CHto zhe, v rezul'tate, deshevle? Stoimost' apparatnogo obespecheniya, licenzij na PO, soglashenij tehnicheskoj podderzhki, ceny uslug apgrejda/obsluzhivaniya, stoimost' apgrejda apparatury, pribyl', poteryannaya za kazhdyj chas prostoya, oplata personala za vosstanovlenie/sozdanie dannyh, poteryannyh iz-za defektov operacionnoj sistemy i/ili apparatnoj platformy, trebuemoj vybrannoj Vami OS, i oplata sistemnyh administratorov - eto tol'ko nekotorye faktory, kotorye vliyayut na obshchij razmer byudzheta, vytekayushchego iz Vashego resheniya. |to ne prostoj vybor.
Nesmotrya na zatraty, stoimost', v konechnom itoge, dlya Vas kak menedzhera, uchityvaya tol'ko chto predstavlennyj slozhnyj nabor faktorov, mozhet byt' nizhe dlya tehnicheski luchshej kombinacii servernogo apparatnogo obespecheniya i operacionnoj sistemy. UNIX eto -- zrelaya, tehnicheski luchshaya, gruppa operacionnyh sistem s proverennoj rekordnoj proizvoditel'nost'yu, nadezhnost'yu, i bezopasnost'yu v servernoj srede. Za prakticheski tridcatiletnij period nepreryvnoj razrabotki, chasto vypolnyaemoj dobrovol'cami, veryashchim v to delo, kotorym zanimayutsya, byla sozdana gruppa OS , i chrezvychajno moshchnye, sdelannye pod opredelennye nuzhdy, mnogoprocessornye servernye sistemy, imeyushchie proizvoditel'nost', ravnoj kotoroj eshche net v apparature Intel, kotorye ne tol'ko otvechayut zaprosam segodnyashnih vychislitel'nyh potrebnostej, no i vo mnogih sluchayah prevyshayut ih.
Pochemu Windows NT Server 4.0 prodolzhayut sushchestvovat' na predpriyatiyah, budet temoj sootvetstvuyushchego issledovatel'skogo otcheta skoree v oblasti psihologii ili marketinga, a ne stat'ej ob informacionnyh tehnologiyah. Tehnicheski, Windows NT Server 4.0 ne idet ni v kakoe sravnenie s lyuboj OS UNIX, dazhe s nekommercheskimi variantami BSD ili Linux. Schitaetsya, chto menedzher ne imeet tehnicheskih znanij sistemnyh administratorov s 15-letnim opytom raboty v promyshlennosti. Net nichego strashnogo v tom, chto net takogo opyta, lish' ignorirovanie takogo opyta mozhet, v konechnom itoge, otrazit'sya na zatratah Vashego rabotodatelya, i zatratah potrebitelej. Cel' etoj stat'i, predostavit' fakty, i dokazat', chto eto -- fakty, potomu chto fakty -- bessporny.
|ta stat'ya osnovyvaetsya na moem opyte raboty v promyshlennosti, kotoraya nachalas' s 1979 s Chevron Geosciences Company, i primerno na 150 ssylkah na tehnicheskie stat'i, oficial'nye izdaniya i referaty. Zdes' sleduet zametit', chto ya ne podderzhivayu ni odin produkt ni odnoj kompanii, dazhe moj rabotodatel' ne izvlechet vygodu, esli Vy vyberete UNIX. Moya cel' sostoit v tom, chtoby oslabit' bremya sistemnyh administratorov, sodejstvovat' bolee effektivnym i ekonomichnym vychisleniyam vo vsem mire, i pooshchryat' bolee chestnoe i raznoobraznoe soobshchestvo postavshchikov PO.
Rabota nad stat'ej eshche prodolzhaetsya. Vse zhelayushchie rasprostranyat' etot proekt privetstvuyutsya. |to moj e-mail. Pozhalujsta dopishite k svoemu e-mail konstruktivnye kommentarii ili kritiku.
