:


---------------------------------------------------------------
 © Copyright  
 Email: agb@krig.dp.ua
 Date: 30 Jul 1999
          
 http://www.bykov.dp.ua
---------------------------------------------------------------




RS/6000 Aix Software



 

IBM AIX version 4.x








  



 




  

  
  

   



 

  

   

   

 

  


  

    DNS

   

   
   TCP/IP



 

 

    AIX



  
 DCE

 

COMMON DESKTOP ENVIRONMENT (CDE)



 










  





    



  


 ,   
  
 , ,
, ,
 ,    ,
  
   , 
 IBM AIX  . ,  
      
  
. 


   
,   AIX,   
   (IBM, SCO  .)
   UNIX   Intel 
    
 AIX,   
   ,
  . 


 "  IBM
AIX Version 4"    
    
AIX. 


    
   AIX  
    
   -  
   
"".   
 ,    (
Oracle)   intranet.   ,  
   (.  ),
    AIX  
  . 



   
  AIX, 
  IBM, 
  AIX 
. 


   
 . 


  IBM AIX -
 - UNIX,  ,
      
  .
    , 
, ,    UNIX
   ,  , 
,  
     
 ,   
   .
     
 UNIX,   
""   
 ,  
,     . 
     
      .
   UNIX 
 ,     ,
   
   UNIX.
  ,    
     
   . 


  UNIX,  
   ( 
),     IBM.
 ,     
 IBM,  , 
     
  IBM AIX,    UNIX,  
.    , 
     
 UNIX,  , ,
,  
  . 


    ,  
     AIX
  
    
   . , 
       
 .  , 
 
    , 
   . 


    AIX,
    ,
  
  IBM  
 RS/6000    AIX.
 ,   IBM ,  
   
,  ,     
     .
    ,  
    Microsoft 
  .
   
   IBM.  
  ,  
    ,
    , 
     
 .  ,
,    
 "". 


,     
     
   
  IBM,    
  AIX.


    AIX 
     IBM,
    IBM, 
  ,
    
  IBM,   Internet,
    .


    




















    





     
   
   ,  
,     
.     
  IBM RS/6000 
  AIX. 


    RS/6000
   AIX  
 ? , 
   , 
      
 , 
, ,
  . ,
    
   
 . 


    AIX
 


  AIX  
   UNIX 
 X/Open XPG4.   Portable
Operating System Interface for Computer Environments (POSIX) IEEE 1003.1-1990 
   IBM Open
Blueprint,    Single UNIX (SPEC 1170) 
  X/Open XPG4 UNIX 95.  
   
  AIX  
    
  
:    
.   AIX  
    ,
    ,
,    
 ,   
   
 . 


   
 AIX: 


   
   
  
 .


   
 AIX 3.2  
  . 
    
  . 


  
     
POWER, POWER2, P2SC  PowerPC 
  
   
 RS/6000 SP, SMP     PowerPC.


   
   
  ,    (.
 AIX). 


   
 2-  
    (.

   ). 


 
   
  ,  : 
    ,
   
 . 


  X/OPEN XPG4   
 UNIX 95;  Single UNIX
Specification (SPEC1170)  
   UNIX
.   
  . 


   SOMobjects
  SOM  
,    
 .  
    . 


 / 
   JFS
   
  (. 
   
  ). 


   
  
   ,
  ,  
   . 


AIX   CDE 
  
 (. Common Desktop Environment (CDE)). 
   
   
 . 


  
  
   ,  
   (.  
  ). 


   C2
  
    (. ).



 
,   
     
,     
  
. 


Network Installation Manager (NIM) 
   
   . 


 ITAA    2000
     
   31  1999 . 


  
   
     
  (. 
  ). 
    . 


   Unicode
    
UCS . 


 LVM   (striping) 
     ,
  
  (. 
(RAID 0)). 


 IBM Network Station 
   
.    
 Java  Internet. 


Welcome Center  
   RS/6000  AIX. 
    , 
, ,   . 


  
  AIX 4.3


  64-bit  
   32-
    
   
.  
 32-  64-    64-
.   
 64- .
  16GB    64-
. 


Web-  
   AIX  
  /   
  Java 1.1 


   HTML  
    HTML (
    Adobe Acrobat PDF 
troff).    
    web-. 


Java Developer Kit (JDK) 1.1.2   IBM
Just-In-Time (JIT)    
  . 
- Java  ""  
  Java   
 (  25  
   - Java). 


  Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPV6)
  ,
  IP. 
 IP   
,  
 . 


 IPsec  
  IPV4  IPV6. 


  LDAP  Secure
Sockets Layer (SSL) Version 3    
  
  X.509v3. 
    
 LDAP. 


2000 Ready  AIX 4.3   2000   
    
    2000,   2001 .
 ,    
,  2000   . 


 Print spooler 
    
  1000  .



X11R6   Xwindow 
 64-  
   . 


 
 (API) OpenGL, GL 3.2  graPHIGs
  
 3D.  
   
 API,   
  . 


 /
  
 
  
   
 AIX. 


CacheFS   ONC+ 
    ,
   Network File System.



 / 
  
  
/. 


  Telnet 
   40%  60%. 


Unicode 2.0  
   UCS. 


  C2  
   
   C2 US DOD,
     ( AIX
4.2.0   
 ITSEC   
 F-C2/E3). 


Bonus Pack Version 4.3  AIX 
   . 
,   
,     
 : 


 Ultimedia Services  AIX 

 Adobe Acrobat Version 2.01 

 Lotus Domino Go Webserver 4.6 

 Network Station Manager (NSM) Version 2.5 

 IP Security xx-bit DES 

 DCE Client Version 2.1 

 Netscape Navigator 3.0.3 

 Netscape Navigator 4.0.3 ( ) 

 Netscape FastTrack Server 2.0.1 

 LDAP-SSL Version 3 xx-bit encryption 


   RS/6000


  AIX  
 IBM RS/6000,   
    
(, Apple Computer)   PowerPC.
   ,
  ,  
   , , 
 ,  
    
 .   
,   IBM RS/6000 
    ,
   -
 IBM RS/6000 SP. 


    
 
  : Power  PowerPC. 
   
 RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Cycles). 
   
    , ,
  
     
,   
CISC (,  Intel),  ,
 .   Power
    
  (, 
    
 ). 
 Power   -
 IBM RS/6000 SP.   PowerPC
    
  (, 
   ). 


  RS/6000


    RS/6000
 
  MCA (MicroChannel) 
IBM  SCSI-.  
   
,     ,
   
. 


 RS/6000   PCI 


  RS/6000   PCI,
    
   MCA.
  
    PCI
    ISA (
)  MCA, EISA  NuBus (,
   Apple Macintosh).


 RS/6000


 RS/6000   
  ,   .
     
 ,   
,    
  .   ,
   . 
    
 .  
   SCSI.  
, ,  
   
   ,
  
  SSA. 


 /


  / RS/6000
     
 ,  
     ,
  .  
  (,
   )
 8-, 16-  128- 
 .    
    
  , 
  Token-Ring, Ethernet, FastEthernet,
FDDI, Fiber Channel Switch, ATM, X.25  .  
   
  SDLC. 


  


    RS/6000
  POWERStation, -
  
,   
   (,
CAD/CAM).      RS/6000
  ,  
  .
  
 ,  
,  ,
 , 2D  3D   ..
  (  23-
 IBM PowerDisplay)  
  .


 


 


  
  ASCII , 
      
.   ,
    
 RS/6000    
 .  
   ASCII 
  . 


 


   
  RS/6000   ,
   ,
     Ethernet 
Token-Ring.    RS/6000 
  ()
. ,    
    ASCII
. 


XStation


XStation (X )   
   
 ,   
, ,   
  ( 
)     .
    
 RS/6000   , 
   XStation Manager. 


  


,    
 ,    
  .  
    
 ,  
     
    ,  
    
    ,
   
 ,   ..
  AIX  
,    
  . 
    
 UNIX   
 TCP/IP  NFS.   
 RS/6000,   
 ,     Sun 3 
Sun 4.     
  , 
 , 
    
 NFS V4,    
.    
  ,  
, . 


  (Network Computers)


Network Computer -  
 . 
 
   
 ,    
  
    
 ,   .
,  , 
   (,
   ..),  
    , 
  Internet.  
  
  
 ,  
 ,  
   
  ,   ,
    
   
.


    












  







    



  


  


  
  
   
    
. 


   
    AIX 
 ,  
   , 
   ,    ,
 ,
  
. 


  
    
   " ?", 
 " ?". 


  


  : 



  
 /; 

     
  ; 

    (,   ..); 

    ; 

     ; 




    
; 


   ; 


  ; 


  ( )
; 


    
; 


  ; 


    ; 


   ; 


  ; 


  ; 


  ; 


  
. 


    (,
 15-20  ,  
    ) 
   
   .
    
   ,   
  ,
  
     
. 


  
 


  AIX 
   
    root ( 
  
   
  (.   )).



    ,
   root, 
    
  (ID). 
  
   
 ,   
  .  
   
 ID  . 


   
     
 
 root,   su.
 ,   , 
    
 root.   
  
   root  exit 
   <Ctrl-D>. 


   
   su:  /bin/su,   
    root 
.     
 "". 


 :
 su [_] 
   ,
   .


 
   



















 
   




  
   AIX
   .




   
    : 


     
     
   ? 

      
  ? 

    (,
  ..)? 

     
 ? 

  ..  .. 


 


   
   
  (BOS):  
   (4mm, 8mm, QIC120, QIC525) 
   16  
. 


     
 RS/6000   PCI.   
   BOS   CD-ROM.
   CD-ROM   8
  . 


   
 AIX Network Installation Manager (NIM). 
   
  BOS  
    
   . 


     
  IBM  RS/6000  
 BOS. 


 AIX


  AIX    
,    
 ,   .
   
    AIX  
  . 


   
    RS/6000  
    
.   1-2 
 +  root.  
     ,
  , 
,  ,    
. 


    
    RS/6000
  .   
     : 


  ; 

   ;

  ; 

  ; 

    Internet; 

 ; 

  ; 

   ; 

  ; 

   . 


   
 . 
    
1-2    root.
  
   
    IBM. 


   RS/6000 ( 1)


     service. 

     
 reset. 

    
  CD-ROM  . 
   ,  
  ,  
 . 


  RS/6000   PCI ( 1) 


     (SCSI
 SSA  ). 

  . 

  CD-ROM  .  
   , 
     
 . 


:    
 3.5"   
   . 


    
  ( 2  3)



  
******* Please define the System Console. *******

  
 

  Type a 2 at this terminal and press <Enter>

  if you want this display to be the System Console.



    
    
  ,   
   
     
 . 


   
  : 


  (Terminal type) dumb 

 (Speed) 9600 

 (Parity) no 

   (Bits per character) 8 

-   (Stop bits) 1 

  (Line Control) IPRTS 

  (Operation mode) echo 

Turnaround character CR 


    
   .   
    (
  ),    
<2>   <Enter>   
  . 


    ,
    
 (   ).
     ,
     
  . 


    ( 4) 


     
   . 



  
Welcome to Base Operating System

  Installation and Maintenance

  
 

  Type the number of your choise and press Enter. Choice indicated by
  >>>

  
 

  1 Start Install now with Default Settings

  2 Change/Show Installation Settings and Install

  3 Start Maintenance Mode for System Recovery

   

  
 

  

  88 Help ?

  >>> Choice [1]: 2



 



  
Installation Settings 

  
Either type 0 or press Enter to install with current
  settings, or type the

  number of the setting you want to change and press Enter.

  
1 System Settings

      Method of installation         
  New and Complete Overwrite

      Disk where you want to Install 
  hdisk0

   

  
2 Primary Language Enviroment Settings (AFTER install)

        Cultural Convention       
  C (POSIX)

        Language                      
  C (POSIX)

        Keyboard                      
  C (POSIX)

   

  
3 Install Trusted Computing Base
  no

   

  
0 Install with the settings listed above

   

  
88 Help ?

  99 Previous Menu      
  Warning: Base Operating System Installation

                        
  will destroy or impair recovery of SOME data

                        
  on the destination disk hdisk0

   

  
>>> Choice [1]: 




   Trusted Computing Base (TCB) 
 trusted path, trusted shell  
 . Trusted path  
    
 (, su),   
,  . Trusted path  
 ,  ,  
,  .   
 TCB ( , .Trusted
Computing Base),       
,    TCB  
 (   BOS).
 TCB    
  .


 



  
Change
  Method of Installation

  
Type the number of your choice and press Enter.

  

  

  
1 New and Complete Overwrite

    Overwrites
  EVERYTHING on the disk selected for installation.

    Warning: Only use this method if the disk is totally empty or
  there is nothing

    on the disk you want to preserve.

  
 

  2 Preservation Install

    Preserves SOME of the exiting data on the disk selected for
  installation.

    Warning: This method overwrites the usr (/usr), variable (/var),
  temporary

    (/tmp), and root (/root) file systems. Other product (application)
  files and

    configuration data will be destroyed.

  
 

  3 Migration Install

    Upgrades the Base Operating System to current release. Other
  product

    (application) files and configuration data will be spared.

   

  
88 Help ?

  99 Previous Menu              

   

  
>>> Choice [3]: 1




   : 


1. New and Complete Overwrite -   
    .
    
    ,  
 ,    
. 


2. Preservation Install -   ,
    BOS 
  . 
   
 /(root), /usr, /var  /temp. 


3. Migration Install -  
     AIX 
 .    
   
    
 /tmp. 


   


   , 
  (  
   )  
 ,   
 . 



  
Change
  Disk Where You Want to Install

   

  
Type
  one or more numbers for the disk(s) to be used for

  installation and press Enter. To cancel a choice, type the

  corresponding number and press Enter. At least one bootable

  disk must be selected. The current choice indicated by >>>

   

  
                      
  Size
  VG

       Name
  Location Code   (MB)  
  Status   Bootable

    1  hdisk0
  00-01-00-0.0     305   
  rootvg   yes

    2  hdisk1
  00-01-00-1.0    305   
  rootvg   no

   

  
>>> 0 Continue with choices indicated above

   

  
  66 Disks
  not known to Base Operating System Installation

    88 Help ?

    99 Previous Menu

   

  
  >>>
  Choice [0]: 




    ,   
     , ,
    ,  
    
 (  66). 


    


     
,    
 ( ,   ..),
    
. 


   RS/6000


     
.  
  AIX, 
  
   . 
  
 .  
   
   
 ,   
,    Installation
Assistant,      
  . 


RS/6000   PCI 


   RS/6000   PCI  
,     
     RS/6000
   
    
Normal. 


  ( 5) 


 RS/6000 


    
   
  (  CD-ROM) 
    Normal. 


RS/6000   PCI 


    
    
     <Enter> 
 .  
    System
Management Services,  <F4>  ,
  ,   
 AIX   
. 


 Installation Assistant Menu ( 6)


  BOS  
  : 
 (root),   ,
    
  . , ,
     
 .    
     
    . 


  BOS 
    Installation Assistant,
    
.    Installation Assistant
   BOS,   
     
   . 


    Installation Assistant
  "Tasks Completed - Exit to AIX Login"
  .   
Installation Assistant     
  .  
   root  
Installation Assistant.    Installation Assistant
   : Install_assist


 
   











  







 
   


  


  


  
 UNIX ,     AIX, 
    ,
  ,    
   
     
   
   UNIX. 
    
   , ,
   
    
   
 ,   , 
  ,  
 ,    
   .


, 
   
 ( UNIX),    Windows NT Server,
     
  ,    
 ,     
  
   
  .


  
  
   
   
,   
     
  ,  
   .


,
   ,  AIX 
     
. 


   
  AIX Version 4


  AIX  
    
  -
 System Management Interface Tools (SMIT),
   
 AIX.


SMIT     
 .  
 ,  
  
     . 
    
     . 


   SMIT: -
(ASCII)   (Motif).  
    (
  AIX, SunOS 4.1.3  HP-UX 9.0)
    Distributed
System Management Interface Tools (DSMIT) (.DSMIT). 


    , 
   70% 
 (
, , ,
),  
  
 - Visual System Manager (VSM), 
   
  
  (. Visual
System Management (VSM)). 


    , 
  
   
    
. ,  , 
  ASCII . 


   
  


   
 AIX  
   Object Data Manager (ODM),
    
    , 
      ( 
).  ,   
  
<Enter>   , 
    ODM,  
    . 
      
 ODM.


   ODM: /etc/objrepos/


      ,  
,    - 
     . 


   SMIT


  
  ASCII   AIXWindows ,
  
     
.


  SMIT 
 : 


 ; 

   ( ); 

 ; 

  ; 

  ; 


  SMIT (ASCII) 


  SMIT  
  . 



  
System
  Management

  

  
Move cursor to desired item and press Enter.

  

  
  Software
  Installation and Maintenance

    Software License Management

    Devices

    System Storage Management (Physical and Logical Storage)

    Security & Users

    Communication Application and Services

    Print Spooling

    Problem Determination

    Performance & Resource Scheduling

    System Environment

    Processes & Subsystems

    Application

    Using SMIT (information only)

  
 

  F1=Help      F2=Refresh
  F3=Cancel
  F8=Image

  F9=Shell      F10=Exit
  Enter=Do



 


    
   
  .
    
 . ,  
   
  . 



  
Schedule
  a Job

  

  
Type or select values in entry fields.

  Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.

  

  
                           
  [Entry Fields]

    YEAR                     
  [98]

    MONTH                    
  [Sep]             
  #

    DAY (1-31)               
  [12]              
  +

  * HOUR (0-23)              
  [10]              
  #

  * MINUTES (0-59)                 
  [30]              
  #

    SHELL to use for job execution
  Korn (ksh)              +

  * COMMAND or SHELL SCRIPT           
  []                
  /

         (full pathname)

   

  F1=Help      F2=Refresh
  F3=Cancel
  F4=List

  F5=Reset     F6=Command
  F7=Edit
  F8=Image

  F9=Shell     F10=Exit
  Enter=Do



,      
  
 [ ]. 


,      
    < >.


  ,    
   : 


* ,    
 ; 


#      
; 


/       (pathname); 


   
; 


?     
; 


+    . 


     
 (, , 
  +)  
<F4>. 


     
  
  SMIT  AIX.
    
 <F6>.


 



  
COMMAND
  STATUS

  

  
Command:  OK
  stdout: yes
  stderr: no

  

  Before command completion, additional instructions may appear

  below.

  

  [TOP]

     UID   PID
  PPID  C  STIME   TTY
  TIME  CMD

    root     1
  0  4  20:15:04  -
  1:49  /etc/init

    root  1719
  1  0  20:16:14  -
  0:10  /etc/syncd 60

    root  2003
  1  0  20:16:19  -
  0:00  /etc/srcmstr

    root  2233
  1  0  20:16:14  -
  0:00  /usr/lib/errdemon

    ray  
  3525     1
  0  17:01:28  0
  0:00  -ksh

    root  3806
  2003  0  20:16:23  -
  0:00  /etc/syslogd

    ray  
  4162  3525
  6  19:53:22  0
  0:04  smit

    root  5355
  1  0  20:16;27  -
  0:12  /etc/cron

    root  6649
  2003  0  20:16:32  -
  0:00  qdaemon

    ray  
  7303  4162
  8  20:09:45  0
  0:00  ps –ef

  

  [MORE . . . 6]

  

  F1=Help      F2=refresh
  F3=Cancel
  F6=Command

  F8=Image     F9=Shell
  F10=Exit
  /=Find

  n=Find Next



    
   .
     
    
 <PgDn>, <PgUp>, <Home>, <End>
  .


 SMIT    



   SMIT    smit.log
 smit.script   $HOME 
,   SMIT.  
  ,    
     SMIT.


 smit.log     SMIT,
     
.     
,  ,   
   .


 smit.script   
     SMIT
 (    
     ). 
    
 ,   
     ()
    
. 


DSMIT


 DSMIT  
 SMIT  
     
   .    SMIT, DSMIT
  ASCII . DSMIT 
     
,  AIX  4.1  ,
  : Sun OS 4.1.3 
HP-UX 9.0. 


  DSMIT 
    
  root (   ). 
 DSMIT     dsmit. 


:    
     
 . 


 Visual System Management (VSM)


   
  
  
 . , 
 AIX 3.2.5  ,  
 ,  Visual
System Management (VSM).


   AIX VSM - 
  
 .


   -
   Common
Desktop Environment (. Common Desktop Environment
(CDE)), 
   
,   ,  UNIX. 
   
   
     
   (
 70%   
)  
 .  
  "--" (drag-and-drop).
   
    
 . 


 VSM: 



  

     
    
  

  

     /
    xuserm
  

  

     
      
    xlvm
  

  

     
    xprintm
  

  

     
    xdevicem
  

  

      
    xinstallm
  

  

      
      
    xmaintm
  




 
   











   








 
   


   



    
   
 IBM   AIX,  
  
,   
   
     IBM.


 AIX   
     
    
 .  IBM
   -
     
 IBM Software Server,   
  : IBM Communications Server, IBM
Database Server (DB/2), IBM Directory and Security Server, IBM Internet
Connection Server (Web-server), IBM System Management Server (IBM SystemView
Server), IBM Transaction Server, Lotus Notes Release 4.


