. II.  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ., , 1953 . .. . . , . . , . . , .. OCR .. mailto:bmn@lib.ru ----------------------------------------------------------------------------   (. . ) 1. -. . . . . . (. . - 1, 5; . . - 2, 3; . . - 4; . . - 6) 2. (. . - 1, 3, 4, 6, 7; . . - 5; . . - 2) 3. (. . ) 4. (. . ) 5. (. . ) 6. (. . ) 7. 50-60- XIX . . . . . (. . ) (. . )   30- XIX , 40- 50- . , -. , . , , , . " ", (1837-1901), , , , . - , , , - "" , , , , . " " , . , , "" . " " " ", " ", " " " " , . "", , , , " " " " "" ; , 40-50- . , , , " " , . " ", " " , " " , " " . , " " . , , , . , . , "" , , , , , . . , - . , . - , , , - " ". " " . , . , " " {. . . , 1939, . 98.} . . . - " " " " " . -, " " , , . 30- . 30-60- XIX , , . 30- - , , . , , . . "" ( 1832 ., 1834 ., . .) . - , , , . (1839-1842) ; 1840 . , "" , 50- ; , (1861-1865). - , . , , . . - ( , , , - "" .) . 30-60- , , . 30- XIX . 1832 . , . , " ". , . . , {. . . . . , 1952, . 383.}, . , , , . , , , . 30- , . , , , , " , , " { , . 357-358.}. , XIX . - " , , , - " {. . . ., . 29, . 282.} - . . 1838 . " ", " " (1845), . . . , - 30- - - , , - . , 30- . , ; . - - "", , . . "" - (free trade). , "". , , , . . (Jeremy Bentham, 1748-1832), , , , . , . " " , , " ". , , " ", , . "" , . , : "... , . .; ?". : - " , ". , "" - , "" " ", " ". , . . , "" "" "" . "" , " ", " -, - XIX ", " " {. . , . I. , 1952, . 615.}. , , . , , . , " " . . 1834 . . "" " ". . . (Thomas Robert Malthus, 1766-1834) , . " " (An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798), (), ( , " "). XVIII , , XIX , , . "" , , , . , . " " . , , . , , - , . " , - , - ; , , _ _, , " ( . - . ). , , " " - , - . , , . "". . . (Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1800-1859), 30- . - , , - . . 1832 , " ", " " ("", 1832), , , " " ; " , - , - ; , , ". , . , " ", , , "" (" ", 1840). "" - (" ", 1841). . , "" , - . 1831 . . , "" "", " ", " " " ". - , , . , , , . " " (The History of England, 1849-1855), . ( II III) 1688 ., , , . " " , ", ". - , , , , . XVIII . - , 1688 . " ", , , . , , , (" ", 1833, " ", 1843). , 30- XIX (Harriet Martineau, 1802-1876). - , , . - - " " (Illustrations of Political Economy, 1832-1834), " " (Illustrations of Taxation, 1834). "" , . , , , "" "" - . , , - , , , . 30- , - . . "", , , . - "" , " ". 1832 ., " " : " " ". " , - , - : - , - , , , , " {. . . . , 1952, . 57.}. " " , " ", , , . " " - , . " ", : - , - . " " . , 30- 40- XIX , , . " " "" " ". , " ..." {. . . , . 291.}. , , - , . . . - , , "". , : " 1835 . , , , . ... , 1837-1839 ., , " { , . 233.}. . , . . . , , , , , " " , "". , , , . , , , . 30- XIX . , "" , . 20- - 30- ( "", " " .) , ; ( " ", " ", " "), , , , , , , "". - . , , - . , (, " "), " ", " " , . , -, , . " " , , , - - (, . " "). , (1841) , "" , . , 30- . , , . - . ( , "" .); "" , " ", ; " " , " " , . , - XVIII , - . " " 30- , , , . 40- , 1846-1848 . (1838), 1840 . - " " " ", 1842 ., , 1846 . - . . - , - , . " " . . " " {. . . ., . 13, . 23.}. , , . . : "... , . , "", " { , . 22.}. . . , " " , . , , . . (John Stuart Mill, 1806-1875). (" " .) ; "" - , , . - " ", " ", "" . . . , , "-" , , "" . . . , . . , 1857 . "" " " , : "... . "-" - . - "". ... , , , , , ; ; ! , , "" - "". ?" {. . . . . 15 , . IX. ., 1949, . 535-536.}. , , "", "", , , , . - 40- . , , , . 40- , "", , " ". , . "", " " . . , " ", 40-50- . , , , - , , . , " " " " . " , - , - ... - , " {. . . , . 59.}. ("", " ") . " " , , . "" , "" . . , " ", -, " ", . . . " " (, .), " " (, ) " " (), , . , .