NT chasto vybirayut po soobrazheniyam byudzheta, tak kak mnogie zakazchiki ne zhelayut oplachivat' bolee doroguyu apparaturu, trebuemuyu bol'shinstvom kommercheskih versij UNIX. Bolee vazhnym, odnako, yavlyaetsya tot fakt. chto obshchaya stoimost' realizacii, vklyuchaet sistemnoe administrirovanie naryadu s drugimi faktorami takimi, kak vremya prostoya, telefonnye zvonki v sluzhbu podderzhki, poterya dannyh iz-za nenadezhnosti, i t.d. Tippett Studio, kompaniya, otvetstvennaya za grafiku v Starship Trooper, poluchivshego Oscar v nominacii luchshie speceffekty, ispol'zovala 130 SGI ( Silicon Graphics, Inc.) mashin pod IRIX, sobstvennuyu OS UNIX SGI. Vychislitel'nye administratory Tippett studio tak ob®yasnili, pochemu oni ispol'zovali SGI s IRIX vmesto NT:
"'SGI deshevye dlya togo, chto oni delayut,' govorit Jeff Stringer, 'Stoimost' podderzhki NT dovol'no vysoka, kogda Vy dumaete obo vseh sistemnyh administratorah, kotoryh sleduet nanyat'.'"Dlya bol'shinstva pol'zovatelej orientiruyushchihsya na real'nuyu cenu, Linux libo FreeBSD budut nesomnenno luchshimi variantami reshenij. Oni nichego ne stoyat,pri tom chto oni vpolne stabil'ny i funkcional'ny, esli dazhe ne bol'she, chem kommercheskie UNIX OS. Odin chitatel' soobshchil o tom, chto upominanie o Linux lishit etu stat'yu pravdopodobnosti. YA tak ne dumayu. Sushchestvovanie podobnyh al'yansov, kak naprimer upomyanutyh v stat'e Andreessen Sees Mozilla-Linux Upset of Windows yasno dokazyvaet, chto Linux usilivaet svoi pozicii v kommercheskoj srede. (Dlya novichkov, Mozilla eto nazvanie kodov Netscape/Communicator a Marc Andreessen odin iz sozdatelej i ispolnitel'nyj vice-prezident Netscape.) Istoricheski slozhilos', chto krupnye kompanii izbegali besplatnoe PO iz-za neponyatnogo stereotipa, chto vse besplatnoe ne mozhet byt' horoshim. Nedavnyaya tendenciya sredi nekotoryh kompanij -- eto ispol'zovat' eti rentabel'nye OS. Hewlett-Packard ispol'zovala Linux vmesto svoej HP-UX UNIX OS pri razrabotke novoj arhitektury svoego processora PA-RISC. Schlumberger budet zanimat'sya marketingom reshenij udalennoj telefonii, ispol'zuyushchih Linux. Lyubopytno zametit', chto zhurnal SunWorld On-Line dal im polozhitel'nuyu ocenku v odnoj iz svoih statej, Linux lines up for the enterprise. Tak kak eti OS besplatny dlya ispol'zovaniya dazhe v kommercheskoj srede, mnogie provajdery (ISP) rabotayut na Linux ili FreeBSD. NetBSD rabotaet prakticheski vezde: DEC Alpha, Motorola 68k (Amiga, Atari, Mac, MVME, Sharp, Sun3), PowerPC, Intel, DEC VAX, Acorn RISC, MIPS (Sony NEWS, DECstation), i t.d. Osnovnoe vnimanie v OpenBSD udelyaetsya ustojchivosti i bezopasnosti. Linux naibolee populyaren i takzhe rabotaet na razlichnom apparatnom obespechenii: Sun, Intel, DEC Alpha, PowerPC, PowerMac, i t.d. Sejchas, Linux, veroyatno, naibolee bystro rastushchaya OS na rynke. Za dopolnitel'noj informaciej, sm. Linux Resources ili Red Hat Software."Naem -- osobenno bol'shaya zabota dlya malen'koj studii. V otlichie ot bol'shih studij, Tippett -- kotoraya, razrabotala zhukov, ugrozhayushchih chelovechestvu v "Starship Troopers" -- yavlyaetsya f/x boutique'om."
-- Greg Lindsay, Oscar Tech, The Netly News, fevral' 27, 1998.
Nicholas Petreley, glavnyj redaktor NC World i obozrevatel' InfoWorld i NT World Japan tak ob®yasnyaet rost Linux i FreeBSD v IT otdelah:
"Vcherashnie studenty kolledzhej poluchali svoi znaniya o Unix na Linux i FreeBSD. Segodnya oni rabotayut v IT otdelah, i mnogie iz nih otnosyatsya vrazhdebno i k Microsoft i k Windows NT. Kak rezul'tat, Linux, BSD, Solaris, i drugie raznovidnosti Unix nahodyat svoe mesto v otdelah informacionnyh tehnologij, gde yavno, gde tajno."Naprimer, Vy uvereny, chto rabotaete imenno s NT serverom? Sotrudniki IS vo mnogih organizaciyah nezametno ustanavlivayut Unix servera, obespechivayushchie rodnye dlya NT servisy. Zachem zhe tak riskovat'? Linux i FreeBSD besplatny, kak i SAMBA, PO predostavlyayushchee NT servisy. Takim obrazom IS otdel ekonomit den'gi. A menedzhery vryad li uznayut pro Unix, skrytyj oto vseh, tak kak men'shee chislo pol'zovatelej budet zhalovat'sya o prostoyah servera.
"Men'she budet nedovol'nyh, potomu chto servery bolee stabil'ny nezheli Windows NT. Linux, FreeBSD, i BSDI Unix prevoshodyat Windows NT po ryadu pokazatelej na hudshem "zheleze", a pri nekotoryh obstoyatel'stvah mozhet rabotat' ne huzhe, a to i luchshe, chem NT na luchshem "zheleze". CHto do masshtabiruemosti, to Unix na Intel dogonyaet i dazhe prevoshodit NT po chislu ispol'zuemyh processorov i po effektivnosti ispol'zovaniya.
-- Nicholas Petreley, The new Unix alters NT's orbit: The re-emergence of Unix threatens to modify the future direction of NT, NC World, April 1998.
