, "" - . , , , , , , . . "", , - , ; . , , ( 20 840 .) . . XIII . . ; XIII . , , . , . , , , , -, - (, , " ", 1264 ., , , III). , "" ( ministerialis, ministrellus), , - , XIII . : menestrale, menstrel, minstrel, gestour, disour (, ) gleeman singer, segger. "" XIII ., , - . , , , -, , . " " (King Horn) - - 1225 . . XII . . " " XIV . (Horn Childe and maiden Rimnild, 1300-1325 .) , , . , 1546 , , (Suddene - ?) , , . ; , ; , , - . , , -. , . , , , , . , ; ; , , . ; , , ; , , ", - , - , ; ; ; . , , , ". , . : , . ; , , . , , . . , , ; , . ; , , . . , ; , , . , ; , , , , , . , . , . : , , . , , , . , , , - . . " " - , , , ( ) - : , , . " " . "Horn Childe and maid Rimnild", "' ", (Hind Horn) ; (Horn et Rimenhild) XV . , , , (King Ponthus and the fair Sidone) . " " XIII . " " (The lay of Havelok), - XII . . " " " " , , . "", , , "" - . , , "" , "". , . "", "" - , , ; , , . "" , , , ; , " ". , , , , , . . - ; , , ; ; , , , - . , . , , ; , - , - . , ; , , . . , . , , , ; , , , (" , ?!"), . . , , , , . , , , . . , . , , ; : , , . , . , " ", , " " ( 37-818), " " (Rimed Story of England) (1338 .). XIII . - . , , , , , , . , , . - "Boeve de Haumtone" XIII . : -, , ; , . ; , , -, . "Sir Beves of Hamtoun" - 4620 ; ""; XVII ., , . (Guy of Warwick) - , . , . , . ; , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , . XIII-XIV ., (Reinbrun, Gysone of Warwike) , - , . , , XIII . XII-XIII . 1250 . , , " " (Floris and Blauncheflur, 1296 ), - . . (Sir Tristrem and Jsold, 3344 ) , , - , ; , . "Sir Tristrem" ( XIII .) , . , , , , , , . - , XIII . " " (Amis and Amiloun, 2508 ), - " " (Seven Sages of Rome, XIII- XIV .). , , - . I - " " (Richard Coer de Lyon), (King Alisaunder) . II , ; , : , . " " ( II, 1) I, , " ". - , . . XIII . , , . , , , - . XIII . , , . , - , , - - , . , , , . - , , , , , . 4 XIII ., , , . , , . , , , , . XIII . . , , " " - , Seagrim (Isengrim), - 1250-1276 . , , " " (The Land of Cockaygne, XIII .), , , , , , , , , , . . " " (Dame Siriz, 2- . XIII ). , . " (. . ) ", , , . , . , ; , , . , , ; ; , , , , . ", - , , , , - , , . , , - , !" , . , . . (" ", "Syntipas" . .). , , , , . 1292 . ; " ", " ". (, "Pennyworth of Wytte", XIV ., , , ) . , " " .  III XIV .  . ; . , , , - . ; ; . XIII . 80 5% ( 1086 . 75 ), XIII . , . XIV . . 1377 . 169 , 12% . , , ( 1377 . 35 40 ), . - , ; - ; , . , . XIV . , . XIV . ; . XIII . , , . XIII . , - "". , , , , . , " , " {, , . III, , 1936, . 703.}, XIII . XIV . . . " " 1340 ., . , 1348 ., ; , , , , - - . ( 1348.), 1349 . 1351 . , 1348 ., ; XIV . (, 1361-1362, 1368-1369 . .) . XIV . , , ; , . , . " " . , III II , . " " 1349 . . : " , , III Statute of Labourers [ ]"... " " " 1349 . , , " {-, , . XVII, . 807-808.}. , . . ; ; . , , , ; , , . " . , , " {-, , . VIII, . 128-129.}. ; "" ( ); , XIV . - , . 1381-. , (poll tax) , . . , , - , , , . , , " ", . : 1366 . , , " ", " " " ". , " ..., , ", - , - , , . 1381 . . , , . , , , , . : " , , ?" (When Adam delv'd and Eve span, Who was then the gentleman?). : ", , , ? ? ? , ? , , " , , ? , , . , , . , , , , , ... , , ? , , , , . , , , , ..." . , , , - , . 1381 . . 1381 . . . , , , , XV . ; XV . . XIV , - . , , , : - - ; XIV . XV . "" , . - (). , . XIII . XIV ., "", - , "" "" - . , , , , , . (Richard Rolle of Hampole, 1300-1349 .), , , , , - , . , , , , , , "", , . " , , , . , , - , . - - . , . , , , , , . XIV ., , . ; . , , , (The boke Maad of Rycharde Hampole to an ankeresse The form of perfect living). " " (The pricke of Consience, - , ), " " (Handlyng Synne) (Mannyng, 1288-1338 .) " " (Ayenbite of Inwyt, 1340 .), , . XII-XIII ., , , - . , . , , , , , , - , - . . , " ". " " " " , , . , , , . XIV ., , . 1305 . " ", : , " ", , . " ", , VI (1378-1389 .) " " . , . 1366 . , . . III , , , ; , , , , , 1381 .: " , ". ,