 , , Oracle,
    
, , , 
.


  



   (LPP)
-    ,
      (package)
   (fileset),  
 LPP.


 
    
 (fileset).    -
   
.     
 (package),      
 .


   ,  
LPP    
.     LPP, 
,  ,  , , 
 ,      
.   
   . 


LPP.Package.fileset.suffix


,    
    (NFS) 
 TCP/IP  bos.net.tcp.nfs   
       
bos.net  LPP bos.


   :


.adt    LPP

.com      


.compat   , 
     LPP

.data   ,   /usr/share

.dev    LPP

.diag    

.fnt    

.info[lang]   InfoExplorer  LPP

.help[lang]     LPP

.loc    LPP

.mp   
 

.msg[lang] 

.rte    run time

.smit     
SMIT

.ucode    

.up    
 


   
   
.     
    
.


LPP.msg.[lang].package.fileset


 (Bundles)


 SMIT   
     
   LPP,   (bundle).
     
.


Supporting Code Service


  
      
    
 :


root ,   
 root,    
 ;

usr ,   
  ;

share  , 
  /usr/share.


  ,    
    .


  



   
   . 
   Update Bundle  
,   fixes,
 ,  
    
    .


 (Maintenance Level Bundle),  
   
 .


Fix States


   
   :


Applied  ,  
  ;

Commited    
  . 


   
 


   
    
 :


1.    
 (Install and Update software);

2.  
  (Maintain Installed Software);

3.    (Network
Installation Management).  
 (Custom Install)


    


# smit install_selectable



  
Install/Update
  Selectable Software (Custom Install)

  
Move cursor to desired item and press Enter.

   

    Install
  Software Products at Latest Level

    Install Bundles of Software

    Install Maintenance Levels

    Install Fileset Updates by Fix

    Install Additional Printer/Plotter Software

    Install Additional Device Software

    Install/Update From All Available Software

  

   

  F1=Help      F2=Refresh
  F3=Cancel
  F8=Image

  F9=Shell     F10=Exit
  Enter=Do



  
   .



  
Install
  Software Products at Latest Level

  
 

  Type or select values in entry fields.

  Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.

  

                                              [Entry
  Fields] 

  * INPUT device/directory for software
  /dev/rmt0.1

  * SOFTWARE to install         
  [all_licensed]    
  +

    PREVIEW
  only? (install operation will not occur)no          
  +

    COMMIT
  software updates?           
  yes   
        
  +

    ALTERNATE
  save directory          
  []

    AUTOMATICALLY
  install requisite software? yes               
  +

    EXTEND
  filesystem if space needed?      
  yes               
  +

    OVERWRITE
  same or never versions?         no                
  +

    VERIFY
  install and check file sizes?      no                
  +

    Include
  corresponding LANGUAGE filesets? 
  yes               
  +

    DETAILED
  output?            
    no                
  +

  

  F1=Help      F2=Refresh
  F3=Cancel
  F4=List

  F5=Reset     F6=Command
  F7=Edit
  F8=Image

  F9=Shell     F10=Exit
  Enter=Do




   
  
   lslpp -L 
.*   SMIT (
    
: smit lslpp).


 
   











   







 
   


   


  


  RS/6000


    
     
   :


Normal    
   
   .

Secure   . 
 .

Service    
    
:  , CD-ROM,
 ,  ( 
 ,   
CD-ROM)   .  
.   
 .


 RS/6000   PCI


     :


Normal Mode 

    ; 

  ; 

      ; 

   ; 

  . 


Standalone Mode

     System Management Services
diskette

    : 



  
   
   ;

      
  ; 

    ;

     (,
     ).




   standalone 
  :


1.    System Management Services 
.

2.    .

3.     
  <F1>   
   <F4>   
 ASCII


 standalone    
   :


1.  <Ctrl+Alt+Del>.

2.  <F3>.

3.     .


     
.


  


 RS/6000


    
    
LED    .  
   
  (BIST).  
   
 ,   ,
   .  
BIST     100  199.
  
 
   (POST) 
   (IPL). 
    
      
  .   
    201  298.
    
 .    299.
   
 (  500  999).  
 553   init 
   
   /etc/inittab.


RS/6000   PCI


 RS/6000   PCI   
 :  (
  ,  ,
     ,
 ,
 )  
(    
  ( CD) System Management Service Diskette).
   
    
  , 
   
,     
   .  
    
  .


   


    
   alog. 
   
       
 .    
 ,  , 
    
   . 
  
 alog   
     alog
 ODM.


   
: boot, bosinst  nim.  
 alog     
    
rc.boot.


 ,    ,
   
 (maintenance mode)  
   
 


alog -o -t boot


    
 (, boot)    
     tee. 


 /etc/inittab


  /etc/inittab   ,
     
init,      ,  
 .    ,
     .
     
.


    :


_:::


_   (
14 ).    
    .


  , 
   
.   0-9, S, s (-
 ), M  m. 
  init,  
    (
    ).  
 S  s, init  
 ,    M
 m,   .  
     /etc/inittab ,
  , 
    .
   - 2 ( 
 .  
 ,   ,  
    .


 ,   
 init.   :




respawn    ,
 

wait     


once    
    

sysinit ,  
    





     /etc/inittab
( ):


init:2:initdefault brc::sysinit:/sbin/rc.boot 3>/dev/console 2 > &1 #3   
powerfail::powerfail:etc/rc.powerfail 2 >&1 | alog -tboot > /dev/console
rc:2:wait:/etc/rc 2>&1 | alog -tboot > /dev/console
fbcheck:2:wait:/usr/sbin/fbcheck 2 >&1 | alog -tboot > /dev/console
srcmstr:2:respawn:/usr/sbin/srcmstr #start src cron:2:respawn:/usr/sbin/cron
rctcpip:2:wait:/etc/rc.tcpip>/dev/console 2>&1 #start tcpip daemon
qdaemon:2:wait:/usr/sbin/startsrc -s qdaemon writesrv:2:wait:/usr/sbin/startsrc -s writesrv
uprintfd:2:respawn:/usr/sbin/uprintfd
infod:2:once:startsrc -sinfod
tty0:2:respawn:/usr/sbin/getty /dev/tty0 #  getty
tty1:2:respawn:/usr/sbin/getty /dev/tty1 # 


 ,   init  
 /etc/inittab (,    
 getty  ,   
 -    )
   telinit -q.


   /etc/inittab  
  
  mkitab  chitab.


System Resource Controller (SRC)


   
  ,
    
  .


   
  .
  
  
.


   
 ( ), 
   .


  
    
   System
Resource Controller (SRC).


SRC : 




    
,    
;

    
 ;

  ,  
 ;

     
;

  .




 SRC


 : startsrc [options]{-s |-g
}

 : stopsrc [options]{-a|-g |-p
PID_|-s }

 : refresh {-g |-p PID_|-s
}

  : lssrc {-a|-g
|-s }


 :

-f    
   
  ;

-s ,    
 ;

-g ,    
    
.


    



  
    
    
   
      (CDE
Login).


    
:


     
 ;

    System Maintenance;

      root;

    /usr
 MOUNT /USR

   /usr/dt/bin/dtconfig -d #disable CDE

     /usr
 unmount /usr

    shutdown -r

      ASCII ;

   ;

   /usr/dt/bin/dtconfig -e #enable CDE

   ;

      
 .


 


    
    shutdown
( SMIT   Stop the System).


 :


shutdown [-] [+ ]


 :


shutdown +2 The system will not available until tomorrow


    
 :


Broadcast message from root on tty...


shutdown: PLEASE LOG OFF!!!
System maintenance is in progress.
All processes will be killed in 2 minutes.
The system will not be available until tomorrow


    
,     
     
     
,    
,   
   . 
  .


    shutdown 
 -F   
  (  ), -r
   
 , -m    
 .


 -k   .
    , 
 root,  
  .


    
   
: 


sync
sync
halt


   
 



  
System
  Enviroment

  
 

  Move cursor to desired item and press Enter.

  

    Stop
  the system

    Assing the Console

    Change/Show Date, Time, and Time Zone

    Manage Language Enviroment

    Change/Show Characteristics of the Operating System

    Change/Show Number of Licensed Users

    Manage AIX Floating User Licenses for this Server

    Broadcast Message to all Users

    Manage System Logs

    System Dump

    Change System User Interface

   

  F1=Help      F2=Refresh
  F3=Cancel
  F8=Image

  F9=Shell     F10=Exit
  Enter=Do



     /etc/environment
    
LANG     
 .



 chlang <  > 
   ,
    
InfoExplorer, on-line help  SMIT     
.



  
Manage
  Language Environment

  
 

  Move cursor to desired item and press Enter.

  

    Change/Show
  Primary Language Environment

    Add Additional Language Environments

    Remove Language Environment

    Change/Show Language Hierarchy

    Change/Show Applications for a Language

    Convert System Messages and Flat Files

   

  

  

  

  

  F1=Help      F2=Refresh
  F3=Cancel
  F8=Image

  F9=Shell     F10=Exit
  Enter=Do



  ASCII   
    (,  KOI-8r 
WIN1251  ),   lconv,
   SMIT.


 
   



















 
   






   
   
,    
 ,  
   : 


   - 
,    
 

  -  /,
    
 .  
   
  , 
  
   .

   - 
 ,   
   
   
 .

   - 
 ( ) 
  
    
.


,   
,  
 .


     
: 


 -  -
   . 
   .
 /   ().
   
 .

 -  -
-  
.


 - 
      -
. ,   
 ,   -
  /dev/hd1,  
  -  /dev/rhd1.


 - : 


cd0 CD-ROM

fd0, fd0l, fd0h 

hd1, lv00  

hdisk0  


 - : 


console, lft, tty0 

lp0 

rmt0  

tok0, ent0 

kmem, mem, null 

rfd0, rfd0l, rfd0h 

rhd1, rlv00  

rhdisk0  


/dev -    
 ,   
   (
    ODM  
    
).


    /dev
    
 ls -l /dev


   



   
   
  ODM    
      
.


   
   
   
 .  
  
    ,
    
   
.


   
   
,    
  .   
 (  ).


   
   : lsdev -P -H


   
   : lsdev - -H


   lsdev: 


-P    
 

-C    
 

-H     -c
   (, lsdev -Pctape;
lsdev -Ccmemory  .) 


 lsattr -E -l [__]
  
  
  
 . 


 


     
    :


 (Defined) -   
     
   .
      
   .


 (Available) - 
    .
  (,
  SCSI),  
  ,   
     
     
 . 


:  inet0 
   stopped (.. 
   TCP/IP).


 


  
   (location code)
   .


     
 ,    
  .


     
 .  : 


AA-BB-CC-DD 


  AA  BB   
   . 
 (AA-BB-CC)   
  .  
(AA-BB-CC-DD)    
    
 .


AA -    
/,  0  
      (0
  -)


BB -     
/ (0 - MCA  PCI; 1 - ISA; 2 - pcmcia) 
 -    
     /.
  ISA    
x.


CC -     
.   : 0P -
 , 0S - SCSI, S1, S2 -
 , 0D - -,
0K - , 0M - , 0T - 


DD -     
   .


 SCSI   
   :


AA-BB-CC-S,L


CC -    00  


            01 
 

            0S
    SCSI
 

S - SCSI   ( 
  7)  
   SCSI 
0 

L -    
 (,   
) 


 


 
,    
 ROM  
,    
    cfgmgr (configuration
manager).    
    
    
   
.  cfgmgr   
    ()
.


:  
    
 cfgmgr.


 ISA 


   
   ISA,    ISA 
  ,
,  PCI.


  
    ISA:


  / (I/O address)

    (bus memory address)

   (IRQ)

  DMA (DMA channels)

     DMA (bus memory DMA
address)


 AIX     ISA
,   
 . 
    SMIT  
  mkdev.  
     mkdev,
  SMIT   
   
  
  .
  mkdev   
    
 ISA,     
    (
   ).


  (, IBM Ethernet adapter)
    
    
.    
  
      
     RS/6000.


  mkdev   ISA
 Ethernet (  ):


mkdev -c adapter -s isa -t ethernet -a bus_intr_lvl=IRQ -a bus_io_addr=IO -a bus_mem_addr=MEM -a media_type=TYPE -p bus1


 IRQ -  ;

IO -   /;

MEM -    ;

TYPE -    (bnc, utp  .).


  


    smit
devices



  
Devices

  
 

  Move cursor to desired item and press Enter.

  

    Install/Configure
  Devices Added After IPL

    Printer/Plotter

    TTY

    Asynchronous Adapters

    PTY

    Console

    Fixed Disk

    CD ROM Drive

    Read/Write Optical Drive

    Diskette Drive

    Tape Drive

    Communication

    Graphic Displays

    Graphic Input Devices

    Low Function Terminal (LFT)

    SCSI Initiator Device

    Xstation Configuration

    SCSI Adapter

    Asynchronous I/O

    Multimedia

    List Devices

    Install Additional Device Software

    ISA Adapter

    PCMCIA Adapter

   

  F1=Help      F2=Refresh
  F3=Cancel
  F8=Image

  F9=Shell     F10=Exit
  Enter=Do



:


 TTY    
  (, ,
)

 PTY  .
   
 ,   
   .
    
AIXWindows    TCP/IP.

 Communication    
 (Ethernet, X.25  .)

 Xstation Configuration    
  Xstation Manager 


 


   
   mkdev.  
    ,  :


)  ,   ;

)    ;

)  .


     
 SMIT. ,  
   :


mkdev -c diskette -t fd -s slofd -p fda0.


    SMIT   
:



  
Add a
  Diskette Drive

  
 

  Type or select values in entry fields.

  Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.

  

                                  
  [Entry Fields]

  * PORT number                         
  []                
  +

    Diskette DRIVE TYPE           
  3.5 inch        
  +

  

  

  F1=Help      F2=Refresh
  F3=Cancel
  F4=List

  F5=Reset     F6=Command
  F7=Edit
  F8=Image

  F9=Shell     F10=Exit
  Enter=Do



 
  


1.  ,  
  ,   ,
   , lsdev -CH 
  .

2.  ,  
  
     ,
, part number , lscfg -v 
  

3.   lsattr -E -I sys0, 
   
  .


     
     
  ,  
 : 


for DEV in $(lsdev -CF name)
do
ECHO $(lsdev -CI $DEV -F "NAME LOCATOR") >> /tmp/d.log
lsattr -EHI $DEV >> /tmp/d.log
done
lscfg -v >> /tmp/d.log


:     
PCI,    ISA ,
   
     .


 
   











 







 
   


 


    cfgmrg
   
  , ,  MCA,
PCI  SCSI.     
  .  
 ,  
   
  ,  ASCII
  .


 


   
    
 :


 TTY  (RS232  RS422)

 

  

   (, ,
- - ...)

   (dump, IBM 3151, DEC,...)

  


    SMIT
   Add TTY   TTY.


    login:


disable  ,  
     
   

enable      ,
   ,   
    getty.

delay      , 
     
 ,    
    

share     
   (  
..)


   


  /
    
 SMIT


   (
     
   ) 


)   <Ctrl+D>;

)      Setup;

)   
:  <Ctrl+j>,  stty sane,
 <Ctrl+j>,     
  (log of/on).




  


stty -a < /dev/tty n
stty sane echo < /dev/tty n


,   


kill -9 pid_of_login_shell


  pid_of_login_shell   ps
-ef

login_shell   -   
  shell'.


  


1.    
   
.

2.     Setup
.

3.   lscfg    .


 
   











  







 
   


  


 


   
    
 (   ,
 ,   
).


 
   .
,   
   ,  
  ..


  
  : 


    
 ;

    
   ;

   (, ) 
   . 


  


     
    (qprt, lp  lpr) 
      /var/spool/lpd/qdir
( ,   
 /var/spool/qdaemon).


  qdaemon,    ,
   
     
     .


 ,    
  , qdaemon    
  (piobe).   ,
qdaemon     .


 qdaemon   /etc/qconfig.
     (stanza) (
 )   .


  /etc/qconfig 


lp0:                    * 1    1  
      device=lp0dev
      discipline=fcfs
lp0dev:
      file=/dev/lp0
      backend=/usr/lib/lpd/piobe
      header=group
      trailer=never
      feed=never
lpq:                    * 1    2- 
      device=lpqdev1, lpqdev2
lpqdev1:
      file=/dev/lp1
      backend=/usr/lib/lpd/piobe
lpqdev2:
      file=/dev/lp2
      backend=/usr/lib/lpd/piobe
ps:                     * 2    1 
      device=psdev
psdev:
      file=/dev/lp3
      backend=/usr/lib/lpd/piobe
asc:
      device=ascdev
ascdev:
      file=/dev/lp3
      backend=/usr/lib/lpd/piobe



 


   
  ( 20 )
 .  
  /etc/qconfig   
     , 
      
  .  
    
(). 


   
   , 
      (discipline).
     : 





fcfs -    ,
    ,
    .

  sjn   ,  
    
.




 



     (
20 ),  .
      backend,
   
 (,  
 piobe).


   
  : 



  

    
      
    

  

  

     access 
     write 
     both (  
   
 )
  

  

     header 
     never 
     always, group
  

  

     trailer 
     never 
    
always, group
  

  

     feed 
     never 
     Integer 
  

  

     aling 
     FALSE 
     TRUE 
  




 ,
  


  /var/spool/lpd/qdir
     
.

  /etc/qconfig   
,    , 
     .


 /var/spool/qdaemon   
  .

  /var/spool
    
   .

  /var/spool/lpd/stat
    
   
 qdaemon   .
     
 SMIT. 


   
    
. 


    
 


   UNIX
   
 .    
  .   
AIX      
      
,   UNIX System V, BSD  AIX. 


                     SYSTEM V     BSD     AIX
      lp           lpr     qprt
      lpstat       lpq     qchk 


    


   .


     
on-line  ready.

 ,   
.

   /etc/qconfig.


  qdaemon ( 
  qdaemon).   
   stopsrc -s qdaemon (
 ),     startsrc -s
qdaemon.


 



 


  
   
   smit chpq. 


  


     
   smit rmpq. ,  
  
   . 



    SMIT



     (
  ,   
,     
  )   
smit pqmanage.


 



  

    
      
 

    
      

 

  

  

     DEV_BUSY
       
   .  
   ,   
    
     
.     
 ,  ,  
qdaemon   . 
: ,   
  kill ()  
,    .
  

  

    
DEV_WAIT
       . 
    , 
    offline (
,  ,    
..)
  

  

     DOWN 
     .   
,    
    
 .      
    .
  

  

    
OPR_WAIT
       
 .  
 ,  
  (, )  ..
  .
  

  

     QUEUED 
      
  .
  

  

     READY 
       
   .
  

  

     RUNNING 
     
.
  

  

     UNKNOWN 
       . 
    , 
    
,   
    DEV_WAIT.
  




  
   











   







  
   


   


    AIX Version 4


 " "
   AIX :


 ;

 ;

  ;

   ;

   ;

 Logical Volume Manager (LVM).


     
.  
      
  .


    UNIX


  
    (partition).
    
    .
    
  .  
    
  .   
  , 
,     
    
. ,   
    .
    , 
      
  .  
    
 .


  LVM


   
       
   AIX   
 (  
   )   Logical Volume
Manager (LVM).


  :


   
;

     
 ;

    
 ;

    ;

     
;

     . 


 


   
    ( 
  ).   
  , 
     
   
.     
   /dev  
 /dev/hdiskn.   
     ,
   .


  
    
.     
    . 
    4
.    
    
:


L = SV/1016,


 L -   ;

SV -  
    ;

1016 -   
   . 


  -   
    AIX.
     
 (),   
  .   
    
    .


  (, 
 SCSI )  
      
 .


 


   ,
   root (rootvg)  
    ,
    . 
   
     rootvg 
     . 


     
:




    
   
;

      
    ;

   ;

    ; 

     
   .




   
    
    
    ,
   
.


    
   
      
   .


 varyoffvg  
    
  , 
    .


    (VGDA)


    (VGDA) -
   ,   
    . 
    
 VGDA (+  ).


 VGDA,   
     (varyonvg),
 .  
  51%   VGDA.
   
  .


:  
   
    .  
    
. 


 


   
  
   .  
 AIX   
     .


   
 .   
    
     
  
.    
     
     
    .  
  , 
    SMIT.


   
   
     ,
  ,   
      
  .


  /
 4  (   1-  256- ).


 (RAID 1)


     
   
 .     2-
 3-   ( 
     
 )  
   - 
 (   
 ).   IBM 
   - 5 .


     
.


   
    :


1.  -   
    .
    
   .    -
     , 
   . 
    
  
  
 (mirror write consistency option). 

2.  -  
   , 
   
  .   ,  
   , 
.


 (RAID 0)


 (striping) -  
,   ( 
 )  
    
 ,    
   -. 


  .
    
      
.


    
 :


1.      
.

2.   ,
   
    
 .

3.     2 
.

4.    
 SCSI ( SSA).

5.    
   
.


   


  Logical Volume Manager  /
   
   
.    -
  
. 


  
  (Intra-physical volume allocation policy)
 ,   
    
.   : ,
  .     
    