NT chasto rassmatrivaetsya kak "mnogopol'zovatel'skaya" OS, no eto bol'shoe zabluzhdenie. NT server mozhet proverit' avtorizovannogo pol'zovatelya, no raz zashedshij v set' NT pol'zovatel', vse chto on mozhet eto poluchit' dostup k fajlam ili printeram. Pol'zovatel' NT ne mozhet prosto zapustit' lyuboe prilozhenie na NT servere (chtoby vospol'zovat'sya preimushchestvom bol'shej vychislitel'noj moshchnosti apparatnyh sredstv servera). Pol'zovatel' NT mozhet tol'ko zapuskat' special'nye prilozheniya sostoyashchie iz dvuh chastej, t.e. prilozheniya klient/server. Kogda pol'zovatel' zahodit na UNIX server, to on mozhet zapuskat' lyuboe prilozhenie (esli emu eto razresheno), perenosya tem samym nagruzku so svoej rabochej stancii. |to otnositsya i k graficheskim prilozheniyam, tak kak X-server eto standartnoe PO dlya vseh OS UNIX.
Dlya bol'shinstva, e-mail stal neobhodimym sredstvom obshcheniya, i mnogie kompanii imeyut svoi sobstvennye vnutrennie/vneshnie e-mail sistemy. Dlya Windows NT, Vam pridetsya pokupat' otdel'noe PO dlya ustanovki svoego e-mail servera. OS UNIX postavlyaetsya s programmoj nazyvaemoj Sendmail. Sushchestvuet takzhe drugie pochtovye programmy (ili MTA, Mail Transport Agents, pochtovye transportnye agenty) dostupnye dlya UNIX, no eta naibolee shiroko rasprostranena, i yavlyaetsya besplatnoj. Nekotorye administratory UNIX schitayut, chto exim ili qmail luchshe, tak kak oni ne takie slozhnye v konfiguracii kak sendmail. Oba, i exim i qmail, vprochem kak i sendmail, besplatny dazhe dlya kommercheskogo ispol'zovaniya. Mnogie NT-orientirovannye kompanii ispol'zuyut Microsoft Exchange Server v kachestve MTA. |to dorogoe reshenie s ogranichennym uspehom ispol'zovaniya v promyshlennyh masshtabah. Microsoft Exchange Server Enterprise Edition - licenziya na 25 klientov stoit $3,549.00. Esli u Vas bol'she chem 25 sotrudnikov, eto zhe PO s licenziej na 50 klientov stoit $4,859.00 (Istochnik: Microsoft) Nizhe v etoj stat'e, v razdele Mail servera (MTA), predstavleny osnovnye harakteristiki dlya sravneniya i protivopostavleniya etih dvuh PO pochtovyh serverov.
Esli Microsoft vidit v NT real'nuyu al'ternativu vsem ostal'nym setevym OS, predstavlennym na rynke, uchityvaya UNIX i Novell, to dolzhna prinimat', chto NT dolzhna vklyuchat' vse neobhodimye instrumenty dlya vypolneniya naibolee chasto vstrechayushchihsya zadanij: obsluzhivanie printerov i fajlov. Lyuboj sistemnyj/setevoj administrator po opytu znaet, chto sushchestvuet dva osnovnyh momenta na kotorye sleduet obratit' osnovnoe vnimanie pri ustanovke fajlovogo servera ili zavedeniya novogo setevogo pol'zovatelya: bezopasnost', ili paroli i prava na fajly; i kvoty dlya ogranicheniya diskovogo prostranstva dlya novyh ili sushchestvuyushchih pol'zovatelej ili grupp. Hotya NT obespechivaet prostejshuyu bezopasnost' po parolyu, ona imeet bezopasnost' na urovne dostupa k fajlam, tol'ko esli vybrat' ee sobstvennuyu fajlovuyu sistemu, nazyvaemuyu NTFS. Nekotorye MIS otdely neohotno ispol'zuyut etu fajlovuyu sistemu (po-krajnej mere na pol'zovatel'skih mashinah), iz-za togo, chto reshenie diskovyh problem zatrudnyaetsya pri ispol'zovanii NTFS. Sushchestvuet rasprostranennoe mnenie, chto diski formatirovannye kak NTFS ne mogut chitat'sya iz DOS, vazhnoj OS pri vosstanovlenii iz takogo roda problem. Rune Knapstad soobshchil, chto sushchestvuet DOS utilita, nazyvaemaya NTFSDOS, kotoraya mozhet montirovat' NTFS razdely. Interesno zametit', chto eto produkt tret'ej firmy, a ne Microsoft. Gorazdo vazhnee to, chto NT ne soderzhit mehanizmov dlya ogranicheniya diskovogo prostranstva dlya pol'zovatelej! UNIX i Novell, naoborot, soderzhat PO dlya obespecheniya takogo, po-vidimomu elementarnogo, kontrolya. Microsoft anonsirovala, chto eshche ne vypushchennaya NT Server 5.0 budet obespechivat' "new storage management features such as disk quotas . . .(novuyu vozmozhnost' upravleniya nakopitelyami, takuyu kak diskovye kvoty...)" (sm. press-reliz, Windows NT 5.0 Beta Delivered to Over 200,000 Developers).
