - . , UNIX Linux.
, Linux . , , , , Linux.
, Linux . , Linux - , . - 80386/80486 (, Linux , UNIX). . - Linux, , .
, Linux . .
. , . , .
Linux. Linux Hardware HOWTO ( 1.9) , Linux.
Linux . . , . ( 2.1).
Linux Intel 80386, 80486 Pentium CPU. , 386SX, 486SX, 486DX 486DX2. Linux "" , AMD Cyrix.
80386 80486SX, , , ( Linux FPU). FPU, IIT, Cyrix FasMath Intel.
ISA EISA. , . ISA EISA. MicroChannel (MCA) IBM, IBM PS/2, .
, . , , VESA Local Bus (VLB).
Linux . 2 RAM; 4 . - .
Linux 32- 386/486; , .
Linux 4 RAM, , X Window, Emacs .. , , . 8 ; 16 - .
Linux , RAM. , RAM, . , ' , . , , ; 2.2.3.
Linux. . , . 16- AT. 8- XT-; , AT-. Linux MFM, RLL IDE . ( ) ESDI - , ST506.
-SCSI , MS-DOS , Linux.
Linux SCSI , SCSI - . SCSI Adaptec AHA1542B, AHA1542C, AHA1742A (BIOS version 1.34), AHA1522, AHA1740, AHA1740 (SCSI-2 controller, BIOS 1.34 in Enhanced mode); Future Domain 1680, TMC-850, TMC-950; Seagate ST-02; UltraStor SCSI; Western Digital WD7000FASST. , .
, Linux . Linux ; , .
, . Linux UNIX; 10 - 20 . , , X Window, . , .
, RAM (16 ), , . 2.2.3.
Linux - , ' , . , 20 . 80 . , , 100 - 150 . , .
Linux Hercules, CGA, EGA, VGA, IBM monochrome, and Super VGA . , MS-DOS, Linux. IBM CGA Linux "", .
X Window . 5.1.1. , X Window System Linux, , .
"" , , CD-ROM, .., , Linux. .
, X Window System. Linux, , .
Linux , Logitech, MM, Mouseman, Microsoft (2-) Mouse Systems (3-). Linux , : Microsoft, Logitech ATIXL. PS/2.
, , .
CD-ROM SCSI. SCSI-, Linux, CD-ROM . D-ROM Linux, NEC CDR-74, Sony CDU-541 Texel DM-3024. Linux Sony internal CDU-31a Mistsumi CD-ROM.
Linux ISO-9660 CD-ROM.
. SCSI- Linux. Sankyo CP150SE; Tandberg 3600; Wangtek 5525ES, 5150ES 5099EN PC36. QIC-02 .
, Colorado, .
Linux . MS-DOS , Linux.
Linux UNIX lp lpr. .
, Linux , , . Linux , Kermit, pcomm, minicom Seyon. , Linux - .
Ethernet LAN- Linux. :
:
, .
, , , Linux . , , Linux, UNIX , , , UNIX. UNIX, , Linux. Grace Todino John Learning the UNIX Operating System.
- . , , Internet, USENET Fidonet. - , , .
Internet,
Linux anonymous FTP ,
.
Internet, - :
Linux, , ,
CD-ROM.
, Fidonet CompuServe.
Internet, ,
ftpmail-,
FTP-.
C ftpmail.
FTP-, Linux . Linux C. , , FTP-, .
A Linux,
anonymous FTP.
.
Linux docs Linux-
. , FTP sunsite.unc.edu
Linux
/pub/Linux
, Linux -
/pub/Linux/docs.
- Linux FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions), ( ) Linux; Linux HOWTO, , Installation HOWTO, Printing HOWTO, Ethernet HOWTO Linux META-FAQ - Linux Internet.
Linux USENET; 1.9.4.
(Home Page) Linux WWW
http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/linux.html
HOWTO HTML, , Linux.
Linux. Linux Documentation Project (LDP) - , Internet "" Linux. , UNIX: - Linux , , , ..
LDP FTP- Internet, (. ).
Linux , UNIX , , , Linux, Linux UNIX. , , Linux, , UNIX. Linux , .
UNIX, , . UNIX, UNIX , .
Linux, Linux Journal. Linux- , , USENET (. ). Linux Journal . .
USENET - - ``newsgroups''( - ""). Linux Internet USENET, USENET, Linux.
alt.os.linux,
Linux comp.os.minix.
alt.os.linux , 1992
"comp"
comp.os.linux.
comp.os.linux (
) USENET, ,
comp.os. 1992,
, ' ,
comp.os.linux.announce .
1993 , - .
2000 -
USENET.
USENET, e-mail, Internet , :
() , ' Linux (, , ..). Linux - . . .
Matt Welsh Lars Wirzenius.
,
.
.
,
linux-announce@tc.cornell.edu.
linux,
- .
Linux. , Linux. Linux - -, . , , .
Linux ( ) Linux (, , ..).
Linux. , , . , - . Linux, 1.6.
, Linux. Linux .
, . "" Linux ( "Linux Windows NT"). .
, comp.os.linux
.
comp.os.linux
, .
Internet, , USENET. Internet, (, UUCP, FidoNET, CompuServe Internet), - . ``Linux Activists'' Linux , . "" ; : NORMAL - Linux; KERNEL - ; GCC - gcc- ; NET - TCP/IP; DOC - Linux; .
, Linux, :
linux-activists@niksula.hut.fi
, , .
Linux.
' Linux
USENET, ,
USENET group news.answers.
, - Linux. - Linux, , , .
- USENET 1.9. , BBS, CompuServe ..
Linux. "", Linux. USENET Internet .
! , 1.9 A. , Linux. , UNIX , Linux , , .
. , . Linux. , Linux . , . , Linux .
. . ' , , . Linux , , , . , UNIX-.
. , . , .
, . . , .