,  -    
  .


  (Inter-physical volume allocation
policy)   ,   
    
 .  
    
    
 (  
    ).


   
:


 (   
    , 
 )   (
     
  
 ).


   




  

    
      
 

    
      
 

  

  

     
     255  
  

  

     
     32   
  

  

     
     1016   , 
        256
  

  

     
     256   
  

  

     
     32512   
  




  


   :


   ;

  ;

  ;

   ;

  (raw device).


  
,   
 rootvg    
,     (
   ,  
  ).   rootvg
  ,
   , 
,     
  .


    -
   
 .  
   () 
 .


  
   . 


    
    
     (
). 


   - 
   , 
   (boot image).


Raw device -     .
 , , 
   , 
  raw device    
.


  
   











   







  
   


   


  


    :




   ;

  .




AIX     :




 jfs   

 cdrfs   CD-ROM  -

 nfs   




   ,    
 ,   
    .


  
 


     
   ( 
).

  , , ,
,  
    
,    .

    
  
  .

    
 , ,   
     
.

   .

      
     
. 


    AIX Version 4


   AIX 
    :


  /  (root) = /dev/hd4   
.    ,
   ,
    ,
   

  /usr = /dev/hd2   ,
   . 
    
   .

  /var = /dev/hd9var   
   .

  /home = /dev/hd1  
.  
   .

  /tmp = /dev/hd3   
   
   .
  .


 /etc/filesystems


 /etc/filesystems 
   
 .    
  (stanza).     
    , 
 .


   
  :


 check   fsck 
    
.  True  .

 dev    
   
,    
,    , 
    .

 mount   mount 
   
  .  :



  
 automatic   
     

   true    
   mount all.

   false    
  




 type   
   , 
     mount -t.

 vfs    (,
nfs)

 vol   mkfs 
  (label)  
.

 log    
    
  (    JFS).


  


    
   ,  
 ,  
.  
    
  .


    
    , 
     ,
     (
      nfs
    
  ).    
   
""  .


 SMIT   , 
  . 


 ,  
,   
    /dev. 
    
     
   
 .


    
,   
  ,  
     
  , 
   
  .


   
,      system 
     .


 root  
     
   .


   


   AIX
   , 
     4. 
 ,    
 UNIX,    
    512 . 


   () 
    
  ,  
   (,
 , ,  inodes (
    
),    )  
,  . 


     
     
.   
 ,   
31 .


   
   inodes, 
   
 (, , , ,
  (ID) /
,    //
).     
 ,   
 . 


: inodes    ,
    ,
 . 


 


  , 
   
  4.  , 
   2 
  2.  
    
   
  . 


    
    
   -  (
 512, 1024, 2048  4096 ).  
    
.


  


   AIX
  .
  
   
 (  2 ),
,   
. 


  
   
    
  
  
.


:   root  
 . 


 


     
      
  ( ).


    
 :


1.      
    .

2.    
 sync,    
   .  
     inodes
    jfslog (/dev/hd8)
 4.    
   .
    
.     
 .

3.     
   
 COMMIT,   
   jfslog   
    inodes.

4.     sync.


,    
   
   .


  


   
    
  lsfs.  
    /etc/filesystems 
  .


 lsfs    
   (NFS)  
 CD-ROM. 


# lsfs



  

    Name 
    Nodename 
    Mount Pt 
    VFS 
    Size 
    Options 
    Auto 
  

  

    /dev/hd4
    - 
     /
    jfs 
    8192 
     -
    yes 
  

  

    /dev/hd1
    -
    /home
    jfs 
    90112 
     -
    yes 
  

  

    /dev/hd2
    -
    /usr
    jfs 
    507904 
    -
    yes 
  

  

    /dev/hd9var
     -
    /var
    jfs 
    8192
    -
    yes 
  

  

    /dev/hd3
     -
    /tmp
    jfs
    16384
    -
    yes
  

  

     /dev/cd0
    -
     /infocd 
    cdrfs
    
    ro
    yes
  

  

    /dev/lv00
    -
     /home/john
    jfs
    8192 
    rw 
    yes 
  




  lsfs :


lsfs [-q][-c|-l][-v vfstype|-u mountgrp] file_system


,  -q
    
   , 
     
inode;

 -c  -l   
,     
  , ;

 -v
 -u   
    
   (
     ,
).


   lsfs  
    
   .  
     
 smit fs.


   


 mount  
   
    
.


 # mount



  

    node 
    mounted 
    mounted over
    vfs 
    date 
    options 
  

  

    
    /dev/hd4
     /
    jfs 
    Jul 11 20:14
    rw,log=/dev/hd8
  

  

    
    /dev/hd2
    /usr
    jfs 
    Jul 11 20:15
    rw,log=/dev/hd8
  

  

    
    /dev/hd9var
    /var
    jfs
    Jul 11 20:15
    rw,log=/dev/hd8
  

  

    
    /dev/hd3
    /tmp
    jfs 
    Jul 11 20:15
    rw,log=/dev/hd8
  

  

    
    /dev/hd1
    /home
    jfs
    Jul 11 20:16
    rw,log=/dev/hd8
  

  

    
    /dev/lv00
    /home/john
    jfs
    Jul 11 20:16
    rw,log=/dev/hd8
  




  SMIT   
 :


SMIT -> File System -> List all Mounted
File Systems


   
   



    
  
  
 SMIT,    
    
     
  .


    
   . 


# smit crjfslv 



  
Add a
  File System on a Previously Defined Logical Volume

  
 

  Type or select values in entry fields.

  Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.

                                      
  [Entry Fields]

  * LOGICAL VOLUME name

  * MOUNT POINT                   
  []
  +

    Mount AUTOMATICALLY at system
  restart     no
  +

    PERMISSIONS                         
  read/write
  +

    Mount OPTIONS                          
  []
  +

  Start Disk Accounting?                   
  no
  +

    Fragment Size (bytes)                     4096
  +

    Number of bytes per inode       
  4096
  +

    Compression algorithm               
  no
  +

  

  

  

  F1=Help
  F2=Refresh
  F3=Cancel
  F4=List

  F5=Reset
  F6=Command
  F7=Edit
  F8=Image

  F9=Shell
  F10=Exit
  Enter=Do



   


# smit crjfs



  
Add a
  Journaled File System

  
 

  Type or select values in entry fields.

  Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.

                                     
  [Entry Fields]

    Volume group name              
  rootvg

  * SIZE of file system (in 512-byte blocks)
  []
  #

  * MOUNT POINT                   
  []

    Mount AUTOMATICALLY at system restart
  no
  +

    PERMISSIONS                         
  read/write
  +

    Mount OPTIONS     
  []
  +

    Start Disk Accounting?                   
  no
  +

    Fragment Size (bytes)                     4096

    Number of bytes per inode       
  4096

    Compression algorithm               
  no

   

  

  

  F1=Help
  F2=Refresh
  F3=Cancel
  F4=List

  F5=Reset
  F6=Command
  F7=Edit
  F8=Image

  F9=Shell
  F10=Exit
  Enter=Do



    ,
 SMIT,   
  crfs  
 .


   crfs   mkfs. 
   mkfs,  crfs ,
  ,  
  mklv,    
  , 
 mkfs    
   ODM   /etc/filesytems 
   
 .


    
   crfs   
: 


-g volgrp -   ,  
   . , 
    
    
 ;

-a size=SIZE -     512-
 ;

-m mntpt -   
 (   
 ).   
  ;

-a yes|no -  
   
  .  
    (. )
     
.    
mount=true      /etc/filesystems. 

-p rw|ro -  .  
     
 / (rw)   
 (ro).   
   (Mount Options)
    
 setuid  setgid  ( nosuid)
    
      
 ( nodev).

-a fragment=size -   
    .
    
512, 1024, 2048  4096.    - 4096
. 

-a nbpl=value -    
 inode.     inodes 
 .    
 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192  16384.  
 - 4096 .

-a compress={no|LZ} -  
   . 
  - no.


/ 



# smit mountfs



  
Mount
  a File System

  
 

  Type or select values in entry fields.

  Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.

                                               
  [Entry Fields]

    FILE SYSTEM name                         
  []

    DIRECTORY over which to mount              
  []

    TYPE of file system

    FORCE the mount?                           
  no

    REMOTE NODE containing the file system   

    to mount                                   
  []

    Mount as a REMOVABLE file system?          
  no

    Mount as a READ-ONLY system?               
  no

    Disallow DEVICE access via this mount?
  no

    Disallow execution of SUID and sgid programs

    in this file system?                        
  no

  

  F1=Help
  F2=Refresh
  F3=Cancel
  F4=List

  F5=Reset
  F6=Command
  F7=Edit
  F8=Image

  F9=Shell
  F10=Exit
  Enter=Do



   
 ,    
 system       
 . 


  
    
      
,    
    
 /etc/filesystems.


 root  
     
   
  . 


/ 
  



  
Change/Show
  Characteristics of a Journaled File System

  
 

  Type or select values in entry fields.

  Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.

                                      
  [Entry Fields]

    File system name             
  /home

    NEW mount point                   
  [/home]

    SIZE of file system (in 512-byte blocks)[8192]

    Mount GROUP                   
  []

    Mount AUTOMATICALLY at system restart
  yes
  +

    PERMISSIONS                         
  read/write
  +

    Mount OPTIONS     
  []
  +

    Fragment Size (bytes)                   4096

    Number of bytes per inode       
  4096

    Compression algorithm               
  no

  

  F1=Help
  F2=Refresh
  F3=Cancel
  F4=List

  F5=Reset
  F6=Command
  F7=Edit
  F8=Image

  F9=Shell
  F10=Exit
  Enter=Do



    
     ( 
  
 ).   
     .


   
    
    
   .


   


    ,
  SMIT,   
  rmfs. 
,     
,      
  ODM   /etc/filesystems. 
  ,  
   ,   
.


  


   
   
:


     ;

  ;

    ;

    
 ;

    
  . 


  


   ,     AIX
  
  ,  
  . 
  
  
   
  ,   
 .


     
  
  df.  
   
   
   -k. 


   



   
      
  
 .


 ,  
 :


 /var/adm/wtmp

 /var/spool/*.*

 /smit.log

 /smit.script

 /etc/security/failedlogin

 /var/adm/sulog


 /var/adm/wtmp  /var/adm/failedlogin 
 who -a _.  
    
.


   



  () 
    Berkeley Disk Quota System 
  
    
   .


    
:




    
;

    
;

    
 (,  ). 




   
:


Soft limits -   
 1KB  ,   
     (grace
period).


Hard limits -  
  1KB  , 
   


Grace period -    
     soft limits
   
.   - 7 . 


:    ,
    
   
 root.  
     
  quota  
 .


 


1  -    
 ,    
   , 
     /etc/filesystems
 :   
: quota=userquota   
  : quota=userquota,groupquota


2  -     
    edquota.
    , 
    
    .


  edquota :


edquota [-u username|-g groupname] [-p prototype]


:  -u  
   username;
 -g  
   groupname;  -p
   
 (  ,  
 ),  
    .


:    edquota
    EDITOR (
, export EDITOR=/usr/bin/vi).


3  -  Grace Period  
Grace Period    edquota 
: -t -   
 ; -tg -   ; -tu - 
 .


Grace Period    ,
,   .  Grace Period 
 1-  ,  Grace Period
 .  0 
Grace Period  .


 


    
    quotaon 
: -u -   
  ; -g - 
    ; -a -
     
.     
  ,  
   . 
   . 


    
    quotaoff.
     
  (  -a)  
   (  ).


    quotacheck
   
  .  repquota
   
   
.


  


  
  
  defragfs:


/usr/sbin/defragfs [-q|-r] FILESYSTEM


 -q    
  ;  -r
    
     
 ,   .


  


    
  fsck.  :


fsck [-p|-y|-n] [-f] [FILE SYSTEM]


 -p   
    
    
     
 .   
   SMIT  
.  -y  -n 
  yes  no   
 .


    
 :   
    ,
 inodes,  , 
,  ,  
,   .


      
,    
,     /etc/filesystems
  check  true.  
      /lost+found.


  



   lsfs.

    /etc/filesystem.

   df  
  .

    
  mount.


  
   











 







  
   


 


  


  
     .
 ()   
     4
   (page frames).
     4
    
.    
   
   .


      
      ,
    
      
     ,
    .  
  
    
     
,    
   ,  
    
.


   
  . 
   
   .  
     
    (,
    , 
     
    
   
),    
.   
    
   
.


   
 IBM    
 ,   
     
  RS/6000   Kingstone.


   
 
  
:


     256


=2;


     256


=+1.25(-256)


  -   ;
 -   .


   
     
 .


 
   
 lsps -a    
  
  70%  
  
.


:  ,    
     
   
   
 .  :


# lsps -a



  

    
      
Page Space

    		
    
      
Physical Volume

    		
    
      
Volume Group

    		
    
      
Size

    		
    
      
%Used

    		
    
      
Active

    		
    
      
Auto 

    		
    
      
Type

    		
  

  

    
      
hd6 

    		
    
      
hdisk0 

    		
    
      
rootvg 

    		
    
      
64MB

    		
    
      
44%

    		
    
      
yes 

    		
    
      
yes 

    		
    
      
lv 

    		
  

  

    
      
paging00 

    		
    
      
hdisk1 

    		
    
      
uservg 

    		
    
      
64MB 

    		
    
      
 9%

    		
    
      
yes 

    		
    
      
yes 

    		
    
      
lv 

    		
  

  

    
      
paging01 

    		
    
      
hdisk1 

    		
    
      
uservg 

    		
    
      
16MB 

    		
    
      
86%

    		
    
      
yes 

    		
    
      
yes 

    		
    
      
lv

    		
  




    
paging01    (  
 ),    , 
    
  paging00 .


   
,  
  .     
    , 
  .


  
 


   
   
.   
  (hd6)  
   hdisk0  
    (
  ).


  
  
  :




1.   
  .

2.     
  ,
     
 .




   
   SMIT
  lsps -a.


  ,  
   ,  SMIT, 
  : 


# lsdev -Cc memory


# lsattr -I -l sys0


 ,   
  
   
,  SMIT,  
  /etc/swapspaces


# pg /etc/swapspaces


hd6:
    dev=/dev/hd6


paging00:
    dev=/dev/paging00


   
   (  ).


   



:  
 .


:   
 . 
  
     (
      ).


:  
  (  
,  )


: 1.  
    
   .

2.   
   
  (   
  ).

3.  .

4.    
.


:  
 (hd6)    . 


 
 


1.   
   lsps.

2.      /etc/swapspaces.


  
   











  








  
   



  



   
   ,  
.    , 
   , 
  (  )  
 ,   .


    
      
  .


 
    
   ,  
    
    ,   
,    
     -
     
      
.


   
   
     
 (  ).


 


   :


1.   -
   
 (  rootvg).

2.   - 
 .

3.  ()
 -  
   
.   
 ,    
 . 


  
  : 


    ,  
     
    . 
  ,  -,
     -,
     
,     
  
 .


     
       
     
   .
    
      , 
    
     
  .


 


  
    ,
  ,    n
,  n -  , 
   
 .


     
     
.     
   
  
,  
    .
   
   
.


:


   ;

    ;

    ;

      
rootvg.


 :


   ;

  ,  
 .


 




   
,   
  .  AIX  
   3 1/2" (
1.44  2.88)  5 1/4".


  3 1/2" 
 /dev/fd0.   3 1/2"  5 1/4"
  /dev/fd1.


   
 format  fdformat:


 format   
   /dev/fd0  
  .


   
     (
-d drive)       
( -l).


 fdformat  
    
/dev/fd0      . 
   
  -h.


     
 flcopy.


    DOS 
 dosdir, dosread  doswrite.




   
  . 


  
:


 1/4"   
       QIC-120
(120), QIC-150 (150), QIC-525 (525)  QIC-1000. 
 -    
 QIC-24 (44);

 4   (2  4);

 8   (2.3  5);

 1/2" 9-   
  1600bpi  6250bpi.


    /dev/rmtX,
 X -  .


    
    
 /dev/rmtX.1  /dev/rmtX.7.    ,
  : 


     
    ;

       .
 1/4"   
,    
 ,   ;

    . 



  

     
     
    ()
        
     
         
  

  

    /dev/rmtX
     
     
     
  

  

    /dev/rmtX.1
     
     
     
  

  

    /dev/rmtX.2
     
     
     
  

  

    /dev/rmtX.3
     
     
     
  

  

     /dev/rmtX.4
     
     
     
  

  

    /dev/rmtX.5
     
     
     
  

  

    /dev/rmtX.6
     
     
     
  

  

     /dev/rmtX.7
     
     
     
  




   
   . /dev/rmtX.N
N=A+B+C , A -  (=4,   
 =0,    );  -
 (=2,     =0
  );  -  (=1,
    =0,   ).


 


    
SMIT:



  

    

    
System Storage Management (Physical & Logical)

    

  

  

    
 
Move cursor to desired item and press Enter.

  Logical Volume Manager
  File Systems
  Files & Directories
  System Backup Manager



F1=Help      F2=Refresh        F3=Cancel         F8=Image
F9=Shell     F10=Exit          Enter=Do

  




 


  rootvg - mksysb


    
  bos.sysmgt.br.  
    rootvg. :


   
 ;

     
;

  
 ;

    
;

   
 ;

   
  .


 /image.data


    rootvg 
   
  /image.data.


image data:
	IMAGE_TYPE=bff
	DATE_TIME=Wed Aug 17 15:47:31 CST 1996
	UNAME_INFO=AIX 9442A System 1 1 4 0000000530000
	PRODUCT_TAPE=no
	USERVG_LIST=


logical_volume_policy:
	SHRINK=no
	EXACT_FIT=no


ils_data:
	LANG=C


# Command used for vg_data, /usr/sbin/lsvg


lsvg_data:
    VGNAME=rootvg
    PPSIZE=4 VARYON=yes VG_SOURCE_DISK_LIST=hdisk0 hdisk1


# Command used for source_disk_data:
    /usr/sbin/bootinfo source_disk_data: (      rootvg)
    LOCATION=( )
    SIZE_MB=(   )
    HDISKNAME=( )


# Command used for lv_data; /usr/sbin/lslv
    lv_data: (      rootvg)
    . .
    fs_data: (       rootvg)


,     
  lsxx; ,
lsvg   , lslv   ,
lsjfs   . 


   
   
   
  BOSINST_FILE=   post_install_data.


  


LOGICAL_VOLUME_POLICY  
  .


  SHRINK=   YES 
     ""
(    
LV_MIN_LPs  FS_MIN_SIZE)  . 


 EXACT_FIT=   ,
    
   
 .


VG_DATA    
.


 VG_SOURCE_DISK_LIST=   ,
   
   
 . 


LV_DATA    
.     
    . 


 /bosinst.data


 /bosinst.data  
   ,  
 ,  
  .


control_flow:

    CONSOLE=

    INSTALL_METHOD=overwrite

    PROMPT=yes

    EXITING_SYSTEM_OVERWRITE=no

    INSTALL_X_IF_ADAPTER=yes

    RUN_STARTUP=yes

    RM_INST_ROOTFS=no

    ERROR_EXIT=

    CUSTOMIZATION_FILE=

    TCB=no

    INSTALL_TYPE=

    BUNDLES=


target_disk_data:

    LOCATION=

    SIZE_MB=

    HDISKNAME=


locale:

    BOSINST_LANG=

    CULTURAL_CONVENTION=

    MESSAGES=

    KEYBOARD=


   
      
    .
   
  /bosinst.data    
 rootvg.      
root,    /bosinst.data  
  /usr/lpp/bosinst/bosinst.template.


CONSOLE -   (
),     
.


INSTALL_METHOD -    (migration,
preserve  overwrite)


PROMPT - ,   
    
  .   
   no,  
      locale
 control_flow (:  
 ERROR_EXIT  CUSTOMIZATION_FILE 
).


EXITING_SYSTEM_OVERWRITE -  , 
   (  )
  . 
    , 
    (
PROMPT   no).


INSTALL_X_IF_ADAPTER -   ,  
   
,   AIXWindows  .


RUN_STARTUP -   Installation Assistant
    - BOS.


RM_INST_ROOTFS -    
   /usr/lpp/*/Inst_roots.


ERROR_EXIT -  
  ,
    
.


CUSTOMIZATION_FILE -    
   ,  
    .


TCB -   
  
 


INSTALL_TYPE -   
   .
   
: full (-
), client ( )
 personal ( - 
).


BUNDLES -   
  .
   . 


 target_disk_data  
   , 
    BOS.


LOCATION -   
     
BOS.


SIZE_MB -  
  ( )  
  BOS.


HDISKNAME -     
.


BOSINST_LANG -  , 
   
 ,     . 


CULTURAL_CONVENTION -  
  . 


MESSAGES -  
.


KEYBOARD -  
.


 


  
  ,  
 SMIT.


     
   
.    
   
   Installation/Maintenance (/),
   "Maintenance",   
  "Install from a System backup" 
   
  .


  UNIX


  
   
  UNIX   tar, cpio
 dd.


   


1. ,   
  ,  
.


2.     (tapechk).


3.   .


4.    
 (fsck).


5. ,     
    (fuser).


6.     .