I, nakonec, OS UNIX vklyuchaet yazyki napisaniya skriptov (naprimer, takie kak Bourne Shell, Korn Shell, C Shell, i inogda Perl) i tak nazyvaemyj "cron" dlya vypolneniya komand po ustanovlennomu grafiku cherez zadannye intervaly (kazhdye n minut, kazhdye n chasov, raz v nedelyu, raz v mesyac, i t.d.). Cron legko konfiguriruetsya i ne ogranichivaetsya privedennymi zdes' primerami. Koroche govorya, vysokourovnevye yazyki scenariev + cron = moshchnoe sredstvo dlya sistemnogo administrirovaniya, podobnogo kotoromu net v Microsoft NT Server 4.0. Mnogie sistemy upravleniya UNIX avtomatizirovany i prisposobleny pod konkretnye nuzhdy pri pomoshchi etih instrumental'nyh sredstv, chto v konechnom itoge skazyvaetsya na snizhenii zatrat na personal. Kak ukazal odin chitatel', NT imeet "Scheduler" i komandu "at", i chto Perl dostupen dlya NT. Da, eto pravda, odnako, ya ne dumayu, chto eto ogranichennoe sredstvo dlya napisaniya skriptov cmd.exe, ob®edinennoe s "Scheduler" ili "at" mozhet dazhe priblizitsya k toj funkcional'nosti v UNIX, o kotoroj upomyanuto vyshe. Vypolnenie avtomatizirovannyh zadach tol'ko togda polezno, kogda skripty/zadachi/programmy mogut zapuskat'sya bez vmeshatel'stva cheloveka. Slishkom mnogoe, chto vypolnyaetsya na NT, zavyazano na GUI, i sledovatel'no trebuet vzaimodejstviya s chelovekom. Esli real'no ocenit', to avtomatizirovannye zadachi, vypolnyayushchiesya v bol'shinstve vychislitel'nyh centrov -- eto specifichnye dlya mesta operacii, kotorye programmiruyutsya sistemnymi administratorami. Po sobstvennomu opytu ya znayu, chto redko byvaet sajt, gde ustanovlen Perl na NT servere i imeetsya administrator NT, kotoryj znaet osnovy Perl. Osnovnym momentom posle pokupki deshevoj apparatury idet, ruka ob ruku, praktika naema samogo deshevogo administratora NT; v konce koncov, eto NT, i vse chto nado delat' - eto ukazyvat' i shchelkat'!
V itoge, zaloginivshis' v set' NT, vse chto mozhno delat' eto chitat' fajly i pechatat'. V srede UNIX, zajdya na UNIX server, mozhno byt' na etoj mashine i delat' vse, chto mozhno bylo by sdelat' s ee klaviatury. S NT, ne dumajte, chto smozhete ustanovit' e-mail server iz distributiva. Potrebuetsya dopolnitel'noe dorogostoyashchee PO, vrode Microsoft Exchange Server. Esli Vash NT server dolzhen byt' fajlovym serverom - chto eshche real'no mozhno na nem delat'? - ne pytajtes' zashchitit' server ot pol'zovatelej zapolnyayushchih disk(i) svoimi dannymi.
Prostota nastrojki i vozmozhnost' nastraivat' server bez perezagruzki eto eshche odin aspekt funkcional'nosti:
"Nekotorye versii Unix (Linux, naprimer) podderzhivayut zagruzhaemye moduli ustrojstv. |to oznachaet, chto mozhno zagruzit' Linux i perenastroit' podderzhku apparatnogo i programmnogo obespecheniya na letu. Naprimer, mozhno zagruzit' Linux bez podderzhki uzhe ustanovlennoj SCSI karty. Zatem prosto podgruzit' podderzhku dlya etoj SCSI karty, kogda nuzhno obratit'sya k odnomu ili neskol'kim podsoedinennym SCSI-ustrojstvam, takim kak opticheskij disk dlya rezervirovaniya. Mozhno vygruzit' SCSI drajver po okonchanii. Takzhe mozhno spokojno podgruzhat' i vygruzhat' podderzhku dlya zvukovyh, setevyh kart - dazhe fajlovyh sistem takih kak HPFS, FAT, VFAT, i drugih (drajver dlya NTFS v stadii razrabotki).Kogda rech' zahodit o bolee slozhnyh setevyh funkcional'nyh vozmozhnostyah, pohozhe chto Microsoft NT Server 4.0 Enterprise Edition ne mozhet sopernichat' s bolee zrelymi kommercheskimi OS UNIX. Hotya eto i ne tak sushchestvenno dlya setevoj proizvoditel'nosti, no 64-bitnye vychisleniya sushchestvuyut segodnya blagodarya etim OS Unix (v protivopolozhnost' NT - 32-bitnoj OS). D.H. Brown Associates Inc. predstavlyayut rezul'taty ih analiza (posleduyushchij tekst, tablica i tri grafika vzyaty s Web stranicy sajta Digital Equipment Corporation, ozaglavlennoj AIX 4.3 Leaps To 64-Bits In Dead Heat With Digital UNIX 4.0):"Sledovatel'no, lyuboj Unix s podderzhkoj zagruzhaemyh modulej po sushchestvu bol'she podhodit dlya servera, t.k. dlya izmeneniya konfiguracii ne trebuetsya perezagruzka sistemy.
"Windows NT ne soderzhit nichego podobnogo. Dazhe neznachitel'nye izmeneniya v konfiguracii Windows NT trebuyut perezagruzki dlya vstupleniya izmenenij v silu. Izmenite IP adres shlyuza-marshrutizatora (default gateway) i potrebuetsya perezagruzka. Vy dazhe ne smozhete izmenit' tip modema, ispol'zuemogo dlya ustanovleniya PPP soedineniya, bez perezagruzki dlya obnovleniya sistemy. Ni odno iz etih ogranichenij ne sushchestvuet v Unix.
