--- `` , '' [195], .76. , . , , ( ) . XVII . , . ( , ) . : `` . '' [195], . 76. --- : , .. ? --- . , -, , , , [195], .75. , , `` '', , . , `` '' . - , , . , , . --- . , . . , `` ''. , `` '' - , ``'', --- , , , . - (, ), ``'', - - , . ``''. , ( ) , , . `` , , , , '' [195], .75. ``'', (.. ). ``'' , .. : `` . , '' [195], . 75. . . --- . , . . , ``'' , , `` ... , (, --- --- .)'' [195], . 75. `` (.. , --- .) 70 . , (! --- .) '' [195], . 76. , , . --- , . , , , . , () . --- . . . , ( ). , , . , , , .. , ``'' ``'', .. . , ``'' --- . , , ( ) , . ? , ? , ``'', .., (. [5]), --- . .- : `` XIII - , , (.., , --- .)... : `` , '''' [195], . 75. , `` '' ( ). `` '', , , , . ., , . 2'0  * 2. . .  . , , , . , , . , , , , . : , , -- , ? , , , . , , , , . , . -. , , , . . 2'1  1 ``''  1. , , . . 6- ``'' [37]. , , . . , . `` ``-''... 2650 . ``'' 97 1644 . , , , . ``-'' - -, . `` ''... . `` '' (--) -- , -- 1232 , , , 611 . ``'' 1644 , , ``-'' ``'', . , ``'' 1681 ; XVII XVI . , , , XIII XVII , . `` '' -- 100 ! - 1367 (Mailla), , '' [37], . 58-59. , XVII . , , XVII [37]. , , XIV-XV -- . , -- . . -- , XVII . : `` , , XVII , - -- , , , '' [37], . 119. `` , , ... . ... ``'' . (Biot) ``Connaissance des Temps'' 1846 ``-'', -, ``''... (-- )... , , , '' [37], . 42. , - XVIII-XIX . . -- . , , 1759 . , , [37], . 132. , , . , , , , . . -- ``'' . , , , -- ? , , `` '' . , , XV . , . . . . 1) , , . . 2) XV . . - XVIII-XIX . . , . , , , , -- . , . 1759 1835 . 2. , , , . . , , ``'' , - - . , , , , . , `` '' - (., 1979, - ) 992, 994, 998, 999, 1002, 1004, 1007 . ( ) . . - . . 3. . , , , -- . [37], . 125. , , - [37], . 50. . ``'' -. : ? -- , ? . `` , -- -- , `` '' , '' [37], . 43. , `` , , - , '' [37], . 50. , . , , , , , `` , 9 1345 '' [37], . 54. , -- -- XIV . , ? . 1328-1340 . 1345 . . : -- , ? . , , . , . `` (Baily) ``'' , , 20 2448 ? '' - -- `` . , , , 19- , : , (!). . , , , 15-17 , 77 , , '' [37], . 50-52. ``'' , `` ''. 4. ``'' 60- -- : , , . . : , , , , . , , . , 60- , -- 2638 . . [37], . 43. 60- . . . , ``'' 60- . 60- . , 60- . , 60- . -- . . , 1204 1623 . , -- : 1345 . . (. ). . ``'' 60- XIII . . -- XIV , - . 5. , , , XVII . -- , . -- , . . , , . VI . ., , , . `` '' (-), ``, , , , -- --... ... `` '' ``''... , `` '', ``'' (), 41 5- ... 3-8 `` '' `` '' ``'' ``'' ( ). , 3, : `` , , , 12 ''... 8 : `` ! , 366 ! ''. , 366 , 365 1/4 . , ... ( )'' [37], . 57. , `` '' XV-XVI . - . . `` `` '', (-), ( ). , `` '', `` ''. , ... , , , , , , , , , ? '' [37], . 58. . , , . , XVI-XVII . 2'2'1  2.  1. -- . ``'', , - , . 300 . , 309 . 610 1640 . . , 2200 , , . , -- , -- . , . , III . . . IV . . - . , , . , , . , , , , . . -- , , , . ? -- . , , , , , . , , , . , . , , , -. ? , , . , . : `` , , ( XIX ! -- .), , , '' [37], . 69. , ``-'' . , , . , , -- . ``'' . , . , . : `` , , , ( -- .)'' [37], . 60. 2'2'2 2. ------------------------------------------------------------------ , . ( [37], . 130-132) ----------------------------------------------------------------- -610, -530, -515, -501, -466, -432, -304, -302, -295, -239, -237, -233, -232, -213, -203, -171, -156, -154, -153, -147, -146, -137, -136, -134, -133, -119, -118, -109, -108, -86, -83, -76, -75, -73, -72, -71, -69, -68, -60, -48, -47, -43, -31, -11, -4, -3, 13, 22, 39, 55, 60, 61, 65, 66, 71, 75, 76, 77, 84, 102, 110, 131, 141, 147, 148, 149, 161, 178, 180, 182, 185, 188, 192, 193, 200, 204, 206, 207, 213, 218, 222, 225, 232, 236, 238, 240, 245, 247, 248, 251, 252, 253, 255, 257, 259, 262, 265, 268, 275, 276, 277, 279, 281, 283, 287, 290, 296, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 329, 336, 340, 343, 349, 358, 363, 369, 373, 386, 390, 393, 400, 401, 402, 415, 416, 418, 419, 422, 423, 442, 449, 451, 501, 532, 539, 560, 561, 565, 568, 574, 575, 588, 594, 607, 615, 616, 626, 634, 639, 641, 663, 667, 676, 681, 683, 684, 707, 708, 710, 713, 730, 739, 760, 767, 770, 773, 815, 817, 821, 828, 829, 834, 837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 851, 856, 864, 868, 869, 877, 885, 886, 892, 893, 894, 905, 912, 928, 936, 941, 943, 956, 975, 989, 998, 1003, 1014, 1018, 1035, 1036, 1049, 1056, 1066, 1080, 1095, 1097, 1106, 1110, 1126, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1145, 1147, 1151 1222, 1226, 1232, 1237, 1240, 1264, 1277, 1293, 1299, 1301, 1304, 1313, 1315, 1337, 1340, 1351, 1356, 1360, 1362, 1363, 1366, 1368, 1373, 1376, 1378, 1385, 1388, 1391, 1407, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1439, 1444, 1449, 1450, 1452, 1453, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1461, 1462, 1465, 1468, 1472, 1490, 1491, 1495, 1499, 1500, 1502, 1506, 1520, 1521, 1523, 1529, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1536, 1539, 1545, 1554, 1556, 1557, 1569, 1577, 1578, 1580, 1582, 1584, 1585, 1591, 1593, 1596, 1604, 1607, 1609, 1618, 1619, 1621 1639, 1640. ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1) . , , 416 . . , 422 . . - . . . 2) , . , , . , , , `` '' . 3) . . - . , , -- . . , , `` , . , , , - '' [37], . 156. 2'2'3 3. ----------------------------------------------------------------- , . ( [37], . 130-132) ----------------------------------------------------------------- -479, -465, -430, -429, -413, -411, -409, -372, -352, -347, -340, -335, -219 (? ), -203, -199, -182, -167, -165, -164, -149, -145, -143, -135, -128, -118, -117, -116, -109, -98, -92, -89, -86, -83, -39, -59, -46, -45, -44, -42, -40, -30, -29, -28, -22, -12, 12, 14, 16, 17, 40, 48, 51, 54, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 76, 78, 79, 81, 130, 145, 146, 160, 161, 181, 188, 190, 192, 195, 204, 213, 217, 220, 307, 308, 324, 335, 340, 363, 367, 370, 375, 377, 380, 383, 384, 386, 389, 390, 393, 394, 396, 399, 405, 410, 412, 413, 418, 423, 434, 442, 443, 448, 450, 453, 454, 457, 459, 488, 500, 519, 531, 533, 535, 538, 540, 541, 550, 557, 560, 570, 583, 587, 589, 594, 597, 599, 601, 602, 603, 604, 607, 617, 620, 622, 623, 631, 633, 660, 667, 674, 675, 676, 678, 684, 685, 687, 715, 719, 729, 744, 745, 761, 763, 791, 800, 809, 812, 814, 815, 817, 818, 828, 819, 830, 837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 844, 868, 876, 882, 900, 902, 905, 906, 910, 912, 913, 930, 941, 942, 944, 964, 968, 975, 979, 983, 996, 999, 1000, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1009, 1017, 1027, 1031, 1038, 1042, 1053, 1058, 1064, 1066, 1067, 1071, 1077, 1092, 1095, 1097, 1098, 1102, 1103, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1119, 1125, 1132, 1133, 1141, 1145, 1163, 1169, 1172, 1180, 1200, 1202, 1211, 1214, 1213, 1217, 1219, 1222, 1223, 1230, 1238, 1240, 1241, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1264, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1273, 1282, 1285, 1286, 1293, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1307, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1318, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1345, 1347, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1362, 1363, 1365, 1368, 1376, 1379, 1380, 1382, 1390, 1391, 1394, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1407, 1408, 1414, 1426, 1433, 1434, 1439, 1444, 1445, 1450, 1454, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1460, 1461, 1467, 1468, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1500, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1516, 1517, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1541, 1542, 1545, 1554, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1564, 1566, 1569, 1572, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1580, 1582, 1583, 1585, 1590, 1593, 1596, 1597, 1602, 1604, 1607, 1618, 1652, 1653, 1661, 1664, 1665, 1682. ---------------------------------------------------------------- , . , , . , , . , , , XVI . . 1500 4 . 1504 2 . 1506 6 (! ) . 1511 3 . 1516 3 . 1523 2 . 1527 4 . 1529 3 . 1530 4 . 1531 6 (! ) . 1532 6 (! ) . 1533 5 (! ) . 1538 3 . 1539 6 (! ) . 1541 2 . 1542 3 . 1545 2 . 1556 8 (! ) . 1557 3 . 1558 6 (! ) . 1560 2 . 1569 3 . 1572 6 (! ) . 1576 2 . 1577 9 (!! ) . . . [37]. , 145 ( ) . . , XVII . , . . : `` , , , , -, '' [37], . 135. . , , . , , , . , , -- . , , , . , , , XVI . -- , , . , -- , -- -- , . , - . . , XVII-XVIII `` '' , . . , -, , , . . - . , . , , , , , , . , . , , , , . . , . , , 1378 . . [37], . 142. - . , `` , , '' [37], . 142. -, - , -- . 2'2'4 4. . . . , [37], . 130-132. , X XIII, . [37], . 130-132, 168. `` -- . , , , , . , (. [37], . 130-132 - .), , , ``Theatrum Cometicum'' ( ``'' -- 1681 -- .). , . 109, 86 83 , , , , , : , . , ... ( 0 306 ). (222 )... 85 . 38 , - , - 252 !... , ... XII , '' [37], . 133-134. , , , , XII-XIII . [1-5]. . 1) XIII . . . 2) XIII . 3) . -- . 2'2'5 5.