7.     
,   .


8.      
.


9.   
,      
 .


  
   











  







  
   



  


  
,   
,   
  
,    
 DNS,    NFS, 
,   
sendmail  .,   .  
     
  AIX.


 TCP/IP


TCP/IP -   , 
    
   
    .
  TCP/IP 
   
   
   ,  
,    UNIX/AIX.


  TCP/IP   ,
  ,  
     
 .


 -  
,    
  . 
 ,  
   
  .


 TCP/IP  "Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol".    
.    TCP/IP
   . 
     
   
.     , 
     
,   
      
.


 TCP/IP   
  -  
   
    (LAN) 
Token-Ring  Ethernet      
  ,   FDDI 
HYPERchannel.


   TCP/IP  internet (
      The
Internet,     
      
 TCP/IP).


  
    
.


 ,   
internet    TCP/IP,  
(host).


     (
)   ( 
),  
    
.


,   
 ,  
      
.    
    .
   .


  


     TCP/IP 
,    (DNS) 
   /etc/hosts (.
 ). , sys3.


     
 TCP/IP  (   
 ).  
   
    
,  .


 IP  IP-  32-
  (  1  0)
,       
 . 


,


00001010000111100000000000000010


    IP- ,
,      
 ( ):


00001010 00011110 00000000 00000010


     
.


   
  IP-:


10.30.0.2


 IP-    
    
,     
  IP-,   
  
  .


 IP-    :


    (netid),
   
,     
;

    (hostid),
   
   .


, netid  hostid  
  
 IP-.


IP-    
 :




      0 (
  0  127) -    .  
    
   .

       10 (
 128  191) -    .  
    
    .

      110 ( 
192  223) -    .  
    
  .




    
     
    netid. ,    
      
 ,     
 netid, ,   
     
   
.


 IP-


 IP-,  
 :




       
127 (01111111)   
.    
  ;

  255 (11111111)   
 ;

      
 233 (11101001),    
;

   hostid   
 0 (00000000)  255 (11111111). 




 


     
 IP-,   netid,  
     
    
 (subnet mask).


  -   ,
 ,   IP-
 netid,   hostid. 
    
,      Internet.
    
    
    
   ,
    
, , ,  
,   .


    
  :


11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 (255.255.255.0)


 0    , 
   IP- 
hostid. ,     
     



11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 (255.255.255.192)


 IP-   


194.93.173.67 (11000010 1011101 10101101 01000011)


    netid:


11000010 1011101 10101101 0100000 (194.93.173.64)


 hostid:


000011 (3)


  ,  hostid 
   000001  111110 ( 1  62)
     
    00  11.
,     194.93.173 (254
),      
   62-  (248  + 4
   netid + 2  ).




  ,  
    ,  
  ,   
,     (default
gateway)     
,   
.  -     
 (router).


   
netid,     
  (  
   
).     netid 
,    
 ,  
    .


  IP-  
  . 
   .


   TCP/IP


   TCP/IP
  :


 Mail ( )

 File Transfer (  )

 Remote Login ( )

 Remote Execution ( 
)

 Remote Printing (   ).


  AIX 
 TCP/IP,   :


 Network File System (NFS)

 Network Information Services (NIS)

 Network Computing System (NCS)

 Distributed Computing Environment (DCE)

 Xwindow  AIXwindows

 Xstation Manager

 AIX Netwiev/6000


 TCP/IP


  TCP/IP 
 :


    
  (TCP/IP address),   (hostname) 
    (subnet mask).


     
      .
     /etc/hosts,   Domain
Name Server (DNS).


  DNS    
 (Domain Name)     (Address of the
Name Server).


      
     (address
of the default gateway).


  
   











    DNS







  
   



    DNS


  DNS


  TCP/IP    
  IP-.  , 
 ,  . 
 ,   
    
 192.168.1.34 (    
      ,
 380-564-40-06-24).    IP-  
.  IP-  ,
 : , ,  
 .   
 ,   account-server.


     
  ,  IP-,   .


    
 ,   
    IP-.
   
 ,    
    
    . 
  ( archie.univie.ac.at),  
 IP- (140.78.3.8).


   
  ""   ().


 " ",  Internet 
 ARPANET     
  
 (   
  ), 
   
 () 
.    ""
 .   
 ( /etc/hosts)   IP-
    .  
 Internet     
   hosts,   
    .



    
:      
    Internet. ,
    
   Internet, 
   .  , 
     ,  
     .
   80-  
,     - 
   (Domain Name System, DNS). 


DNS   
.     (,
).   DNS    
 Windows NT   NIS.   
    .


 DNS     
  .  
   (
 ".").   
 .  Internet  
       
,   
    
: Internet    
     .


    :
com -   (
  ); edu -   ; gov -
  ; mil -
  ; net - 
   Internet-; int -
 ; org -
 ;   -
   
 (ru -  , ua -   
..).    
     
   .   
,  , 
     
 (, kiev -    dp -
),     -
  .


     Internet 
    
  (Fully Qualified Domain Name, FQDN). 
    
.   FQDN  
     
.    FQDN
   (label).   
  63 ,   
FQDN - 255 .


 
   ,  
  "-" (   
     ). 
   , . . company1.krcrme.dp.ua. 
COMPANY1.KRCRME.DP.UA.      .


     
  .  , -,
 , , -, 
  . 


   
  . 
       
,       
,     .
, host2   host1  : 
   host1.company1.krcrme.dp.ua. 
   host1


     
  ,   
 TCP/IP , 
   (.. 
   ) 
FQDN.  , company1.krcrme.dp.ua.  company1.krcrme.dp.ua
    .


   
  ,  
   ,   -
.     
    .   
-  , 
 IP-   Ethernet. 
DNS    ,  , 
 .     
 ,     
   .


  ,   DNS
      
IP-.    DNS  ,
     ,
. .       
 TCP/IP. 


  DNS   .
DNS    :




 IP- ;

      IP-;

  ,  
    ;

  ,  ;

  ;

  :

  ;

 IP-     
.




   , 
 .


DNS    
,   
.    
   (Name Server),    DNS-.
     
    DNS (
    ), 
  DNS-  
 .


 , 
   ,  
 DNS (Resolver DNS).  DNS 
    
  .   ,  ,
   .
    DNS
  ,    TCP/IP.
  nslookup 
     DNS. 
DNS     
TCP/IP.   TCP/IP, - DNS,  
""   (
 hosts).   
   
  DNS (  
   ).  DNS 
   
,     .


       
,      
(Zone of Authority),    
  .  ,
    ,
   , 
.


     
     
    
.  DNS    
   ,  
  .


,    
  ,  
     
   .


    
,      
.


    . 
  (Primary Name Server)   
   (master files),  
    
  .  
      
.


   (Secondary Name Server)
   
,  
 DNS.  
     
  , 
  .


 "  " (Cache-Only
Server)    ,
    . 
      
  .


, ,      ,
  ( Forwarder  Slave Forwarder)
    
  DNS.


  Internet,  
 DNS  
     .
    
  -  . 
     
 IP-,  (master files) 
    .


   
      
   -. 
    
   
  .


    
   (  
  )     .


      Internet
,     
IP-.


     
:   .


   
 .   
   DNS, , 
    IP-.
      
,     .
    (.. IP-)
  (   
).      
   , 
   ,   
     
  ,  
   .  
    , 
 DNS  IP-  ,
      
   . 
   DNS   
   ,
  . 
   ,   
    ,
  .


 ,   
     
 .


      DNS
   ,  
,   
,     
  .  
    
.    DNS
     
   DNS.


    ,
     
 .  
    
    
,   "" 
  TCP/IP.


   
,     
     .
       ,
      
,  :    
    
 .


 DNS  AIX


   
   AIX. 
   :


1.   ;

2.   ;

3.  "  ";

4.  Forwarder;

5.  .


 DNS  AIX, gethostbyaddr()  gethostbyname(), 
  - 
:


  /etc/resolv.conf  , 
DNS ,     
 .    
   /etc/hosts.


  ,  DNS 
     
   
    
: 


1.  DNS;

2.   /etc/hosts.


    AIX   named.
   AIX SRC (system
resource control).    
   
   smit stnamed  
   rc.tcpip 
   #start /etc/named "$src_running"
 named     startsrc -s
named.


 AIX   
    :


1.   /etc/resolv.conf   
     16-  .
:


domain komtek.dp.ua
nameserver 192.168.1.65
nameserver 192.168.1.194


    
    
:     
 ,    . .


   
    , 
 - .   
   .


     
  ,   
  (  ),
   DNS   
. 


2.   /etc/named.boot  
     named.


3.   /etc/named.*  
   .  
   
   (Standard Resource Record
Format).


 named  AIX   
    MB (mailbox domain name), MR (mail
rename domain name), MG (mail group member), MINFO (mailbox or mail list
information)  MX (mail exchange).


  AIX/6000  
  host  nslookup.  AIX/6000
    dig
    . 


  


   , 
 TCP/IP  
  DNS,   hosts.   /etc/resolv.conf
   .  hosts 
 ""  .
    
  (AIX - /etc/hosts, DOS  Windows -
ETC\HOSTS, NetWare - SYS:\ETC\HOSTS).


   :   
,     
: <IP-> <> [<> ...
<>]


:


192.168.1.67 granat devil
192.168.1.80 www.komtek.dp.ua
192.168.1.37 alpha


 ,   hosts 
    . 


  


   
,  DNS   
    Internet.  DNS
  
  TCP/IP   ,
    Internet  . 
 DNS   
    ,   
hosts    
   .  ,
    .    
 ?   DNS 
    -
    DNS   
.     
    
.   - 
  IP-   ,
  DNS    . 
,  DNS 
  
   Internet.


 DNS


  DNS   
    . 
    
,    RFC (Request
For Comments).   ""
 Internet - IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). 
       
  RFC  . 
   de facto 
 BIND (Berkley Internet Name Domain). 
   
    
 BSD Unix.   
   BIND.


   
   
,    
 DNS.     ,
 ,   
,       DNS.
   
,      
    
  DNS.


     
 :   
 DNS (  
 ),  
  DNS ( AIX -  named).


     DNS


   DNS  
    
  (Standard Resource Record Format).
    : 


[<Name>] [<TTL>] [<Class>] <Type> <Data>


    
      
 .


<Name> -   . 
   <Type>   
,  ,    . . 
 <Name> ,    
    <Name>
(  ). 


<TTL> -   ( ).
,    DNS 
   -.  
 ,    <TTL> 
  <Minimum>,   
SOA (. ).


<Class>   
.  Internet (TCP/IP)  
 - IN.   ,    
   . 


<Type> - ,   
.    
   " ".


<Data> - ,  
 .    
 <Type>.  <Data>  
, . .   
. 


    
  ( 
   ). 


.      <Name>
  . 


@    "@"   <Name>
   .


( )    
 <Data>    (
 <Data>   ).


* .   
. 


;  .     
   . 


.  ,   
  ,  
,  . 
     .
,    , 
  . 


 


     <Type> 
.   . 
      RFC
(. " "). 
   . 


 SOA   ()
 .

 NS  . 

 A  . 

 CNAME  .  
 .

 HINFO   .

 MX  .

 PTR . 


    .


SOA ( )


    SOA 
    . 
     SOA.


  SOA


<Name>  [<TTL>]  [<Class>]  SOA  <Origin>  <Person>  (
                                 <Serial>
                                 <Refresh>
                                 <Retry>
                                 <Expire>
                                 <Minimum>  )

komtek.dp.ua.      IN  SOA  srv.komtek.dp.ua.  root.srv.komtek.dp.ua. (
                            970308
                            3600
                            600
                            3600000
                            86400  )


  <Data>   
  <Origin>, <Person>, <Serial>  .
. 


<Name>    
. 


<Origin>     . 


<Person>   ,
  .  
  
,    "@" 
 (. . alex@komtek.dp.ua  
alex.komtek.dp.ua). 


<Serial>   . 
   ,   
 .   
    ,
  
  . 


<Refresh>   ,  
   
   
. 


<Retry>     
   , 
    
  . 


<Expire>    . 
      
    ,  
    
. 


<Minimum>  TTL   
   , . .   <TTL>
. 


NS ( )


    NS  
,    
 .


  NS 


[<Domain>]  [<TTL>]  [<Class>]  NS  <Server>

komtek.dp.ua.                   NS  srv1.komtek.dp.ua.
                                NS  srv2.komtek.dp.ua.


<Domain>  ,  <Server> - 
 .   , 
 srv1.komtek.dp.ua  srv2.komtek.dp.ua 
    komtek.dp.ua. 


A ()


    A  
   .  <Host>
-   ,  <Address>-  IP-.


  A


[<Host>]
[<TTL>] [<Class>]  A
<Adress>



sri-nic.arpa.
A
10.0.0.51


CNAME ( ) 


    CNAME  
  . <Nickname>
 ,  <Host> -
 ()  .


  CNAME


[<Nickname>]  [<TTL>]  [<Class>]  CNAME  <Host>

rs1                               CNAME  srv1.komtek.dp.ua.
www                               CNAME  srv2.komtek.dp.ua
ftp                               CNAME  srv2.komtek.dp.ua


HINFO (  )


    HINFO  
   ,   
   
 .


 <Host>    ,
<Hardware> -  , <Software> -
 .   <Hardware>  <Software>
,     RFC
1700.


  HINFO


[<Host>]  [<TTL>]  [<Class>]  HINFO  <Hardware>  <Software>

pc1                           HINFO  IBM-PC       MSDOS
rs1                           HINFO  IBM-RS/6000  AIX


MX ( )


       
e-mail,      
     MX 
   - , 
   ,
   .  <Name>
    , 
   . <Host>
-    . <Reference>
  ,   
   .


  ,   
   komtek.dp.ua,  
   unix1.komtek.dp.ua.  
    
,     -dos, 
   unix2.komtek.dp.ua.


  MX


[<Name>]  [<TTL>]  [<Class>]  MX <Preference>  <Host>

komtek.dp.ua.                 MX  10  unix1.komtek.dp.ua.
*-dos.komtek.dp.ua.           MX  10  unix2.komtek.dp.ua.


 , ,  
:


1. alex@komtek.dp.ua,  alex@unix1.komtek.dp.ua;

2. vad@pc-dos.komtek.dp.ua,  vad@unix2.komtek.dp.ua;

3. dba@host1.komtek.dp.ua,   dba@host1.komtek.dp.ua.


   
 MX,     
    (
 - 10)    
 .


PTR ()


    
  PTR,   
      IP-
(   ).


    
 , ,  
  DNS,  
   
 IP-       (
).      
 IP-     
.


     , 
    
  .  
  IN-ADDR.ARPA.  
     IP-.
     
,   () IP-
   .


,  cso.uiuc.edu   
128.174 (, 128.174.0.0,  IP-  B).
     vmd.cso.uiuc.edu  IP-
128.174.5.98.     
  174.128.in-addr.arpa.    
  98.5.174.128.in-addr.arpa.


    PTR  
    
 .  <Special-name> 
   (  IN-ADDR.ARPA),
  <Name> -   
.


  PTR  


[<Special-name>]  [<TTL>]  [<Class>]  PTR  <Name>

98.5.174.128.in-addr.arpa.            PTR  vmd.cso.uiuc.edu.
51.0.0.10.in-addr.arpa.               PTR  sri-nic.arpa.


  IN-ADDR.ARPA
     ()
 .    ,
  IP-.  
   PTR , ,
 ,    PTR,
 IP- .  
   1, 2  3  ()
IP-      IP-
(A, B  C).


,   gw.komtek.dp.ua,
   A, B  C  
 IP-: 12.2.0.7, 129.14.1.3 
194.140.13.2.    A  PTR 
 .


  PTR  A  


; A
gw.komtek.dp.ua.       A  192.168.1.7
                       A  192.168.2.3
                       A  194.140.13.2
;  PTR   
7.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa.   PTR  gw.komtek.dp.ua.
3.2.168.192.in-addr.arpa.   PTR  gw.komtek.dp.ua.
2.13.140.194.in-addr.arpa.  PTR  gw.komtek.dp.ua.
;  PTR  
1.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa.   PTR  gw.komtek.dp.ua.
2.168.192.in-addr.arpa.     PTR  gw.komtek.dp.ua.
13.140.194.in-addr.arpa.    PTR  gw.komtek.dp.ua.


 BIND


  ,  de facto 
   DNS   
    
 BIND.    
Unix-,  NetWare ( 
Novell NFS Services, FTP Services, NetWare/IP)   
.


   
   DNS.  Unix- 
  /etc/named.boot,  NetWare - SYS:ETC\NAMED.CFG, 
-    DNS 
 .


    -
,     DNS, 
   .  
   ,   
 DNS  DNS  .


   DNS   
   . 
   :


1. directory <Path>  
   DNS,   
   . : directory /etc


2. domain <Domain>   
    . :
domain komtek.dp.ua


3. primary <Domain> <FileName> , 
     
<Domain>       
<FileName>. : primary komtek.dp.ua /usr/named.data


4. secondary <Domain> <IP-1> [<IP-2>...] <FileName>
,     
   <Domain>. 
   IP- <IP-1>,
<IP-2>  . .   
     
    
     <FileName>.
: secondary komtek.dp.ua 192.168.1.3 named.bak 


5. cache <Domain> <FileName> , 
   - 
  <Domain>.  - (
     
 )    <FileName>.
: cache . named.ca


6. ,    ";",
 . , 
    
      
 :    
.


  DNS   


 ,  
 DNS     
 TCP/IP.   ,  
   Internet.     
,     
  Internet. IP-   , 
    
    .


  ,   
  Internet,  
 IP-  
 .  
  
  Internet   InterNIC,  
   
  IP-.     
IP-      
 Internet-.   
  Internet-.


       Internet,
 IP-     
  .   
    Internet,
  DNS   .


   
  IP-  C: 194.170.12.0  194.170.13.0.
,     
komtek.dp.ua.


IP-   () gw 
: 194.170.12.1  194.170.13.4.  
Internet     .


      srv1
(194.170.12.2)     srv2 (194.170.13.3),
   : host1, host2, host3.


 mail (194.170.13.2)   
  ,      
 host4.


    
 DNS    
srv1.komtek.dp.ua    
srv2.komtek.dp.ua.


    DNS  
 SRV1


; /etc/named.boot
directory  /etc
domain   komtek.dp.ua
primary  komtek.dp.ua             named.data
primary  12.170.194.in-addr.arpa  named.rev1
primary  13.170.194.in-addr.arpa  named.rev2
primary  0.0.127.in-addr.arpa     named.local
cache    .                        named.ca


; /etc/named.data
@         IN  SOA    srv1.komtek.dp.ua.  root.mail.komtek.dp.ua.  (
                        970308
                        3600
                        600
                        3600000
                        86400  )
                 NS     srv1.komtek.dp.ua.
localhost        A      127.0.0.1
gw               A      194.170.12.1
                 A      194.170.13.4
                 HINFO  IBM-RS/6000  AIX
srv1             A      194.170.12.2
                 HINFO  IBM-RS/6000  AIX
host1            A      194.170.12.3
                 HINFO  IBM-PC  MSDOS
host2            A      194.170.12.4
                 HINFO  IBM-PC  MSDOS
host3            A      194.170.13.1
                 HINFO  IBM-PC  MSDOS
mail             A      194.170.13.2
                 HINFO  IBM-PC  UNIX
host4            CNAME  mail.komtek.dp.ua.
srv2             A      194.170.13.3
                 HINFO  IBM-PC  UNIX
komtek.dp.ua.    MX  10  mail
*.komtek.dp.ua.  MX  0   mail.komtek.dp.ua.


; /etc/named.rev1
@         IN  SOA    srv1.komtek.dp.ua.  root.mail.komtek.dp.ua.  (
                        960218
                        3600
                        600
                        3600000
                        86400  )
                          NS     srv1.komtek.dp.ua.
1                         PTR    gw.komtek.dp.ua.
12.170.194.in-addr.arpa.  PTR    gw.komtek.dp.ua.
2                         PTR    srv1.komtek.dp.ua.
3                         PTR    host1.komtek.dp.ua.
4                         PTR    host2.komtek.dp.ua.


; /etc/named.rev2
@         IN  SOA    srv1. komtek.dp.ua..  root.mail. komtek.dp.ua. (
                        970205
                        3600
                        600
                        3600000
                        86400  )
                          NS     srv1.komtek.dp.ua.
1                         PTR    host3.komtek.dp.ua.
2                         PTR    mail.komtek.dp.ua.
3                         PTR    srv2.komtek.dp.ua.
4                         PTR    gw.komtek.dp.ua.
13.170.194.in-addr.arpa.  PTR    gw.komtek.dp.ua.