-- Nicholas Petreley, The new Unix alters NT's orbit: The re-emergence of Unix threatens to modify the future direction of NT, NC World, April 1998.
AIX 4.3 lidiruet v setevyh vozmozhnostyah Internet/intranet obespechivaya shirochajshij nabor rasshirenij TCP/IP, a takzhe vyigryvaya za schet postavlyaemogo s sistemoj Notes servera. Digital UNIX zanimaet vtoroe mesto s sil'nymi vozmozhnostyami setevoj bezopasnosti, vklyuchayushchij ne tol'ko vozmozhnosti Web-brouzinga, no i sredstva Web-avtorizacii, s Navigator Gold, i celym naborom rasshirenij TCP/IP. Odnako, Digital UNIX ne soderzhit novyh vozmozhnostej NFS takih kak CacheFS i AutoFS. IRIX 6.4 idet tret'im, vklyuchaya CacheFS i AutoFS, i vozmozhnosti setevoj bezopasnosti ne huzhe, chem u Digital. No IRIX ne soderzhit network time facilities (NTP) i takie TCP/IP vozmozhnosti kak IPv6 i IPSec. Sleduyushchij - Sun, s horoshej podderzhkoj NFS i vtorym mestom za nabor TCP/IP rasshirenij. Odnako, Sun polagaetsya na svoj Web server, a ne na Netscape, Microsoft ili Apache, i ustupaet v sredstvah avtorizacii i takih vazhnyh sluzhbah kak sluzhba katalogov Novell NDS. HP obespechivaet sil'nuyu podderzhku Internet v svoem HP-UX, proyavlyayushchuyusya v peredovyh funkciyah Internet protokola i setevoj bezopasnosti, pravda opazdyvaya s podderzhkoj takih funkcij dlya NFS. HP-UX, vmeste s AIX, takzhe lidiruyut v podderzhke NDS. Microsoft NT 4.0 zhe, obespechivaet podderzhku Internet/intranet, kotoruyu v celom mozhno oharakterizovat' kak "horoshuyu". NT ustupaet vedushchim proizvoditelyam UNIX iz-za plohoj podderzhki sluzhby katalogov, setevoj bezopasnosti, NFS, i nebol'shogo kolichestva TCP/IP rasshirenij. Microsoft fokusiruet svoi usiliya na vstroennom Web servere i na nastrojke Java Virtual Machine.
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CHastye razgovory o tom, chto Windows NT Server "stabil'naya" OS, ne sovsem tochny. Esli by tak bylo, togda by my nikogda ne chitali takie stat'i kak Corporate IT needs an engine that never quits (Peter Coffee, PC Week 3-30-98) ili We do not have a failure to communicate (Peter Coffee, PC Week 04-13-98). Kogda avtor etih dvuh statej zadal vopros, "CHto Vy ispol'zuete v situacii, kogda sboi nedopustimy?", to byl bukval'no zavalen "vtroe bol'shim, po sravneniyu s obychnym, chislom otvetov po e-mail." Po etim otvetam on zaklyuchil, chto:
"CHto harakterno, ya ne poluchil ni odnogo pis'ma gde schitalos', chto Windows NT dostatochno horoshaya OS. Kak raz naoborot: neskol'ko soobshchenij vyrazhali mnenie, chto NT 5.0 okazhetsya "za bortom", peregruzhennaya "syrymi" dopolnitel'nymi vozmozhnostyami, tak i ne dobivshis' korporativnoj nadezhnosti v bazovyh.Pravda, Windows NT sovershila bol'shoj skachok po sravneniyu s Windows 3.1 ili Windows 95, no potrebuetsya mnogo vremeni, chtoby ona dostigla togo urovnya nadezhnosti, kakoj predlagayut dazhe besplatnye OS UNIX."Odin chitatel' soobshchil, chto na ego sajte Linux na 486 prevzoshel Windows NT na 200MHz Pentium, a odna mashina s Linux rabotaet bez sboev s toj pory, kogda Windows NT 4.0 eshche ne bylo.
"Takzhe dovodilos' slyshat', chto sajty promyshlennogo masshtaba rassmatrivayut Linux v kachestve proverennogo varianta, poluchaya ishodnyj kod, chto v konechnom itoge okazyvaetsya luchshe somnitel'nogo preimushchestva bol'shinstva tradicionnyh sluzhb tehnicheskoj podderzhki. To, chto ostal'nye obeshchayut v budushchem, Linux daet mnogim uzhe sejchas--po vygodnoj cene.
-- Peter Coffee, We do not have a failure to communicate, PC Week, 3-30-98.
Nedostatochnaya ustojchivost' Windows NT proyavilas' posle togo kak menedzheram prishlos' vzaimodejstvovat' s OS raznymi putyami, soobshchaet odin IT specialist:
"'YA znayu tri kompanii tiho perevodyashchih vse bol'she raboty na Unix . . . vzamen NT, prosto potomu, chto NT slishkom chasto valilas',' govoril Peter Flynn, konsul'tant iz g. Kork, Irlandiya. Po mneniyu IT menedzherov, NT slishkom chasto padala. Tipichnye prichiny etogo byli narusheniya dostupa k pamyati i oshibki vvoda/vyvoda.Lyuboj specialist informacionnyh sistem, rabotayushchij v srede Windows NT, imeet lichnoe znakomstvo s postydnym "Blue Screen of Death" ("Sinij |kran Smerti"), situaciej pri kotoroj obychnyj sistemnyj ekran polnost'yu propadaet, zamenyayas' polnym ekranom shestnadcaterichnyh chisel na sinem fone. Edinstvennyj sposob vyjti iz etoj situacii, eto otklyuchit' pitanie mashiny i perezagruzit'sya. Prichina "sinego ekrana" mozhet byt' samaya raznaya. Po moemu opytu, sleduyushchee mozhet privesti k krahu:"|ti kompanii ne byli sklonny raskryvat' svoi resheniya 'iz-za davleniya sverhu'' govorit Flynn. 'Tendenciya pokupaj-tol'ko-Microsoft oboshla tendenciyu pokupaj-tol'ko-IBM, i menedzhery reshivshie [protiv sovetov specialistov] ispol'zovat' NT vmesto Unix teper' ne hotyat udarit' v gryaz' licom,' dobavlyaet on.
-- Mark Gibbs, Lookin' into Linux, Network World, March 30, 1998.
V razdele o BSOD (S|S) Vy ukazyvaete neskol'ko prichin, ego vyzyvayushchih. YA dumayu, chto etot (nebol'shoj) spisok obmanchiv dlya chitatelya. Sushchestvuet tak mnogo sposobov zavesit' NT, chto ukazyvaya nekotorye, sozdaetsya lozhnoe vpechatlenie. Opasnee to, chto v Vashih sluchayah obychno prisutstvuet chelovek, kotoryj delaet chto-to NE TAK, vyzyvaya krah sistemy. V to vremya kak mnogie sluchai polomok NT proishodyat neprednamerenno v ezhednevnyh operaciyah sistemy (na samom dele, ostavlenie sistemy nadolgo, vypolnyayushchej beschislennye prilozheniya, mozhet vyzvat' strannye krahi s maloj veroyatnost'yu uznat' pochemu). Takzhe zlobnye pol'zovateli mogut vyzyvat' padeniya iz-za plohoj realizacii takih modulej kak vhod v sistemu (LSA) ili tcp/ip stek."Blue Screen of Death" mozhet byt' obychnym delom v nekotoroj komp'yuternoj srede i chasto trudno reshit' problemu libo iz-za neponyatnyh libo nesushchestvuyushchih soobshcheniyah ob oshibkah. V dobavok, NT prakticheski bezzashchitna k virusam na Intel'ovskoj platforme. Microsoft prodolzhaet pisat' svoi OS takim obrazom, chto ona chitaet Master Boot Record zhestkih diskov. |to znachit to, chto NT Server mozhno teoreticheski svalit' virusom, napisannym 10 let nazad dlya MS-DOS. Lyuboj, kto planiruet ispol'zovat' NT Server v srede, kritichnoj k sboyam (mission critical environment) dolzhen uchityvat' etot fakt. YA lichno stalkivalsya s MBR virusami v korporativnoj srede rabotayushchej s Windows NT 4.0 (bez klientov Windows 95!), i ih razrushitel'nym dejstviem.
Odin real'nyj sluchaj o nadezhnosti NT soobshchaet Quinn P. Coldiron, menedzher informacionnogo otdela universiteta pechati v Nebraske,
Kogda-to, perenos Cats [sistema ispolneniya zakazov i inventarizacii] na NT stal dlya nas prosto koshmarom. Sistema padala dva, tri raza v den' bez osoboj prichiny. YA to i delo razgovarival s Microsoft i Cats, no nikto ne mog nichego ob®yasnit'. Microsoft posovetovala postavit' Service Pack'i i neskol'ko HotFix'ov, kotorye pomogli, no vse ravno ona padala po krajnej mere dvazhdy v nedelyu so skvernym "sinim ekranom". Posle neskol'kih nedel' i okolo $1500.00 na telefonnuyu podderzhku ot Microsoft, personal tehnicheskoj podderzhki skazal mne, chtoby ya poiskal drugoe, luchshee PO, nezheli The Cat's Pajamas. No eto bylo ne to reshenie, kotoroe ya iskal, tak kak na etom pakete byl bol'shoj procent pressy nacional'nogo masshtaba, tak chto prishlos' otkatit'sya k staromu Novell serveru do luchshih vremen. . . . CHetyrnadcat' mesyacev nazad, my postavili Linux v kachestve nashego servera.UNIX'ovyj ekvivalent "sinego ekrana" nazyvaetsya "kernel panic." On ochevidno sushchestvuet, tak kak slyshal i chital o nem, no ni razu ne byl svidetelem ego v moej professional'noj kar'ere. Hotya ya uveren, chto UNIX servery padayut iz-za opredelennyh obstoyatel'stv, no eto ochen' redkie sluchai. Esli kogda UNIX servery i padayut, eto prakticheski vsegda iz-za raznogo roda sboev v apparature. Lyuboe prilozhenie, vyzyvayushchee problemy, v srede UNIX obychno daet znat' cherez kakoe-to vremya, inogda v vide obshchego padeniya proizvoditel'nosti sistemy, davaya administratoru dostatochno vremeni dlya vyyavleniya prichiny problemy, ispravleniya ee i ostanovki/perezapuska processa (ochen' redko vsej mashiny!) vyzyvayushchego problemu. V obshchem, UNIX server ostanavlivaetsya tol'ko v sleduyushchih situaciyah:
"NT po nachalu vyigryvala iz-za intuitivnogo pol'zovatel'skogo interfejsa upravleniya odinochnymi sistemami, v osnovnom za schet neobychajnoj populyarnosti shozhego s Windows GUI, peredelannogo pod NT. Odnako, kogda pol'zovateli nachali ustanavlivat' bol'shoe chislo serverov, geograficheski razbrosannyh, nekotorye arhitekturnye nedostatki sistemnogo upravleniya NT stali bolee zametny, proishodyashchie prezhde vsego iz-za rascheta, chto eto odnopol'zovatel'skaya sistema. Mnogopol'zovatel'skaya arhitektura UNIX podderzhivaet udalennyj dostup na neskol'kih urovnyah, vklyuchayushchih vozmozhnost' zahoda v simvol'noj sessii, cherez telnet, redaktirovaniya konfiguracionnyh fajlov, zapuska GUI sredstv cherez setevuyu sistemu X Window, i s nekotoryh por cherez Java versii sredstv sistemnogo upravleniya. NT sejchas ne imeet ni odnogo iz etih sredstv. Vernee, udalennoe upravlenie NT obychno vklyuchaet libo ustanovku lokal'nyh special'nyh programm, kotorye po mneniyu Microsoft budut proshche iz-za bol'shih razmerov NT i shozhesti s osnovnymi Windows versiyami, libo nadezhdu na mnogourovnevoe PO sistemnogo administrirovaniya ot Microsoft ili tret'ih firm. Nikakih funkcij, dazhe, nichego pohozhego po effektivnosti administrirovaniya raspredelennyh UNIX sistem."
-- Vzyato iz: An In-Depth Analysis of Five Commercial UNIX Operating Systems and Windows NT Server 4.0 (Enterprise Edition) by D.H. Brown Associates, Inc.
Nedostatok nadezhnosti NT prevzojden tol'ko ee nedostatkom masshtabiruemosti. Prevoshodyashchaya masshtabiruemost', dostignutaya kommercheskimi OS UNIX na ih sootvetsvennyh apparatnyh sredstvah, eto ta prichina, po kotoroj krupnye korporacii, s ih potrebnost'yu v bol'shih vychislitel'nyh moshchnostyah, ne mogut perejti na NT, dazhe esli oni etogo zahotyat. Mary Hubley, rukovoditel' NIR s GartnerGroup, upominayut v stat'e NT and UNIX: Irresistible Force vs. Immovable Object (yanvar' 1998) chto obshchestvennost' slishkom polozhitel'no vosprinimaet vozmozhnosti NT, osnovannye glavnym obrazom na razdutom marketinge:
"Mnogie polagayut, chto NT bolee prostaya v ispol'zovanii, chem eto est' na samom dele, masshtabiruetsya luchshe chem est', i dostatochno moshchnaya, chtoby delat' to, chto mozhet delat' UNIX. No mnogoe iz etogo -- iz-za sil'nogo marketinga so storony Microsoft, a ne yavlyaetsya dejstvitel'nost'yu.European MikroGraf Corporation opublikovala rezul'taty ih sobstvennogo sravneniya proizvoditel'nosti UNIX vs NT i ob®yasnet pochemu:
"Neskol'ko raz v mesyac, zakazchiki iz pechatnoj promyshlennosti sprashivali nas, kakuyu servernuyu platformu vybrat' : Unix ili Windows NT. Windows NT mozhet byt' i podoshla by dlya ezhednevnyh operacij v srednem biznese, no ne vyderzhala by nagruzki, kotoruyu izdateli obychno vozlagayut na servery.Interesnyj fakt otnositel'no MikroGraf sravneniya UNIX protiv NT, chto te zhe samye apparatnye sredstva ispol'zovalis' v dvuh iz chetyreh testah, Digital Model 2100: pervyj raz s Digital UNIX v kachestve OS, a drugoj raz s Windows NT, na toj zhe apparature.
Spravedlivosti radi, sleduet sravnivat' proizvoditel'nost' NT servera s Linux ili FreeBSD, tak kak vse eti OS rabotayut na odnoj apparature. K sozhaleniyu, po nastoyashchemu ob®ektivnoe sravnenie proizvoditel'nosti budet osnovyvat'sya na benchmark'ah, a eto, naskol'ko ya znayu, ne podhodit dlya sravneniya Linux ili FreeBSD s NT. Obshchee mnenie sredi IT specialistov takovo, chto Linux i FreeBSD sil'no prevoshodyat NT. Uchityvaya, chto yadra etih UNIX'ov special'no otkompilirovany takim obrazom, chtoby vklyuchat' tol'ko te moduli, kotorye nuzhny administratoru, to Linux i FreeBSD mogut rabotat' gorazdo effektivnee NT. Sobstvenno, lyubaya OS, trebuyushchaya men'she resursov budet proizvoditel'nee, bolee razdutoj operacionnoj sistemy, takoj kak NT. UNIX dlya funkcionirovaniya ne trebuetsya graficheskij interfejs pol'zovatelya. NT trebuetsya. Lyuboj znaet, chto grafika trebuet neveroyatnyh kolichestv diskovogo prostranstva i pamyati. To zhe samoe spravedlivo i dlya zvukovyh fajlov, kotorye, sudya po vsemu, tak vazhny dlya operacionnyh sistem Microsoft.