; /etc/named.local
@     IN  SOA    srv1.komtek.dp.ua.  root.mail.komtek.dp.ua.  (
                        960124
                        3600
                        600
                        3600000
                        86400  )
                          NS     srv1.komtek.dp.ua.
1                         PTR    localhost


; /etc/named.ca
.   999999    IN         NS  sri-nic.arpa.
                         NS  brl-aos.arpa.
sri-nic.arpa.   999999   A  10.0.0.51
                999999   A  26.0.0.73
brl-aos.arpa.   999999   A  192.5.25.82
                999999   A  128.20.1.2


    DNS  
 SRV


; /etc/named.boot
directory  /etc
domain    komtek.dp.ua
secondary komtek.dp.ua  194.170.12.2  named.data.bak
secondary 12.170.194.in-addr.arpa 194.170.12.2 named.rev1.bak
secondary 13.170.194.in-addr.arpa 194.170.12.2 named.rev2.bak
primary  0.0.127.in-addr.arpa     named.local
;   Internet
cache    .                        named.ca


; /etc/named.local
@     IN  SOA    srv2.komtek.dp.ua.  root.mail.komtek.dp.ua.  (
                        960124
                        3600
                        600
                        3600000
                        86400  )
          NS     srv2.komtek.dp.ua.
1         PTR    localhost


; /etc/named.ca
.   999999    IN   NS  sri-nic.arpa.
                   NS  brl-aos.arpa.
sri-nic.arpa.   999999  A  10.0.0.51
                999999  A  26.0.0.73
brl-aos.arpa.   999999  A  192.5.25.82
                999999  A  128.20.1.2


  ,    
 ,     
    Internet,  
 cache   /etc/named.boot    /etc/named.ca.


     
 ,    /etc/named.ca,
   Internet-.
 , Internet-  
    srv1.komtek.dp.ua  srv2.komtek.dp.ua
   DNS,    
Internet    komtek.dp.ua.


  0.0.127.in-addr.arpa,  
 localhost (127.0.0.1)     
   "" TCP/IP.


 ,    
  DNS     
,   ,   SOA
     .


  
   











   







  
   



   


    
   IP   
   . 
    
    
.  
   
 .   
    
.


 


-    
  Internet,  
  
 IP .  
   , , 
    
 ,  ,   
, .    
,     
.        -
   ,
 ,  
,   
    ..  ..


 
,   IP  
 (DNS)     
.   
   ,    -
 
    IP
    IP 
 .   
   4-  AIX 
  
  (DHCP),  
  (DDNS).


DHCP  


   
  ,  ,
    
     TCP/IP,
    
    IP, 
  gateway,  ,  
 .  
      
  TCP/IP   
.    -   
     ,
    
 ,    50
   TCP/IP. 


DHCP   TCP/IP  
       ,
   
,   
.  DHCP, 
  IP   DHCP
. DHCP   
IP     .
    
 , ,  gateway
 ,   , 
X-window  ,  
.


   DHCP


 DHCP   
 /.    
dhcp-.   
 :


1.    IP  
   
   
      IP
     
(DHCPDISCOVER).


2.   BOOTP  
     
 DHCP  .


3.   DHCP   
    (DHCPOFFER),
     IP 
   
 
     .


4.       
  
  .


5.    
      
 (DHCPREQUEST).


6.  ,   DHCP
     
  (DHCPACK).  
  ,    ,
  IP,  
     
 ,    DHCPDISCOVER.


7.  ,   DHCP 
   DHCP, 
    DNS 
    IP.


8.    IP,  
   ()  
  , 
     
  
.


9.    , 
 DHCPREQUEST  , 
 " ".


10.      
 ,      
  "
"    DHCPREQUEST 
  ,   
  .   ,
  DHCP   . 


  "
" 
,   
 DHCP.   DHCP   
       "
"; , ,  
,    
  "
".


DHCP -   
  BOOTP,   
  UDP.   
  DHCP  
   
   
   BOOTP. 
 ,   -
    BOOTP
  IP .  
   ,  DHCP
      .


 DHCP  ,   ,
 (     5000) 
  
 .   
  
 DHCP    . 


DHCP  AIX V4


    DHCP  AIX
   :


   dhcpcd

   dhcpsd

    dhcprd 


  DHCP  RS/6000
  LAN- ,
 Ethernet, Token-Ring  FDDI.   
,    DHCP 
  RFC     
    
 DHCP.


   
,   
 DHCP  AIX.



  

     DHCP
     DHCP
  

  

    AIX V4.2
    MacOS, Windows 3.x, Windows 95,Windows NT 3.5, Chameleon,FTP
      Software, AIX V4.1.4
  

  

    AIX V4.1.4
    OS/2 Warp Connect 
  

  

    OS/2 Warp Server, SUN Solaris,FTP Software, Competitive
      Automation
    AIX V4.2, AIX V4.1.4
  




  RS/6000    
 :  ,   
    BOOTP.


  DHCP


 DHCP    
IP,    
  .  
   ,
 ASCII   
   (GUI).


   DHCP
     :
    ,
     
    
 .


  DHCP, 
   .  
  DHCP   IP 
.


  - 
  .   
    
    . 
,      
 ,   , 
 .  
   
  
    .


  -  .
    
 TCP/IP  MAC .  
  , 
  
.


  , 
   
    .
    
,   
     . 
  ( ) 
,   , 
  .


 ,   
   
 :


  ;

 ;

 ;

  .


      
    .
    
 ,   IP
   .


     
,    
     
. ,    
   , 
    
 .


  


  DHCP  
  ""   IP  
    
Internet (InterNIC)    IP 
 C    B.


   ""
    
.


  C   
   ,
     ()
    . 
  , 
      
 .


  B   
     :
,  , 
  ,
    
.


  B      C
   .  
   C,   
   
    
 C.


 ,  
  C   . 


 network   : 
 -  ,   
   ,
   . 


 -  2  240,   1
  ""  
  ,    240
   
. 


(    , 
,    
.)


network  192.100.10.0 192.100.10.2-192.100.10. 240
{
option 1 255.255.255.0 *     C
option 3 193.100.10.1 *   gateway/  
option 6 129.35.40.5 *      DNS
option 5 2 hours  *  « »,  2 ,
                  *     
                  *        .
option 15 "marketing.x.com"  *     
}


 
    C 
    
,   
  .


network 129.35.0.0 24 *  NIC    B 129.35.0.0
                      *     24 
 {
 option 1 255.255.255.0 *     B
 subnet 129.35.10.0 *  
  { *     
  client 0 0 129.35.10.1 *  129.35.10.1
                         *   
  option 3 129.35.10.1 *   gateway/  
  option 6 129.35.40.5 *      DNS
  option 15 "producttest.x.com" *     
  }

subnet 129.35.20.0 129.35.20.2-129.35.20.200
 { *     
 option 3 129.35.20.1 *   gateway/  
 option 6 129.35.40.5 *      DNS
 option 15 "manufacturing.x.com" *     
 }

subnet  129.35.30.0 129.35.30.2-129.35.30.215
 { *    
 option 3 129.35.30.1 *   gateway/  
 option 6 129.35.40.5 *      DNS
 option 15 "rnd.x.com" *     
 }
}


  
    
  , 
    C.


network 129.35.0.0 25 * nic-  B  129.35.0.0
                      *    25    
                      * 256    .
{
option 1 255.255.255.128 *      B
subnet 129.35.40.0 129.35.40.64-129.35.40.12 6
*     
 { 
 option 3 129.35.40.1 *   gateway/  
 option 6 129.35.40.5 *      DNS
 option 15 "netserver.x.com" *     
 }

subnet 129.35.40.128 *  
 { 
 option 3 129.35.40.129 *   gateway/  
 option 6 129.35.40.5 *      DNS
 option 15 "accounting.x.com" *     
 client 0 0 129.35.40.129 *   129.35.40.129 
client 10x1005ACABADAE 129.35.40.130 * IP  129.35.40.130  
*  Ethernet  0x1005ACABADAE
 }
}


   
. 


supportunlistedClients  yes *     
                            *      
supportBOOTP            yes *  «»  -   ,
                            *   BOOTP
leasetimedefault        5 days *  « »   IP
leaseexpireInterval     1 day *    DHCP   
                                  * IP ,  - , 
                                  *      
                                  *   


 
    
DHCP    .


 
   /etc/dhcpsd.cnf.


  
 
,   /etc/rc.tcpip
,  SMIT.


# Smit tcpip Further Configuration - > Server
Network Services - > Other Available Services - > Dhcpsd Subsystem


 


 
 DHCP   
    
 .   
    dhcpsconf.


 
    
 :


Option list -  
,  

Key list - ,   ,
  ,  


Main window list -     


 DHCP



 ,  DHCP
  ,   
  
    
 .   
   ,
  ,   
   .    
     
.    
 DHCP    
  .  
  
 ,  
   .  
   , DHCP  
   ,
    
.


 
,     
: 


  TCP/IP -
 ,   NetBIOS  .. 


 
 -  
    (LPR), 
 (DNS),    (NTP)  ..



    :


dhcpcd.ini - 
 DHCP,   ,
     .
   .


/etc/rc.net -  
 .


 
 SMIT  :


smit tcpip- > Use DHCP for TCP/IP Configuration & Startup


 SMIT  
,   DHCP
 TCP/IP    
  : 


smit tcpip -> Further Configuration - >
Server Network Services - > Other Available Services - > Dhcpcd Subsystem


  
 


 
  
  , , 
  IP  
  .


 
 <>,  <>
  .   -
- ,  
,  
  
MAC-.


  
 DHCP   
   .


  
  :


Client     <  >  <   >  < IP  >
1=Ethernet  <> <none>
6=token-ring            <any>
1=FDDI
0= <> on the next field


  
   .
   
  :




  

     
      
     IP 
     
  

  

    0
    0
    <IP >
     <IP >  
        
  

  

    0
     <>
    <IP >
    
 ,   <>
   <IP >
  

  

    <type>
    <address>
    <IP >
    
    <type>
    <address>     IP
      <IP >
  

  

    <type>
    <address>
    none
       IP    
    
  

  

     0
     <>
     none 
     
     
   <>
  

  

    <type>
    <address>
    any
         IP
    
 .  
   
supportunlistedclients=no.
  

  

     0
     <>
     any 
     
   IP  
 <>.
    
supportunlistedclients=no.
  





 BOOTP


 
 BOOTP     ,
  
; , AIX 
  BOOTP .

  BOOTP  
   DHCP.


    
 /etc/dhcprd.cnffile.   
  ,   
.

   
  DHCP


  
     
.  
    
- 360 .

  
   











   
   TCP/IP







  
   



   
   TCP/IP


 


       
,    
  ,
   
    
. ,    
    
       
,   
    
    
 ,    
 .


    ? 
     
   . ,
  
  ,
   
.


   ,
  ping -R hostname / 
traceroute.  - R  ping 
   
IP.    ping
,       .
 ,  ,   
,  
 .  ping  
    -.
 traceroute,   ,
  IP    , 
   -. 


 traceroute   
   
:   ttl ( )
   . 


Traceroute   UDP  
 ttl,  
 . 
traceroute    
,   . 
     
  . -
,     , 
    traceroute 
    
 .


   
 ,  
 .   
     ,
    
 .


   
  
 ,   PerfPMR.
     
      perfpmr 3600 
 ,     
.    
   /var/perf/tmp.


 , ,  
""   , 
    .


 


  TCP/IP  AIX
  :


  
  ;

   CPU,  
    ;

     ;

 ,   
   ,
    ;

   , 
   
 .


 ,   , 
    
  .


 ,   
   
  .   
    
 ,  
  ..   
  .


   CPU
    
    .


     
    .
     ,
   ,  
  
  (  ..) 
  .    
  ,  
 ,  
   
  .


    
  , 
   .  
   "-",
     
   ,  
  .


 "" 


    
   
  
.


 
   
  :  ,  
,     , ,
  
  ,  .


  :  (TDR)


  Ethernet, , 
  -  (TDR). TDR
     
.   
     
 .   
   
  TDR.    
  , 
  .  
   TDR 
  .


  :  ifconfig 


    ifconfig,
   
  (  
    ,
    ,
  Internet).


  :  tokstat


 tokstat  ,
   Token-Ring.


  :  ping


 Packet InterNet Groper (ping) 
 ECHO_REQUEST  ICMP ( 
    
)   ,  
    . 
,     ping - 
     . 


     ping 
 ,   
  ,    
.    ping 
 ,  
   ,  
   
       
 .   
 ,     ,
      
.


  :  traceroute


    traceroute,
   ,
    
  .


  :  iptrace


    iptrace
 ,    
,     .
   :  
    
     
    iptrace.   
  
    
   CPU. , 
  , iptrace  
  .    iptrace
    , 
   ,  
  ,     
    , 
  .


 ,    , 
    ,  
  
.


  :  tcpdump


 tcpdump      
  , 
  ,
 .  
  ,  
    .


 ,   
:  netstat


 netstat   
  .  netstat -
 ,  
  .


   , 
   
 , 
  . ,   
  netstat -i  netstat -v, 
,    
    
 ,   
 .


,   netstat -s , 
  ,   
   iptrace 
 .


 ,   
:  netpmon


    
  - 
   
 CPU.


 netpmon    
,     (
TCP  UDP).     
      
    
.


 ,   
:  


    
      
  .
   
  ,   
    
 .  
   . 


   .
     
    ,
   
   OSI.


  -  
,    
 .


   ,   "
"   
   .  
 ,    
  . 
   , 
    
  ,   .
    
,    
   
 ,  
 .


     :
Performance Reporter


    
     
    
. IBM SystemView for AIX Performance Reporter (Performance Reporter)
   
,  
  ,  
  .  
   
   .


,  Performance Reporter  
 ,   
    
    .


    
    
AIX, Sun Solaris,  HP-UX.   
     Performance
Reporter    . 
    
.


Performance Reporter   DB2/6000  Oracle.


  
   



















  
   





  AIX 
  2.  
    
:




    
  ;

     
    ;

     
  ;

     ,
  ,   
;

    
    
 ;

     
 .




   
   , 
  . 
    , 
    
 .


   
,   AIX, 
   
  
.    
  .


 


" -  ".
    
   - …
 .  
    
   
   
,    . 


    
.   
  ,   
    
 .    
   
.    
.     
,     ,
     
   
   . 


   
      : 


   ,
,    
.      
 :



  
     
     ?

       
    ?

       
  ?

        ?

       
   (   
  )?

      
     ?

         
   ?

     ?

        
  ? ( 
    
    -   
    ).

     ,
    
  ?

       
     
  ?

      
   ?

      ? 
      .
      
     
      
  

       
   ?

     ? ,
      
      
   .  
       
       .




  ?


  ""  
    
  .    
  
 . 
,    
    
,   .  
 :


1.  . ,  
  .  
     (
   )
  .


2.    ( 
).   ,  
   
,   
,     
.


3.   . ,  
    (  )
    
.


4.   " ". 
  
   . 
  . , 
  
 ,  
 . 


   
  .   
     
 ,     
     .


  ?


     
 ,    . 
    
   
 ,  , 
    
,   
   
    
.


 ,  
   
    
    .


  , 
U.S. Department of Defence   
    .
   ,  D, C1,
C2, B1, B2, B3,  A.


 "D"    
.


 "C"  
  .  ,
 ,   
   (  )
,    .


 "B"  
   ( 
  ).
  
 .


 "A"   ,
     
 .


 ,  
    
    
  .


   "B"
   
  . 
    
    
  "B",   
 .


    
    ,  
 .


  


     
 AIX.    
,    ,
    . :


1)   ;


2) "  userid";


3)     
.


   
  AIX.   
 ,    
 .     .
   UNIX 
  .   
 ,   
    userid 
  , 
   
   .


   
""   "
 userid" ( 
suid),      
.  suid -   (.
 ());  
  UNIX. 
  
 suid.


AIX   suid   
 (shell scripts).     
 AIX    UNIX , 
   .


  ( , 
  ) 
  , 
    . 
,    
,   
  
  ,  
   
     
.


 ,   
    , 
  (  
)    
  .


   ( ,
 suid,    
)   
  UNIX.


     
    .
  ,    
  
.     
    
   "" 
AIX  ""  . 


 


   
, :




   ;

    LAN;

    ,
 " ".




     
    .


  AIX


   AIX
  ,   
    
 ,  
(UID)  .  
  ,  UID 
    .
    
  .   
, UID   ,
   ,  
 .   
 root   
  .


  :
root -    
  adm, sys, bin, ... -
  
     
   .


,    
      ,
  .   
   
  (GID). GID 
     .


   : system -
  user -  





   ,
       
   . 
     
  . 
      
     
.


   
   ,    
 .   
     , 
     
.


   
   
   . 
     
:


  , 
       ,
  ,   
        .


  
  
   system.  
     
  
   
  
 root. 


   
  
. ,  staff 
    
  
.   
security    
  
.


  
    
 .


   :


system    
   
 .


printq   .


security    



adm   



staff    
  


audit    


 


    
  AIX     
    
     . 
     
    
   .  AIX
      - staff.


   ,
    
,   pgrp 
 /usr/lib/security/mkuser.default.   
    
 mkuser  smit. ,   
    office,
  /usr/lib/security/mkuser.default
 : 


user :
    pgrp = staff

user :
    pgrp = office


      :
   
.


     /etc/security/group
 admin.     
  .   
  /etc/security/group.


   
 .   admin=true
  /etc/security/group (. /etc/group  /etc/security/group),
    .
 admin=true   /etc/security/user (. /etc/security/user)
,   
   
 ,   
 adms  /etc/security/group.  admin=true,
    .


  
    
  AIX.   
 
   . 
    
    root.
   (   30  40
)    
 .


   
 ,    
    
   
  su root.   
   
   root,    
  
   .


 AIX  ,  security.
      
   
 /etc/security (.  ),  
    
.   ,  
security    root.
,   
     .


 userids


AIX  userid  ,  
.    
  , , ,  
   ,    :-).
        
userid (  root). 


 , 
   ( ,   
  /etc/passwd)  . 
   
,   
   NFS.  ,  
root,     
   . (
  = *  /etc/security/passwd):


root:!:0:0:/:/bin/ksh
daemon:!:1:1::/etc:
bin:!:2:2::/bin:
sys:!:3:3::/usr/sys:
adm:!:4:4::/usr/adm:
uucp:!:5:5::/usr/spool/uucp
public:/usr/lib/uucp/uucico
guest:!:100:100::/usr/guest:
nobody:!:4294967294::4294967294::/:
lpd:!:104:9::/:


 ,   ,
      staff,
      .


groupids,     - ( ,
     /etc/group):


system:!:0:root
staff:!:1:
bin:!:2:root,bin
sys:!:3:root,bin,sys
adm:!:4:bin,adm
uucp:!:5:uucp
mail:!:6:
security:!:7:root
cron:!:8:root
printq:!:9:lpd
audit:!:10:root
ecs:!:28:
nobody:!:4294967294:nobody
usr:!:100:guest


   
    
  (  staff), ,
,    
  .  
  ( system, bin, security, cron) - 
    
.    
  ,   , 
  
   .




   , 
   ,   
:


1.  root;


2.   
 ( security, system, printq, cron, adm, audit).
   
   security,    
// 
  ;


3.  .


   
  
  
 security,   root 
//  
  . 


    
   
  : 


 : # cat /etc/security/user   
   : 


user1: admin=true


 PATH


PATH -    ,
    
  (). 
  ,
   PATH  
.    
   . (
,   Trusted Computing Base (TCB) 
   PATH.)


      , 
 root (  
)   
. ,  /tmp (
) -    PATH  
   
 su  /tmp,   su 
    su
.


 PATH -    , 
 ,   .
PATH    (
     (
 )),    
.   
root    root   /.profile
(  )  , 
root   .   
  root   su
 root (    
   
 su)   . (
 "-"   su 
   
,     
  . , 
"-"    su.)


,    
     
  su root,  
  ( PATH), 
  . 
    
,  :


1.  (  
root)     C,
 , 
  su.  ,  
    root.


2.     
      .


3.    PATH 
,     
   (home) .


4.   
 - , 
, ,    root.


5.    
    su, 
  root. 
   su, 
    su   
  (  
PATH )   
 su   .


6.  su  
   root, 
   , 
     
    .


7.  ,   
    
  su root.  
 ,  
     
  .


8.     root 
      
 root.


 -   "
",   ,  
   su 
 PATH.


      
,  : 


1. ,   
root,      
,    
  .   
 PATH .


2.  PATH     
    
 ,  
   
$HOME.     (
  )  AIX: PATH=/usr/bin:/etc:/usr/sbin:/usr/ucb:$HOME/bin:/usr/bin/X11:/sbin:.
  /usr 
  AIX, 
 .  /etc
     
  . 
,    
.     
   $HOME/bin. ""
   PATH    
 . 


   (X11  /sbin), 
 PATH :  ,
  (/$HOME/bin) 
 .  - 
 ,     ,
    ("")
   .


  


   , 
  ,
   . 
    
   AIX,    AIX.


     
.    
 Korn shell   TMOUT, 
Borne shell   TIMEOUT. , 
,    
   ,   
   
  .


  
 ,    
 -   .
,     /etc/profile
  /etc/security/.profile: 


TMOUT=45
TIMEOUT=45
export TMOUT TIMEOUT


     .
   
 (,   ksh
),   
    .


    - 
      
    
.    
    ( 
   ,   
    
).


 (Prompts)


   
,    
   . 
  Korn,  
     
 $HOME/.profile:


PS1='$PWD $ ' (  )
export PS1


   
    ,
   "$".
 ,     
,   
 su root. "$"   
   "#" 
   su root.


  ,   
  ,  
   su root, 
  su   "-". 


,   
,   
, ,   
   .


     
   ( 
   
),  
   
 .


 userid root


   
    root.
 " " 
 UNIX   
root,   userid. , 
,    , 
    
  root. 
 (,     root)
   su root  ,
        userids.


 root    
SMIT:


smit -Security and Users --Users
---Change / Show Characteristics of a Userid
* User NAME [root]
...
Another user can SU TO USER? [true]
...
User can LOGIN? [false] <--
User can LOGIN REMOTELY? [false] <--


   root, 
  /etc/passwd   
.    
  root  
 su  telnet.


 


 /var/adm/sulog    ASCII
  , ,   
 ,   
.    
 pg, more  cat.   
  ,     
   .


 /etc/utmp    
 .


  /var/adm/wtmp   
    
(      ).
    
 who file_name.  who  
   /etc/utmp.


   
     
  last. ,  last root
      
   root,   last reboot
   
 .


     ,
  who.   /etc/security/failedlogin,
   ,   
    
   /  
  .  
   UNKNOWN.


  


    
   ""
 (grpck, usrck, pwdch, sysck, tcbck)  ""
 (lsuser  lsgroup)  
  root ( 
   security).


 grpck


 grpck   
,   
  ,   gid
,     
.   
 .  -t 
     
    :
grpck -t ALL


    , ,
   Yes  ,  
userids,      
   /etc/security/user 
 .


 usrck


 usrck   
  userid.  -t
     
    
.    
 userid,    
  . 
    
.   
  ,   
 ( SMIT 
   /etc/security/user).


usrck -t ALL     userid
root,   .   
  , 
    root userid
(. root userid).


 pwdck


 pwdck  
   /etc/passwd  /etc/security/passwd. 
- ,  
     
  /etc/security/passwd  * ()
  .   
   
      
: pwdck -t ALL  pwdck  
   , 
minalpha, minother,  lastupdate. 


 lsgroup  lsuser


   SMIT,   
   .
    
,       
,  : 


lsgroup -f ALL >> /tmp/check lsuser -f ALL >> /tmp/check


 ,  ,  
  /tmp/check      .


   
   
  .  
   ,
    ,
    root (
   security).


 lsuser   
 root  
, : lsuser joe  
  , 
    joe.
 lsuser    ALL,
   
  . 
  .


 tcbck


     Trusted Computing
Base (.Trusted Computing Base). 


  ()


   AIX, 
    .
  () 
,    
   .  
  , 
   
  . 


 (,   root) 
   
.  ,  , 
 , 
 .     
.


   
   ,  
   ,
  AIX,   
.


   ,
  (   
)    .


    
 : BIN  STREAM.


 


 -  
,    
 .  
  AIX ( 
).    
 AIX     (
    
  ,  
 ,     ). 
  ,  , 
    
.   
    ,
     
  .


   
 ,  
.     
    
   
    
  . ,
   
     
 "" 
   .


     userid (
userids). ,   
   joe.


  130 
 ,   AIX.
    .
  . 


 


    , 
  . , -
  .


    
: ,   .
    .


    
,    
   .  
   ,
    , 
  ,  
/etc/security/audit/objects.


 


   
:


 Audit start -  
  .  -
   
.


 Audit shutdown -   
,  
  BIN ( )
   /audit/auditb, 
  "" 
 -. 


 Audit off -  
. ,   
   
.


 Audit on -   
     audit
off.


 Audit query -  
 .


   /


    (),
    .


  r (read), w (write)  x (execute)
    
 (),  (group) 
 (others).     
    
  SUID (set UID), SGID (set GID)  SVTX (sticky bit).


 SUID,   
, ,    
    
  (UID) 
. SUID    
  (shell scripts).  SUID  
  .


 SGID,   
, ,   
    
   (GID)
  .  SGID,
    
     
     
    
,   /. 



  

     
     
     
  

  

    r
      
       
     
        
  

  

    w
      
       
      
           
  

  

    x
      
         
       (cd) 
           PATH
  

  

    SUID
      
       UID 
    -
  

  

    SGID
      
       GID 
    ,   
          
      ,   
  

  

    SVTX
    -
        
         
        
  




   ,
, ,  ls 
  :




  AIX


  -  
   
 AIX.  ,
    
 :


  ,   .

  ,   ,
  .

      
  .

   ACL.

  .

 - .

   - , 
  .

   - 
      .

 ,   
userid  root. 


  


    
, ,  
   
 -rwx ------- ( 700). 


   (
  ""), 
  .  
,   
  , 
 suid (  suid root). 


    
  ,  suid-
root.     
  ,   suid- root
   .


   
     (
  mount - nosuid.  
    
   ( CD-ROM), 
()    
 ).


Inodes  Links


   UNIX ( JFS
AIX)   
 ,  
  .


   
   ,
      .


     UNIX -  
 :


   --> inode -->  


       
   .   
inode, ,   ,  
.


     inode, 
      .  
  ""  ,
 /u/trial/data.


inode   ,   ""
. 


     : 


/u/trial/data --> /xyz/j/g34/check --> inode 317 --> data blocks /joes/stuff --> 


  ,   (
 inode 317    )
   "".  
      "".
  ( UID  GID)   inode.
       
     
  .  
 
  . (
   
  ,  
,   inode .



    
     
      inode.)


     
  (..  - 
 ). ,  /xxx  
     /etc.
 ,   /xxx/my/data -   
  /etc/my/data.     
     ,
   
.   
  .






  (
)    .
   
 (UID  GID)   inode.
   ,
  .  -  
,    .
 root   
,   chown,  
     chgrp.



AIX,    
  chown  chgrp,  
     
 .    UNIX, 
    .


 ,  
  UID ()
 GID ( ),    userid  groupid.
 userid (   UID)  
, ,   UID
  .  userid  
 . ,    , 
 " " .  
 ,   userid,
    UID,   
  ,    UID.


    ,  
    ,
  .


   ,
    
  mv  cp ( 
).   cp 
  ,   
    
 . ,  
    
  .


 
 mv , 
    ,
   
.   mv 
     
,    
  .   mv
,    
  ,  
   
  . 
      
  (  )  
  (  
).    
    
.


  ()


 (
)   .  
  "",   
  " " 
"". 


  12  :


    ( 
 );

   ,   ,
   ;

   , 
    
 ;

   ,
  ,  
   .



    
 (    
 ).


 - 
 ;  
      
     .



    
.   , 
      
   ,
  -   
,    -  
 .


 ls



ls -      
  .  
  ,
  . AIX 
  li,  
  ls. 


 ,  
   ls,   
-     UNIX,  ,
   
 .


  ls
    
     . 
   ,  
    - :


 ls -al

 ls -ld

 ls -l /some/file/name

 ls -ld /some/directory/name


 , ls -al,  
    
,  ""  (
   ()).



, ls -ld,  
  .


 
, ls -l /some/file/name,  
  .


 , ls -ld /some/directory, 
  
.


  UID,  GID,
 sticky ("")   .


Userid
   
  li.


 , 
  ( ) 
     
    . 
   root.


 Inode  UID 
GID ,  .  UID ( GID) 
    /etc/passwd ( /etc/group),
    (UID  GID).


  ()


UNIX  12
 .  ,  -  r/w/x
  //.
     .
:


1.   UID ( suid);


2. 
 GID ( sgid);


3. Sticky ( "")
 ( svtx).


    
 ,   
   "rwxrwxrwx".
  ,    
 "x"   .


Suid 
,   "x" 
 "rwx"  "s",  .. Suid 
,    
 UID  . (
     UID
 , 
     
   .)


:


-r-sr-xr-x 1 root sys 3254 Jun 1 11:30 myprog


 myprog  
 suid.   ( 
   alex)  myprog,
     
root.   root    
  ,  
   .


, 
 , myprog    
 ( - ).  myprog
( suid root),     root.   
   ,
  ,   
    root.



 (  suid root)  
"".    AIX
 ,  suid-   
     
.


     chmod,
    
   4 .


Suid 
   (
 chmod)     root.
    
 cp.


   
   ,
   suid root.


 suid 
    root.
  , , 
  ,   
   .


:


-rw------- 1 alex eng 5432 Jun 2 13:45 mydata -r-sr-xr-x 1 alex eng 2345 Jun 1 11:30 myprog 


    
  
 myprog.   userid alex 
  mydata.    
 myprog,    myprog  suid,
   alex, 
    mydata ,
 myprog.


  AIX 
   suid root.
 
  ,  
 ( ,  suid root)
   , -
 -.


 AIX  ,
    
 (.Trusted Computing Base).


 
GID (sgid)       suid,
    
 . Sgid  
 ,   
,   , 
  
   .


AIX
 suid  sgid   
 .   
 "" 
   suid   UID  .
  UNIX  
  suid.


 ,  .
,     
  AIX.


   
 .     
   , 
    
 ,  
 .   
    UNIX.
,    ,
    
   .


 
 (  ), 
     
     .  -
    , ,
, /tmp,   -.
   , 
     ,
   -.
(,    root 
    .)



,    ,
    - 
  ; 
   
 .


 (  
)  . , 
   
   ,   
    
 ,    .



:


-r--rw-rwx 1 alex xyz 3210 Jun 3 15:15 mystuff


 mystuff
  ,   ,
.  (alex)   
   . (  
, ,   
   , ,  
,      
.)     xyz  
  . -  (
     xyz) 
, ,   .


  ,
 , , 
 -   
. , , 
  "".


   , 
   
  .   ,
  , 
 ,   
       
.   
  "---".   -
      
,      
  .


 umask



 ( )   .
      chmod.
,   , 
,   , 
    umask.



,     UNIX,
 umask  
.     
 , 
 ("rwxrwxrwx" ( 
777)  ,  "rw-rw-rw-" (
- 666)   ) 
  ,   umask (
    ).


   umask - 022. ,
   : 666 
022 = 644 = rw-r--r-- ( ) 777  022 = 755 = rwxr-xr-x
( )


  
   022
  027  077: 666 
027=640=rw-r----- ( ) 777  027=750=rwxr-x--- (
)


umask -   
,    
   umask (
  ).


 
   
  . 
    
   umask   $HOME/.profile
. ,  
     .


  umask  
   SMIT.  
     
 umask ( ).



  (Timestamps)


 UNIX, 
AIX,     (timestamps)
  ( ).  
     .
Timestamps:


1. atime.  -  
  .  ,  -
   .


2. ctime.  -
   inode  . (
-   , , , 
      )
inode , ,  
,  , 
  ( ),  ..


3. mtime.
 -    
.   ,   
  .    
 root.


   ls
    mtime.  -c 
-,    
 ctime.  -u  ,
    atime.  
   timestamps.


 ACL


AIX 
    .
 -     
 (ACL).   -  
 "" UNIX. 
 UNIX    ACL-, 
   
   .


ACL  AIX
    
 ,   
 . ,   
 ACL    . 
   
   .



 ( )  " 
"    
 ( )   ACL (
).   ACL 
   ACL.






 
 acl-  
 :


: SUID, or SGID or SVTX 
   :

 (): rw

 (): r-x

: -wx


: SUID  setuid SGID
 setgid SVTX  Savetext ( )


 



   
    . 
   
 (, , ) ,
,     
 , , 
   .



   
  ACL  ,   .


   
:


permit  
  .


deny 
   .


specify 
   .


 
    
   
    
.   "" 
  .    -
  .
 chmod   
-    
 .



   
:


attributes: SUID, or SGID or SVTX     :
owner(alex): rw
group(system): r-x others: --extended
permissions: enabled
permit rw- u:dhs
deny r-- u:chas, g:system
specify r-- u:lena, g:gateway, g:mail
permit rw- g:account, g:finance


   
 :   .


 ,  ACL
    ;
   .


   ,  dhs 
     (r)  
(w).


   
   (r)  
chas,   -   system.



 ,  lena   
 (r),   -   gateway  mail.


      
     ,
 ,   account  finance.


 ACL    
,   . 
 ACL    
     
 ,    
 .


, 
  GROUP1  GROUP2.  ACL
     
GROUP1     GROUP2.


 
   :


1.  SPECIFY 
     
(    userid), SPECIFY
   .
  SPECIFY,  (
  - userid), 
 SPECIFY.


2.  PERMIT ()
  (   
 ) .


3.  DENY ()
 (    
) .


  
 SPECIFY  .


 DENY    
 PERMIT,    DENY  
 PERMIT.    
  ,   -
 .   
       
 , ,   
   ACL  
 DENY   groupids .


      
 SPECIFY. 


  ACL,   -
     ACL, 
    chmod, 
    .


: 


 aclget  ACL  .


aclput  ACL  


acledit
  aclget  aclput.


 acledit
    
 ( , 
  EDITOR). 
  EDITOR  
   .


: EDITOR = /usr/bin/vi
 EDITOR = /usr/bin/e


 chmod


 
     
:  chmod    ACL.
    - 
     
 .  chmod - 
    
.


 hmod  
 (  "")
 . 
   
    ACL ( 
).   
   ACL,  
  chmod  
   , 
   ACL.


, 
  chmod + rw myfile,   chmod 644
myfile.     ,
      
 .  
   
.


 tcbck   
   ACL (..139).


   AIX VERSION 4


 
  - . AIX 
   .


 errpt  ,
   SMIT  :


SMIT -Problem
Determination --Error Log ---Generate Error Report Change / Show Characteristics
of Error Log Clean Error Log


 
    
     
  .  
 ,   errupdate.
      
    .


,   
   (  errdemon 
 ).


   
    SMIT:


SMIT -System
Environment --Change / Show Characteristics of Operating System



   
 .


 


 AIX
    UNIX 
  .  ls -l
        "l"
    .


:


lrwxrwxrwx 1 root system 5 Jul 22 1993 u -> home


 ,   
    u.   
.   
    .
   ,
    .



 ,   
u      home
(  , u  home- ,   
     
  ).


UNIX ( AIX)   
  ,  
   .  -
,    
  .  
 .


  
  ,  
  .


AIX 
  -
.    
  SVTX.   , 
   
.   !


 AIX,  root 
  chown,  
 .   
      
   .
,     
   .


 ,    AIX, 
 test,    
  ,   "test".


   ,  AIX 
 suid   . 
 suid     
  . 
      root, 
    root.



unowned


    (unowned
files)  ,  
  .  
 ( SMIT, ),    (
  ) . 
   ( ls 
 li)   UID. 
      :
,      mailbox.


 find  , 
    , 
 .
  find / -user username -print
    
username.      ,
   
 (  chown).
   . 
    
   
find / -nouser -print.


  - 
     
,  /dev/console.   !!


 



  ,   
 (LAN)    (WAN),
    .
,    
    :


1.
 TCP/IP: 



  
    
 ,    
    TCP/IP (
  Internet).

    ,  
  "" . 




 2.
Dial-in   ASCII .


3. 
 Uucp. (,  -
 dial-in ,  
  uucp 
 ).


4.  
,  SNA.


 



  ,  
   .  
   .


 



     
    .
"    
 "  
,   . 
    ,
      .
     :


1.   .


2.
   
 (   , 
,   ) 
 .


   
   
 ( ). 
   ,  
  .    (
  ) 
     . 
,    
   
.  ,  
     ,
   .


 
   
 (firewall),  
,  
    .



    
    .


,  DCE (.
   DCE) 
      
  .  
    
   DCE.   
 DCE   
    .


   
  ,    
 (   ) ,
   .


 securetcpip


  TCP/IP 
    
 .   - ftp, rexec,  telnet. 
    
    .  
    
.


,  
     
 telnet (  
,  telnet) , 
   ,
   .



securetcpip   ""
 TCP/IP.  
 securetcpip      ,
,    
   ""
.


securetcpip -  , 
   , 
     /etc/inetd.conf 
  chmod,  
     000
(---------).


   securetcpip 
   
  .   
    SRC,  
  : STOPSRC -G
TCPIP     ,
  TCP/IP.    
: SECURETCPIP


  securetcpip,
    
    
:


:


rshd
rlogind
tftpd


:


rlogin
rcp
rsh
tftp
trpt


securetcpip 
  ,  
    
  
   /etc/inetd.conf  
     
,     
.


  
  
    
    
.


 securetcpip   /etc/security/config,
  , 
  $HOME/.netrc, ftp  rexec.
  ,  
   telnet  rlogin
 rsh, ftp  tftp  rcp,  rexec  rsh.


 :  X- 
  tftp,    X-
 AIX.   ,   X-
   tftp, 
 securetcpip.


  TCP/IP


 /etc/hosts


 /etc/hosts   , 
   .
    
  IP .    /etc/hosts:


9.12.2.32 gateway
9.12.2.95 bill
128.100.1.4 dtp


 /etc/hosts
  ,  
  ( DNS),    
  
   IP . ,  
  ,  /etc/hosts 
 .   
      . 
   .


 /etc/inetd.conf


      TCP/IP.
 inetd    TCP/IP, 
  . ,
    telnet,
     inetd
  telnetd.  
     TCP/IP, 
    
.    
    TCP/IP,
    
.


 


   -
  (DNS),    
  .  /etc/resolv.conf 
    . 
    
   .
      /etc/named.boot,
/etc/named.ca, /etc/named.local  /etc/named.data.


 netstat


 netstat   
     
  .   
   
    
. , : netstat -p tcp   
 TCP/IP    .
    
.    ,
 -     .
     netstat, 
     
.


Trusted Computing Base


 , 
   AIX  
 (Trusted Computing Base (TCB)).   TCB
 :


1.  ()


2.
 ,  tcbck


3. 



4.    


5.
    


6.
 


7.  



  TCB   AIX 
  .
 TCB,    tcbck,
   
   
   .



     
 ;  TCB 
   
  " " 
.


 TCB   
 .  
 TCB,   , 
     
  . ?  
…


 TCB  
   
 .  
  TCB   ,
    
AIX.     
      
   
,     , 
   .  
    
     
.   
 TCB  
   , ,
  .


   ,
  TCB    
 ( ) suid
 root,  (  
 c )  
  .


 TCB
  
suid  root,     
   .


 TCB


 
 (Trusted Computing Base (TCB)) -   
,    
"" ("")
 .  TCB  
  AIX,    (),
 passwd,  . ,  /etc/passwd,
     
 .  , 
   ,  
    ,  
   
  ,    .
   
   .


 
   ,
  , 
  .   AIX TCB
,  IBM  ,  
  
   .



     
 TCB (   AIX   TCB;
    
   ).


 
 TCB,    ,
  ,   .
    (,
,  , ,  ..)
   /etc/security/sysck.  tcbck
 ,    
       (,
,   
  ,   
 .


  
    
  /, 
   TCB  ,   
      
 .


 
  /etc/security/sysck.cfg (
 pg)    
,  . AIX
 TCB-  inodes.   ,
    TCB  
     ,
     
 .


  (Trusted
Shell)    TCB  
    ,
   TCB  
   inode.


TCB- 
  ( root)
  chtcb.



 tcbck


 AIX 
    TCB,  
   /etc/security/sysck.cfg, 
   
   TCB.  
   


tcbck -n ALL


  
  .


 tcbck
  "p"  "y", 
,    ,
    
  ,
   ,
   .



    .
     , 
,  
 .


 
    tcbck,
   
.    
 ,   
  TCB.


   
   



  ,    UNIX, 
   .
 :   ""
     -
    
   ? ,
   
,   ,
  , 
   ,   
   .  
   
 ,   
 ,  ,
    
  . 
  userid   
 .  
      (
""    ).
 ,    
      
    .
   
     
   .  -
    UNIX, 
     
 UNIX.


 AIX  
     SAK 
     . 
  . 
  SAK- 
   .


SAK  
:


1.   
   
   -.  tpath  
,  SAK   
  (tsh),    
   .


2.     
, SAK   , 
    tpath 
 ,   ; 
    
 .


 
  ,   
  (,
 sak-)  
 600 (  622, 
   ).



   SAK, 
    (
 SMIT  ) sak_enable=true 
 /etc/security/login.cfg.   
     
 (   ), 
     .


SAK
    
 Ctrl-x Ctrl-r.


  - 
    SAK,
   
   /etc/security/login.cfg:


/dev/console:
    synonym = /dev/lft0


    
   , 
 tpath    
/etc/security/user.  
    
 SMIT.


   
  :


1. tpath=nosak.  -
    , 
     
. SAK ,  
   
. SAK     
  .


2. tpath=on. 
   SAK
     .
SAK     
 .


3. tpath=always. 
   
     (
 SAK)    
 .    
   ,  
  .


4. tpath=notsh. 
,   SAK,    
   ,
    
.


 , tsh, 
  ,   TCB-,
   .  
   ,  
     
.


SAK   , ,
    
    ( ),
    
 ,   
 .



     ""
,     
 .


, SAK
     "
"    . 
    
   ,   , 
    :


1. 
   ,   Ctrl-x Ctrl-r
(SAK-).  
     (
 ).  - ,  SAK 
.     
   ,  SAK 
,     .


2.
  .


3. 
   ,
  .


4.  
   tsh, 
 sh.  
   .


  


 
()    
 .  ,
    ,
   . 
  ,  ,
,   
 .



    ,  
,    . 
     
 .   
      
   .


 
   
,    .


    
 .    
   
  ,    
 .


 


1.
    ,
 /  
.


2.   
,     
    
. ,  mkuser 
 . , 
    
 mkuser.


3.   
  , , ,
   (, DB2) 
  
  ( CICS).  
    
      
  
.


,   
  ,   
    . 
 " ", 
    
.    
  ,   
.


     
  .  
  ,  
   .


   
  :


1.
   
    (
 ) 
   
.


2.    
     ""
 .  
   
   
    
   .


 root userid


   userid
 root,   
.    
  , 
  root.   ,  
 , 
   
,    
,     
.


  root userid 
 :


1.  
   ( CD-ROM).


2.
  ,   shutdown -F (
root    ).


3.
   ,   
 SERVICE (  ), 
    .


4.
 F1.


5.    
 "System Maintenance".


6.  "Access a Root
Volume Group".


7.  "Continue".


8. 
"Access the Volume Group and start a shell".


 
     
  root.


9. 
SMIT     
.


11.    sync 
   .


12.
  shutdown -F.


13.   
 NORMAL.


14.   (
  ).   
  root.



 ,    ""
   (1)    RS/6000,
 (2) "  " ( CD-ROM),
   
 AIX.


 


 
   , 
  AIX,    
 .


Firewall


"Firewall" 
,     
   
.   
  -     
Internet.    
firewall    ,
 ""  FTP
.


   
 "",  
,   inetd.


X Window


    X Window - 
      .
    
    X Window.


  X Window


 -  
;  -  .  -
   ,
   (  )
.    
 .   , 
    
.


    
 :


1.  
 xhost,    
    
.  ,  ,
   ( 
 ).


2.  
 ,   /etc/Xn.hosts,  n 0,
1, 2, ... (  )
   ,
,    
 .    
  /etc/X?.hosts   .


 ,     
   xhost,
  
   XWindow   
.   
  ,  
xhost   ,   
 - ,   - 
.


   
XWindow   , ,   
    
,  ,   
     .


   



1.   
  ,   
  .


2.   
  , 
  .


3.
     
  .


4.  SVTX 
 .


5. ,  UNIX 
AIX,  ,    
.


  
   











 







  
   



 








 
 -  
  .



""
 UNIX    
 ,  
   ( /etc/passwd
 /etc/group).    UNIX
  ( 
),  mkuser,   
 .



AIX,  
   UNIX, 
    
  . 
 AIX - SMIT.



 
   AIX, 
 ,   mkuser 
  .  , 
  SMIT.




   
   ( 
),    (
  ), 
   (  ),
  (  )  ..



    AIX 
  , 
 ,   
 ,  
  UNIX.



 SMIT
    
   ,   
    
   .
 SMIT!



   
    ,  "
 UNIX"   
   ( /etc/passwd). 
     .
   .



 : 
    NIS.



   
,  
  .




 




    
    
   :



 /etc/profile
  , 
   
. , TERM, MAILMSG, MAIL.



  /etc/environment
    
   .  :
HOME, LANG, TZ, NLSPATH.



  $HOME/.profile  
   .
    
    
     /etc/profile.



   



  

     getty
      init
        ODM
    
  

  

    login 
     /etc/security/login.cfg
    
  

  

       
      
    
    
  

  

      
       
    
    
  

  

       
      
     /etc/password /etc/security/password 
        
        /etc/security/failedlogin
  

  

     
     /etc/security/environ,/etc/security/limits, /etc/security/user 
    
  

  

     
     /etc/motd
       
        $HOME/.hushlogin  
         
  

  

    shell 
     
    
  

  

     
      
     /etc/environment, /etc/profile  $HOME/.profile
    
  





    
     init
   getty   .



   SMIT




 SMIT    
  
.    
     
SMIT.     
  ,  
   .



smit
Security and Users
Users
ADD a User



1 * User NAME [alex]
2 User ID [ ]
3 ADMINISTRATIVE User? false
4 Primary GROUP [staff]
5 Group SET [staff]
6 ADMINISTRATIVE GROUPS []
7 Another user can SU TO USER true
8 SU GROUPS [ALL]
9 HOME Directory [/usr/guest]
10 Initial PROGRAM []
11 User INFORMATION []
12 EXPIRATION date (MMDDhhmmyy) 0
13 Is this user ACCOUNT LOCKED? false
14 User can LOGIN? true
15 User can LOGIN REMOTELY? true
16 Allowed LOGIN TIMES
17 Number of FAILED LOGINS before [0] user account is locked
18 Login AUTHENTICATION GRAMMAR [compat]
19 Valid TTYs [ALL]
20 Days WARN USER before pw expires [0]
21 Password CHECK METHODS []
22 Password DICTIONARY FILES []
23 Number of PASSWORDS before reuse [0]
24 WEEKS before password reuse [0]
25 Weeks between pw expire & lockout[-1]
26 Password MAX. AGE [0]
27 Password MIN. AGE [0]
28 Password MIN. ALPHA characters [0]
29 Password MIN. OTHER characters [0]
30 Password MAX. REPEATED chars [0]
31 Password MIN. DIFFERENT chars [0]
32 Password REGISTRY []
33 MAX FILE Size [2097151]
34 MAX CPU Time [-1]
35 MAX DATA Segment [262144]
36 MAX STACK Size [65536]
37 MAX CORE File Size [2048]
38 File creation UMASK [22]
39 AUDIT classes []
40 Trusted path? nosak
41 PRIMARY Authentication Method [SYSTEM]
42 SECONDARY Authentication [NONE]



  (  1 
42)    ,  
 .  
       
 .



 userid (
1, User NAME)   . Userid 
    .
  ( 2) - UID.
 SMIT  
 UID;   
   
   . 
   .


  ( 3  6) 
.     (
 "false"  )  
.


  
   ( 14) , 
     
 (   
   7,8  15).
   
  . 
 ,  bin, 
 ,   
    . 
  -  root,
  .  
     /etc/security/user
   .  
      /etc/passwd,
    .


 SU (
8), SU  ( 7),    
 ( 15) 
  , 
    .
  (  
) .   
    
 .


SU 
,    
   ,
  su.  root  su 
,      false.
 SU    true, 
 SU   
 ,    su  
.    ,
     su 
 .      root,
  root  su    
 .   
all -  ,    (
,   
 ,   
    su  
userid.)


    
   rlogin  telnet 
TCP/IP.     true (
 ),   
  ,  telnet,  
  .   
    ftp TCP/IP.


  ( 10) -  (
 ) ,   
,   
  .  -  
,  /usr/ksh.     (
),     
 /etc/security/mkuser.default.


   
( 12)    0 (
  ).  
  .  
    "0330000099" (MMDDhhmmyy).
     ,
    
.    
 .


   (
13)    false,   
  ,  
userid. (    
  ,     
  .)


 
  
  ,
     ( 16).
    
,     
  /etc/security/user (. /etc/security/user). 
    
     
     
.


 TTYs ( 19) 
,    
 (   
-,   telnet
   ). 
     
,  /dev/tty1.  "!" 
  ,   
 .   ALL
,    
.  
  
   
 ,  
  . ,
 root    
 ,    
    .


 WARN USER ( 20)  
   
  ,   
    .
   ,
    ( 25).
    ,
    .



  ( 18)
     
 "compat".   
   
  .



   ( 21 - 31)
 . ,  
   .  
-     (
32).     
  DCE   
 .


 
 (  33  37) 
    
- .


   (
33) -   
 ulimit. Ulimit -   (
 512 ) ,  
.   
   ulimit,   
    , 
  SMIT.  ,
 SMIT - 8192.  , 
    -  
;     
  ,
  .



    (
34)  
   
.    .
    
,   AIX. 
      
.


UMASK ( 38) -  
  umask  .
    
     umask.



  39-42 ( ,
 ,  
,  )
     .


   
 (  SMIT,
 )   
   :


1.  /etc/passwd
   , 
.


2.  /etc/security/passwd 
    
    .


3.
 /etc/security/user   
,    
.


4.  /etc/group  ,
     
   .


5.  /etc/security/limits
   , 
    
 .


6.  /etc/security/.ids
 ,  
  UID.


7.  /home
   , 
    
.


  



   ,
     
    
   , 
  
. ,    
    (
26)   .



     /etc/security/user.
     
    
    .  root,
  
    ( vi
    )  
  .


  
    
  , , ,
    
   . ,  
     
    
    SMIT.


 42 
,  SMIT   
  , 30 
   /etc/security/user.


 /etc/security/limits
   ,   
   
 (    .)
     .


   
    
 .  
    .
   
   ,  
      
.


 /etc/security/user  /etc/security/limits
  , 
   ; 
 ,   
   
   .






 UNIX  
   /etc/passwd.
   
  .    
    . 
 ,   UID
,    ,
  ,   
 ( ) 
   .


   /etc/passwd
  , 
  UID (
  )  userid
(  ). 
   /etc/passwd   
    . 
      . 
,    ,
    ,  
.  ,   , 
    
.


  
 UNIX (  
 UNIX,  AIX)   
   . 
    
      , 
   
     .
     
 . 
,    
 ,  
    
    
    UNIX. 
    
 .  
    /etc/passwd,  
 .


  :
  ()
    
.  ""   
 .


 AIX  
  /etc/security/passwd.    /etc/passwd
       (
  ):


1.     ()
.  ()  
,      
userid.


2. .  ,  userid
. (AIX    
 /etc/security/user,   ,
   , 
  .)


3. 
.  ,  
     /etc/security/passwd.
 -    AIX.


4.
  ( 
  13 ).


 
     
/etc/passwd,      
     /etc/security/passwd.
AIX      ,
    
    /etc/passwd.


SMIT 
 passwd   
   /etc/passwd  
    /etc/security/passwd.


    
 /etc/security.    
   
  " 
''.




  
   SMIT, 
 , 
    ( )
  /etc/passwd   .
 (  root) 
 SMIT   passwd  
   .


 
   
 (root),   
    
   ( ADMCHG  
   /etc/security/passwd ,
   ). 
    
   
  .


  passwd -
  UNIX   .
   
,   
 ,   root
    .


   
   SMIT 
 ;  passwd   
 .


 SMIT   
        
   . 
   , 
    
   , 
     , 
  SMIT .


 
,   
 ,     
 (     
).


,  
 userid     
   ,  
     ,
    .  
,   passwd 
  ,   
 SMIT.


 ,   (
 root)    
    .  
    
.


   
   ?
  
  ,  
   ,  
 .   ,
 "", 
   ,
 ""  
    
 .


 
   :


1. 
    (
   )  
  .


2.
   
 ,   
    . 
,     
,   
 .


  , 
    
    
  .


  
   ""
.    
     ;
     .
   
  "c" :


1. 
    
  .


2.    
       
,   . 
      root 
 .


3.   
.


4.   ,  
   ,   
   
 .


5. 
     
 .


6.  
   ;  -
  ,   
 .


7.  ,
   .  
 .


8.   
,      .


9.
 ,   
   .


10.  , 
  ,   ""
.


11.  (    
 ),  ,  
,    ( 
 ,   "l" 
"1"   "o"   "0'').


12.
    -   
     .


13.
   
.


14. AIX   
  .   
     .



    
     ,
  ,     /etc/security/user
  .



    
,   SMIT. 
:


            recommended default
minage      0            0 (weeks. Use 0)
maxage      12           0 (maximum age in weeks)
maxexpired  4            0 (weeks after expire)
minalpha    1            0 (alpha characters)
minother    1            0 (non-alpha characters)
minlen      6            0 (minimum length)
mindiff     3            0 (different from last pw)
maxrepeats  3            8 (repeated characters)
histexpire  26           0 (prohibit reuse, weeks)
histsize    8            0 (number of old passwords)
pwdwarntime 14           0 (warning time, days)


  
   
  .  
,   
  ""
UNIX.


Maxage/minage  /
  ( ).  
 - 0   ,  ,
     
  . ,
     minage. 
   .



  
   maxage 
   root 
  system.    
     
    
    . 
   
  ,    
    "".
    
   ,    
     .


 pwdwarntime (  )
 AIX  
,     
.   
    
   ""
.


 maxrepeat, mindiff, minlen, minalpha, 
minother   
  . 
   
,   ,
  ,    
  , 
,   
,    
,     .


AIX  ,     (
 /etc/security/pwdhist.dir  /etc/security/pwdhist.pag).
 histexpire   ,
    ,  
  .



histsize    ,
   , 
    .


AIX     
 .   
   ( 
dictionlist=)     
  (  pwdchecks=)
    
.


    
  /usr/share/dict/words (  
  )     
 .    
   
 SMIT     
   /etc/security/user.


,
   


,
   
,    
.   ,
   
    
 /etc/security.


1.   /etc/security/.ids 
  .  
  
  mkuser ,  
    
 uid/gid.  
  ,
 () SMIT.


 
:


6 221 12 206


: 6 = 
  uid

221 = 
 uid

12 =  
 gid

206 =   gid


2.   /etc/group
   
.


3.   /etc/security/group 
  , 
 admin  adms.


4.   /etc/security/login.cfg
    
   .  
    
.    
    .
     
   .  :




)
 ,  
  .   
   ( 
  ) 
     
.    
      
  .   
dial-in     
 "" 
    
.

) sak_enabled - 
   
 .

) uth_method (  
   ,  
AIX) -   
  .

)
  ( 
   )
   .  
  
. ,   
    
   .

) usw - 
    chsh 
  - .
     .

) maxlogins -   
  ,  
     (
    
chlicense,     
   AIX).

) logintimeout -
      
.




5.   /etc/passwd 
   .


6.   /etc/security/passwd  
,   
,  ,   ,
   
( ,    
   
      ).


7.   /etc/passwd.dir   /etc/passwd.pag  

mkpasswd     
,     userid 
.    .


8.
  /etc/security/user  
  .


9.
  /etc/security/environ  
    
.


10.   /etc/security/limits 
 .


11.  /usr/lib/security/mkuser.default
    ,
   
.    
 .   
  ,   
  (),  
     
 .


12.  /etc/security/failedlogin
      
.    
who:


who -a /etc/security/failedlogin >> /tmp/check


 
    /tmp/check. 
  . ,
     . 
   ,    ,
      
userid ( userid,    
  /etc/passwd).  userid
  UNKNOWN.


13.   /etc/security/lastlog
     
   
    (  
).    
    
.     ,
    (  ()
 ).


14.  /etc/security/.profile -
   $HOME/.profile   .
     
.     
,  ,    /etc/security,
   
  . "" 
  "o"   
 . ,   /etc/security/limits
 /etc/security/olimits.


  
   











 







  
   



 


  


    
,   ,
  ps -ef.


# ps -ef


USER PID  PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 1    0    0 02 Jan    -    1:30 /etc/init
root 1360 1    0 02 jan    -    0:00 /usr/sbin/srcmstr
root 3329 1    0 02 Jan    -    0:00 /usr/lib/errdaemon
root 2563 1360 0 02 Jan    -    0:00 /usr/lpp/info/bin/infod
root 4317 1    0 02 Jan    -    0:00 /usr/sbin/cron
root 7904 1360 0 02 Jan    -    0:00 /usr/sbin/qdaemon
root 8460 1360 0 02 Jan    -    0:00 /usr/sbin/writesrv


 


   foreground 
    (
Ctrl+C).

   background 
  kill.

    crontab
  
  crontab .

    cron 
      /etc/inittab
  chitab.


  () skulker


AIX    /usr/sbin/skulker,
   skulker.  - 
,   
 .


   skulker  
 (  - root),    
  ( cron). 
    cron 
  AIX.


    /var/spool/cron/crontabs/root
      cron, ,
 ,   .


   skulker:


     
      ;

 ,     
  ;

    /tmp,   
   ;

    /var/tmp,  
    ;

  *.bak, .*.bak, a.out, core, proof, galley, ...*, ed.hup (
 ), 
     ;

  .putdir,   
   .


    skulker, 
 .  
   root,  
    .


  
cron  at


 ,  
 ,   
   , 
 cron.     
     /etc/inittab.


 cron  :


     
 -   
 crontab;

   ,  
    -  
  at;

   ,  
   ,  
   -  
  batch.


  
  /var/adm/cron/queuedefs.   
 AIX   crontab 
  cron.    
   cron
 ,  crontab
   ,
,   cron .


 AIX cron (  crontab)
     
 ,    
  root,   
    UNIX .


  (user)   crontab
  /var/spool/cron/crontabs/user. 
crontab  :


    _ 


  ,    
   
   cron  
.    , 
    , 
    
,    
.    
 .


,   
    
  .  
   
,   cron 
 .


   
  .  
   
  ,   
  
 .  
 :


/var/adm/cron/cron.allow
/var/adm/cron/cron.deny
/var/adm/cron/at.allow
/var/adm/cron/at.deny


   "deny"
,  .


   "allow", 
   . 
 ,   
.


    cron
   , 
userid    . 
    
root,      
 .


   ,
   /var/adm/cron/cron.allow
 /var/adm/cron/at.allow,   root  
 ,  
   .


 cronadm   
  cron:


cronadm cron -l (list all cron files)
cronadm cron -l joe (list joe's cron files)
cronadm cron -v (list job submission status)
cronadm at -l (list existing at jobs)
cronadm at -l joe (list joe's at jobs)
cronadm at -v (list submission status)


   , 
    .  cron
    
,    AIX
 "  , 
".



  
   











    AIX







  
   



    AIX


AIX Connections


  
 AIX Connections  
    
 ,  OS/2, Windows,
Windows 95, Windows NT Workstation  MacOS    AIX.


     
     AIX,
   ,  
  . AIX Connections
   
   
   AIX  .


  AIX Connections


AIX Connections Version 1.1  AIX,  
 TotalNet Advanced Server  Syntax 
    AIX 
-  -   Ethernet  Token-Ring.
      
   :


 DOS 5.0  ;

 IBM OS/2 2.1  IBM LAN Server 3.0  ;

 MacOS 6.03  ;

 Novell Netware 3.1;

 Microsoft LANMAN 2.0  ;

 Windows  Workgroups, Windows 95/98  Windows NT 3.51  .


  AIX -   
 ,  
   
    .
 AIX   
 ,   
    
 .  
   
    
    
 DCE. AIX Connections 
     
 .


  AIX Connections:


    .

     .

   Network File System (NFS)/Distributed File System
(DFS).

   Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).

  DHCP.

   /, 
 OLTP     .

  .

 .

  HACMP ().

  Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS).


 


    
    - IBM Version LAN Server 4,
Microsoft LAN Manager, Novell Netware  Apple.

    AIX   
,      .

  SMIT -  
 .

   HACMP 
     
  .

   
   
   
  
     
  .

    
   Windows NT   WINS.


    ,
  RS/6000  
 AIX Connections  
 AIX.  ,    
    
AIX.  Journal File System  Logical Volume Manager,
   , 
    
,      .


   
 AIX   ,
    
  AIX Connections.  
     
 UNIX  Network File System  Distributed File
System.


    


      
 AIX,     AIX.
   
  , 
 userid AIX  .    
    
 AIX,    , 
AIX Connections.    
 AIX Connections.   
  AIX Connections   
   .  
     
   .  tnpasswd
   
 AIX Connections.


 AIX Connections


AIX Connections    
    :


LSserver

NWserver

MACserver


   
   SMIT. ,
  AIX CONNECTIONS  :


connect.client AIX Connections
connect.info.en_US AIX Connections
connect.msg.en_US AIX Connections
connect.protocols Protocol stacks
connect.server.com Common Server Files
connect.server.lsserve LS_Server
connect.server.macserve MAC_Server
connect.server.nwserve NW_Server
netbios.api Netbios
netbios.rte Netbios


      AIX  
    
. AIX Connections   
 ,  
   .   
     
 LSserver, NWserver  MACserver.


 AIX Connections  
 /usr/tn.    
   
  .  
  :


    ;

   ;

   ;

  .


  


 -    
 .   
 ,  
    
.       ,
      
  .


 


 , lock.smb,  
    
  .  
 ,  
,   
   .


 


    
  
 . tnwho
   . tninfo
    
. tnck   
   . 
      SMIT.


  


     ,
   
  . 
    
 :


   AIX;

   ;

   ;

   ;

    ;

    ;

    ;

    ;

   ;

   - LSserver, NWserver  MACserver.


Novell Network Services (NNS) 4.1 on AIX


  bonus-pack,  
  AIX,   Novell
Network Services 4.1 (NNS) on AIX   
 Novell NetWare 4   RS/6000. NNS on AIX
 
  Novell Directory Services (NDS) 
  ,
    -
Novell ( bonus-pack  2- ), 
    
   RS/6000.


   RS/6000  
 Internet    
  , 
  DOS 5.0, OS/2 2.1, Windows 3.11, Windows
95  Windows NT 3.51     . NNS on
AIX  , 
    
 NDS.


  NNS on AIX:


  ,  
   Novell Directory Services (NDS)
  PC.

  NDS   
LDAP  Internet/intranet.

   .

     
 Novell   .

   RS/6000  
    
  Netware  NDS .

   AIX  4.2.  4.3



  
   



















  
   





High Availability Cluster Multi-Processing (HACMP)


,   
 IBM   
     
.    UNIX   
 .  IBM 
     
   
 UNIX.


 IBM HACMP  
    - 
  RS/6000 ( 16
 IBM RS/6000 SP).   HACMP
    
,  
,   
  
.


High Availability Geographic Cluster (HAGEO)


  High Availability Geographic Cluster (HAGEO)
   
   
  
 .


 HAGEO    
 ,    
   
  .


      
:   ,
  , 
    .


 HAGEO  



    HAGEO 
 HACMP  4.1.1,  
   AIX 4.1.4 for Servers.  
  " "
  AIX CLVM  Oracle Parallel Edition.


 


     "-"
     ,
  AIX TCP/IP.
    
,   
  ,     
   . 
HAGEO       
 .



  
   











   
DCE







  
   



    DCE


Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) - 
  ,
  
  (OSF). 
   
   
 .


 DCE,   1990 .,
    ,
   
,   
   .
   ,  
    (DFS), DCE
   
   :



  

    
     
  

  

    
      () 
        ,
        
         .
  

  

     
    , 
        
      ,   
       .
  

  

     
      ()
           
       ,   Kerberos  
      RPC
  

  

     
    ONT>OCT , 
        
      .   
        RPC  
      
  




 DCE


 ,  DCE 
   
 ,   - 
   , 
   .  
    
    , 
   
    
,   
.


  ,
    ,
   DCE
    
      
  ()
   (,
  NetWare (NDS)   Banyan
StreetTalk).


    
    ( 
)    ,
   
  
   
 .


 
  DCE  
 .  .
 RPC  
 .  , RPC -
    
   .


 
  DCE  RPC 
 
  -   
 .


 DCE


 RPC  
  .
  .   
    
.


 ,  RPC  
 .  , 
   
 .


    ,   RPC, 
     
  ""  
   
 , 
.


      
  -,
   
 , 
   RPC  DCE
  .


   ,   
  
   
 ,   .


  DCE -   RPC. 
    
   
.  
,    
    
 . 


 RPC   
   
 .


 DCE   ,
   ,  
    
  .  
     ,
      
   - Encina
Recoverable Queuing System  Transarc,  
 DCE.


 IBM    
    ,   
 ,    
 .   
  DCE    
,  LAN Server.


    Microsoft,
     
 DCE   .   
 .  Windows NT,  Windows 95   
  RPC   
 DCE,    DCE
   .


Network OLE,   Microsoft,
    
Common Object Model   ,
    DCE
 RPC,   ,  
   
 DCE.


 ,  Microsoft  
  DCE. Microsoft  
  DCE,    RPC  
  . ,  
Microsoft     
    
  DCE. Microsoft  
     WOSA
 API   ,
    - ,
      DCE
  .


    ODBC 
     SQL
 ,  Microsoft
     
,   
 ,    
.


 DCE


,  
 , ,
   . 
     ,
     .
     .


   CDE
  :






   : 


_-_-.


,  ,  
 C    :


 ,  
   ;

   ;

   ;

  ;

  ;

 ,   
 . 


  
    .
  , , 
.     
 .


  
   
.  ,   , 
:


     
    
;

   
;

   ;

   
  
,   .


    
      DCE.
 DCE  
 ,    
    
     
   DCE.


   
:   ,
   ,   ,
   .


   :


     
   ;

 ,   ;

 ,   ;

 ,  
 .


   DCE




    DCE,
    
 ,   
:   
?     
?    
 ?   
   
?   
    ? 
    ? 
    
?


  ,   
    
    
    
.


   ?  
   
   ,
    .


    
  DCE 
  
,       
    
DCE.    
       
   DCE  
 ,   
   . 


,    ,
  ,  
   ,   
 ,  
    
    
   .


     
  
  ,   
     .
 ,  
      ,
  .  
   ,  
    
 .


    
  ,    - 
,  
,    
   .


   
   
   .


  , 
 ,   , 
   .   
     
   ,
      
    . 
 ,  ,
      
      
,     .


    
   , 
     
,       
  .  
  
.


    DCE 
     
 .    
  , , 
     
   .


    
     
   .
     DCE
    .  
     
    
    .
      
 ,  ,  
  
,      .


    
   
 . ,  
    
    
.   , 
  ,    
     
   .


     DCE
   . 
,   
     
   DCE 1.2.  
     ,
  ,  DCE,
  ,  
  DCE 1.2  
   .  
     
   
  .


     
   
,   ,
     
.    
  ,     
   .   
    
,   
  ,    
 CDE (, 1.0  1.1) 
    .


   
  -  ,
    - 
 .
    
  .
,    
  , 
  .  ,
    
,    
,  
 .


   
     
.     
 ,   
 ,   
 ,    
  
    .


 


     ,
     
  ,
  .
  DCE  
    
,    
   ,  
   .
    
  .


    
   
    
 .    
     DCE
  
  .


,     11
  10 , 
 ,    
 ,   
    
.


   
    -
    DCE.
  
     .


,  
  
, ,   
    2  
   50200 ,  
    .


  , 
  DCE 
,     ,
 ,  
   
 - 
.


  DCE 1.2   
.   
      
  .  
     
      , 
   .


     
    
     
DCE,    
    
   .


      -
 ,    
    DCE.  
    ,
   DCE  -
     .


  DCE    ,
 - dced,  
 1.1     
 .    
     
.     
     ,   
,    .


    
    
     
.


  


   
,    
 ,  
  ,  DCE  
  .


  DCE,  ,  
     
    ,
   . 
      
,     
  .


       
 ,  ,   
   ,  
  .  
    
     DCE.


,     
,      
  
,     
     
     
 .


    ,
 ,   
     .


    
    
      
,    
    .


     
 ,     
,     .
     
,    
  .


  DCE   
  ,   
  :
  ,  
  DCE,  
.


   
   DCE
   
  . 


  


  ,  DCE 
      
    
.      
 ,  -   ,
   .


     
    
     ,
   ,   
    
    . 


   
   
.   ,  
  ,
  , 
   ,   
    .


   
     
    
     
    ( 
).      
,    
    .


    
    ,
     
.   
      
   ,
    DCE  
    .


 cdsclerks,  -
 ,   -
  ,  
    
.    
    cdsclerks
     
   -. 
    
 ,  
  -  , 
    .


 


    
  OSF 
   "OSF DCE Administration Guide,
Core Components",    
 DCE.    , 
       
  . 
     
  
 DCE,    
  .


 


  DCE  
    
 DCE    .  
     ,  
  .    
  DCE,  
    
 .  
   ,
      ,
   .


    
     
    .
      
      
.


,    
  DCE     
   
     .


   
   
.


 


     
     
 . 
 ,   NetWare
    :  
100    
   .


    
   
    ,
     .
    
   
,  -   ,
    
   .


   
,    
,    ,
    , 
     
      
.



  
   











 







  
   



 


 


  
   
    
   
   
  .
    
    
      
     
.


   AIX 
  iFOR/LS (Information For Operation and
Retrieval License System).   
  
  
 Network Computing System (NCS)  
    /.


  LPP  AIX   
   
:   
  /
 


   iFOR/LS
    
   .


iFOR/LS


 iFOR/LS   
NetLS     100%  
  NetLS.  Hewlett-Packard
   NetLS  
  Apollo Computers.  1987 
 Gradient Technologies   
HP     AIX   -
 iFOR/LS.


 iFOR/LS :


 NCS 1.5.1.

 ARK

 ADK iFOR/LS   NCS 1.5.1.


NCS   
 bos.net.ncs.obj,  
  
.


iFOR/LS    
:   
   
  .


  
Application Developer's Kit (ADK).  
   Administrator
Runtime Kit (ARK),    
  , 
   .


 


  iFOR/LS 
   :


Node Lock   ,
    ,
  ,
   .
    
     (
   
  ID  ).


Concurrent use  
  
   
  "" 
     ,
   ,  
  .


Use once    
  
 .   
  0   
.   
    (try
and buy).


Compound    
     
.    
     
   .


 


 ()   
  ,  
 . ,
,   ()   
 ,    , 
.


   
   .


   
    
    
 .     , 
   
     .


   
  
 iFOR/LS    
   , 
     
   .  
    
   
 iFOR/LS,    
  .


 


   
   :


Softstop ,   
    
 ,    
   


Hardstop ,   
   
 . 
   
   
 :


Wait    . 
  
,  
.


Quit .


List   
    .


Queue     
  .


  
   
 (   
    
).   
  . 
   
    
.  
 . :
5-10 .      AIX BOS
login    15 .


  ""



  ""
    :


1.    iFOR/LS


2.  NCS  iFOR/LS


3.    (
) llbd dlbd netlsd


  /usr/lib/netls/conf 
  netls_config, 
  .



  
   











Common Desktop Environment (CDE)







 
   



Common Desktop Environment (CDE)



  CDE?



Common Desktop Environment (CDE) desktop - 
  ,
   IBM, HP, Sun,
 Novell   . Desktop -  
  ,
  X11 release 5  OSF/Motif 1.2. 
    
  
     
    
   .



CDE   
:  ,
 ,  .



   
   
   ,
,  .  
   
.  
   
      .



   
  CDE  
 ,   
    . CDE 
    , 
    
  
.   
  ,   
 CDE.



 ,  
    
.



  
   
 AIX.  
  , 
   
 .



   
   X Window,
OSF/MOTIF  OPENLOOK.



 CDE?



 CDE



   



CDE     UNIX,
  
   
 .



   



  
  ,  
     
.



   
  



  
,   , 
,  , 
 ,  
   .



  



    
  -  
    .
   
 



  ,  
 
  .
   
    
   ,
    .



  



CDE     X-OPEN,
X11 release 5, OSF/MOTIF 1.2  Spec 1170.






CDE    
    
 .



    AIX CDE



  /  



    
     ,
 ,   
 .



    
OSF/MOTIF 1.2      
    (
  ).



    
  . 
   
    .  
   ;
  ,  
  , 
   . 
   
  .  
    , 
  
, ,  
 ,    , 
    .



 



  , 
    
.   
  , 
  ,  
 .



   ,
,    , 
   . 
     
   ( drag and
drop)   .



 



     
   .
  
  
  : 
, ,  , 
,    
.



  CDE



Desktop   
- , 
    
    SGML.
   API 
  
   -
 .  API  
    
  .



  



CDE Desktop   
   
      
.    
  , 
,   ,
   . 
   
      desktop. 
  
 , , 
man-  .. 



  



Desktop     
 , 
 
   
.   
- Application Builder  dtscript.



Dtscript -   
  ,  
 Windowing Korn Shell.



Application Builder -  
 , 
  widgets CDE.



    
  
,   drag and drop.






Desktop      (
    ). 
   
    
     .



 
   



















 
   






 




AIX -  " ". 
       
,    
   
 .




   
 :



1.  AIX;



2.  ;



3.
 NFS ( NIS,  ). 



 
 



1.  TCB.



2.
   root.



3. 
     
   /etc/security/user:



pw_restrictions:
maxage = 12 (force change after 12 weeks)
maxrepeat = 3 (max three repeated characters)
minalpha = 1 (at least 1 alpha character)
mindiff = 3 (at least 3 different from last time)
minother = 1 (at least 1 nonalpha character)
maxexpired = 4 (allow logon 4 weeks after expired)
histexpire = 26 (prohibit reuse for 26 weeks)
histsize = 8 (prohibit reusing last 8 passwords)
pwdwarntime = 14 (start warning 14 days before expire)



4. 
   . 
   /etc/profile,   
      
:



TMOUT=1800 (for Korn shell)
TIMEOUT=1800 (for Borne shell)
export TIMEOUT TMOUT



  
   . ,
 1800 ,   
  ,   
    30 .
,  TMOUT  TIMEOUT,   
   .



5.   .



6.  
skulker       ,
, /tmp/dailyreport -   
     
.



7.  securetcpip 
   .  
   rlogin 
  ,    .




8.   /var/adm/cron,  
cron.allow, cron.deny, at.allow,  at.deny  
   cron.



9. 
    , 
  .



10. , 
  .



11. 
  root   .
  , 
    root 
  .   
      
 ,   
   root.



12. 
   .  
,     
 ,   
     .
   
    
    
  .



13. 
    
dial-in     .
   .



14. 
     
   /etc/security/user.
   
  - .
    
   
.



15. 
  
     root  
,      
  root.   
     
 userid     su
root.   /   /var/adm/sulog
   .



16.
  mkuser.default.



17.
  SAK  
,    ,
   .



 



1.  .
 . ,   -
  ,    
  .



2.  "
 
", "  "
 ,    ftp-.
     
     root,  
      
 .



  
   .  (
  )      ""
,    .
     "-"
(    ) 
    (
    ) 
     root.



3.  ,   SMIT, 
   ,  
   (  SMIT  
passwd).    
 ,    
     , 
     
.



4.   
:




  
4.1. , 
 ,  
    
,      . 

4.2.    
   
  . 

 4.3.  
   
  . 

 4.4.
    
.    
 . ,   
.

  4.5. ,  
     (, 
 /u/userid) -      (
  /tmp).

  4.6.  
    (  "")
    .





5. 
  
 userid ( 
)  UID ( 
     UID).



6.  
 ,   su root  
.    ,  
  (  PATH)    
  .  
   su root   ,
      
,     
  root.



7.  ,
  IFS ( 
)   .   
  /etc/profile.  
    
   IFS  
 .



8.  
   PATH  root.  
   PATH   
  (  /etc/profile)  
  a.profile  root. a.profile  
  .



9. 
umask    
.  umask   -
022,   027 (  
"")   .
  umask  
    
 $HOME/.profile ( , 
   
  umask   ).



10.
    
,      
  ,  
 .   
      ,
    ,
    su,  ..



11.
 tcbck    
 .



12.  
tcbck,    (  
)   suid  
.



13.   /tmp/dailyreport
,   .



  AIX 
   
  ("") 
  . 
 AIX,  
     
;  
      .



   -  
     
    
. (  
AIX.)



     




     
   ,   
  .   
     
  (  
).     
  .



 
 ,  
,    
 .     
    
,   ,
 SMIT:



SMIT Security and Users Users Change/Show
Characteristics of a User *User NAME [alex] ... PRIMARY Authentication Method
[SYSTEM,SYSTEM;serg]



 alex  
,   ,   
 .    ,
    
 serg (, alex   
 ,      
   ).



 
  
    .  SYSTEM
,   
  
 .  , 
  
.



  SYSTEM
  .   
  ;serg,   
,    .








 ASCII 
    
:



 /etc/passwd  


/etc/group  

 /etc/security
   


 /etc/security/passwd 


 /etc/security/user 
,   


/etc/security/limits  


/etc/security/environ  


 /etc/security/login.cfg 
  

 /etc/security/group  



 /etc/passwd



 /etc/passwd  
    
.     
   . 
 ():



# catr /etc/passwd



root:!:0:0::/:/bin/ksh
daemon:!:1:1::/etc:
bin:!:2:2::/bin:
sys:!:3:3::/usr/sys:
adm:!:4:4::/var/adm:
uucp:!:5:5::/usr/lib/uucp:
guest:!:100:100::/home/guest:
nobody:!:4294967294:4294967294::/: lpd:!:104:9::/:
alex:!:200:0:X7560 5th floor:/home/alex:/bin/ksh



  , 
 ":", :



 
 -  8- -
.

  -    UNIX
   .  AIX
    "!"  
  /etc/security/passwd.  
     
"*",  ,  
      
,  ,   .


  - 
 .


  - 
  
.

   - 
   .


 -  
     
  $HOME.

 login  -
      
    $SHELL.



 /etc/security/passwd



    
   root.  
    login, passwd, pwdadm  pwdck,
   root.



 
    
   .  
      
.



  ():



# cat /etc/security/passwd



root:
    password=92t.mzJBjlfbY
    lastupdate=668124164
    flags=
daemon:
    password=*
bin:
    password=*
:
alex:
    password=q/qD6q.ss21x.
    lastupdate=666293529
    flags=ADMCHG,ADMIN,NOCHECK




:



 password   
 "*"   
  .

 lastupdate   
    
  1  1970 .

 flags ADMCHG - 
    
  root. ADMIN - 
     root.
NOCHECK -      
 .



 /etc/security/user




 ():



#cat /etc/security/user



default:
	admin=false
	login=true
	su=true
	daemon=true
	rlogin=true
	sugroups=ALL
	admgroups=
	ttys=ALL
	auth1=SYSTEM
	auth2=NONE
	tpath=nosak
	umask=022
	expires=0
	SYSTEM="compat"
	logintimes=
	pwdwarntime=0
	account_locked=false
	loginretries=0
	histexpire=0
	histsize=0
	minage=0
	maxage=0
	maxexpired=-1
	minalpha=0
	minother=0
	minlen=0
	mindiff=0
	maxrepeats=8
	dictionlist=
	pwdchecks=



 :



admin 
  .
  true  false.

login
 ,   
  .   true 
false.

su  ,   
    
 su  .   true 
false.

daemon  ,  
  
  cron  
  (SRC). 
 true  false.

rlogin  , 
     
    .
  telnet  rlogin. 
 true  false.

sugroups  
     
.    
"!"   , 
    
    .
 :  
,  ,  ALL 
 "*".

admgroups  , 
 . : 
 ,  .

ttys
 ,  
  . 
 "!"    
    
.  : 
   , 
,  ALL   "*".

auth1
  
  , 
   
 .  
  
 login, telnet, rlogin  su.  
      
SYSTEM;NAME1,SYSTEM;NAME2.

auth2  
  
.

tpath  
  
.  : nosak, notsh, always  on.

umask    
 umask  . 
  027.

expires  
  .
 :    
MMDDHHMMYY  0,    
  . 
 0101000070  .

SYSTEM
   
 4.     
   
  
    
  .  :




  
files
   
    .

  compat
    
      
     
 NIS.

  DCE 
 
  (Distributed Computing Enviroment, DCE).





logintimes  ,  
   .  
 ,  , 
 : [!] [MMdd[-MMdd]]:hhmm-hhmm  [!]
[MMdd[-MMdd][:hhmm-hhmm]  [!] [w[-w]]:hhmm-hhmm  [!]
w[-w][:hhmm-hhmm] , MM -   (00=, 11=),
dd -  , hh -   (00-23), mm - 
  w -   (0=, 6=).

pwdwarntime     
  
    
  .  :
    0 
  .

account_disable
  true,   
      -
   .   
  false.

logintries 
    ,
    
   . 
:     0
   .

histexpire
     
    
   . 
:    0  260. 
 - 26 ( 6- ).

histsize
   ,
    . 
:    0  50.

minage
  
   .  =0.
  0  52.  
  .

maxage 
   pwdwarntime (.).
   
   . 
=0,   
 .  
  0  52.

maxexpired 
   
 ,   
maxage,     
   . 
=-1,  
 . 
  -1  52.

minalpha 
  
  .  =0.  -
 0  8.

minother  
    .
 =0.  -  0  8. 
  minalpha  minother  
 8.     8 
  minother  
  8    minalpha.

minlen    .
 =0.  -  0  8. 
     
     
minalpha+minother,    , 
 .

mindiff 
    
,     
     . 
=0.   -  0  8.

maxrepeats  
    
.  =8,  
  .
  -  0  8.

dictionlist
   
   "" 
.  : 
     
.     
   ,   
      
.     7-
  ASCII.    
    -  
,  root.   
   .

pwdchecks   
    
.  : 
    
 /    
 /usr/lib.   
    
.



 /etc/group  /etc/security/group



#more /etc/group



system:!:0:root,alex
staff:!:1:alex
bin:!:2:root,bin
sys:!:3:root,bin,sys
adm:!:4:bin,adm
uucp:!:5:uucp
mail:!:6:
security:!:7:root
nobody:!:4294967294:nobody,lpd
usr:!:100:guest
accounts:!:200:alex



 
 /etc/group :



   8
- .

  
 AIX 4-   
 "!"  


   
 ,  .



#more /etc/security/group



system:
    admin=true
staff:
    admin=false
:
accounts:
    admin=false
    adms=alex



 /etc/security/group  
    . 
:

 admin true  false,   
    .

 adms
   ,
   .
  admin=true,   
,    root 
  .




/etc/security/login.cfg



default:

    :

    herald="\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis is the console.
Restricted use only.\nlogin:

        logintimes=

        logindisable=0

        logininterval=0

        loginreenable=0

        logindelay=0



  
 .



 :



herald
   
      .
  .  herald  
,   herald  
    
 ,    
/etc/environment.



logintimes    
   
    .



logindisable 
     
   .
   
logininterval (.). 



 logininterval   
    
   
     ,
   logindisable.



loginreenable
    
  
.



logindelay   
    
 .    
   .   
    - 2,  
  2 ,  - 4,  - 6
   .



 
   











 







 









 


   - 
   "", .
, .


 1990    2-  
 " 
  "   
-  
 "",  
     
  . 
   "-",
    1992    
"" (  
   ),  
   .


     
   
"",    
  Microsoft Windows NT Server, IBM
AIX,    
 IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Cisco, 3Com. 
   
  
  ""  
   
 - (
   AIX, Oracle, 
SmartCity,    
 Cisco).


E-mail: agb@krig.dp.ua


 




Last-modified: Tue, 03 Aug 1999 09:30:31 GMT

  :