Benchmark'i, provedennye na shozhih OS UNIX, na odnom "zheleze", bolee vyrazitel'ny. Net Express, postavshchik x86 apparatnogo obespecheniya cherez Internet, ch'i sistemy "razrabotany dlya uchenyh, inzhenerov i telekommunikacionnoj industrii", predstavlyaet kakogo rezul'tata mozhno dobit'sya pri pravil'nom vybore OS:
Veroyatno, primerom luchshej proizvoditel'nosti budet, esli vybrat' OS UNIX i besplatnyj Web server Apache, stat'yu Sean'a Fulton'a o chem mozhno najti v INTERNETWEEK ot 5 maya, 1997, Towers of Power -- We test five muscular Web servers aimed at high-end intranet applications. Dlya NT, rezul'taty testov dostatochno neuteshitel'ny:
Byte UNIX Benchmark 3.2 for OS Comparison:
V dopolnenie my predstavlyaem eti rezul'taty Byte UNIX Benchmark 3.2 dlya sravneniya otnositel'noj skorosti treh populyarnyh UNIX/UNIX-klonov OS. Testy provedeny na mashine s Pentium 133MHz s 32MB OZU, Triton-II 430HX chipsetom i BusLogic SCSI kontrollerom:
Iz etih rezul'tatov vidno, chto Linux ochen' effektivnaya OS. Znacheniya dlya Linux na Pentium 133 blizki po skorosti k Solaris 2.5 na 167MHz Sparc Ultra ili na 200MHz Pentium Pro!!!
Sistema Bytemarks Linux na Pentium 133MHz 12.2 BSD na Pentium 133MHz 9.8 Solaris 2.5 na Pentium 133MHz 6.2 Solaris na Sun Sparc-II Ultra 167MHz System 13.7 Solaris 2.5 na Orion Pentium Pro 200MHz 13.5 Copyright ¿ 1996 Net Express All Rights Reserved.
"Mashiny ot Telenet System Solutions proizvodili bol'shinstvo syurprizov vo vremya nashih testov, tak, BSDi, na odnoprocessornoj sisteme, byla na urovne, a v nekotoryh sluchayah prevoshodila 2-h processornye mashiny s Windows NT.Esli govorit' o proizvoditel'nosti Web servera, Ariel Faigon ukazyvaet, chto SGI mashine, rabotayushchej pod IRIX sejchas prinadlezhit mirovoj rekord v etoj oblasti:"V etom primere testirovalis' OS BSDi 3.0 i HTTP server Apache. I 2-h processornye mashiny s Windows NT 4.0 i Microsoft Internet Information Server 2.0.
"V aprele 1998, luchshij SPECWeb rezul'tat v 7214 http operacii v sekundu byl dostignut na 8-CPU servere Silicon Graphics Origin 2000, pod upravleniem IRIX 6.5 i Netscape Web servera.Voobshche-to, sleduyushchij primer ne yavlyaetsya v polnoj mere tochnym testom dlya opredeleniya raznicy proizvoditel'nosti mezhdu Linux i NT, no Richard Betel daet neplohuyu ideyu o tom, chego sleduet ozhidat' v real'noj situacii:Dlya bolee polnoj informaciis, sm. press-reliz SGI.
"V protivopolozhnost', luchshij rezul'tat NT -- 1878 op/sek na 4-CPU Hewlett-Packard NetServer LXr Pro 6/200 s Microsoft IIS.
U menya v techenii 2 mesyacev rabotal distributed.net klient po vzlomu RC5... On byl ustanovlen na kazhdom servere, u kotorogo bylo dostatochnoe kolichestvo vremeni prostoya. Tuda zhe vhodili dve odinakovye mashiny: obe Dual-Pentium II na 300MHz, 128MB OZU. Na odnoj zapushchena NT, i bezdejstvuyushchij exchange server (my sobiralis' ispol'zovat' ego, no sejchas, on polnost'yu ne zanyat), a na drugoj Linux (my ispol'zovali ego iz-za ego skorosti. |to byl Samba server, a takzhe my peresobirali raznye programmki na nem). Linux-mashina podbirala klyuchi v 1.8 raz bystree NT.
11 maya, 1998 na Discovery Channel vyshla programma Agenstva nacional'noj bezopasnosti kak chast' ih "Discovery Signature Series." Kratkoe opisanie ih polutorachasovogo doklada, kotoryj translirovalsya v 9 vechera po central'nomu vremeni, takovo "naibolee zasekrechennoe agenstvo Ameriki raskryvaet nekotorye sekrety pri pomoshchi vysokotehnologichnoj magii." Naibolee zapomnilos' to, chto bylo mnogo rabochih stancij s logotipom Sun Microsystems, ne tol'ko v komnate kriptografii, no takzhe i v odnom iz zalov upravleniya. V odnom meste, gde Agenstvo proizvodit nekotorye iz sobstvennyh mikrokristallov, na monitorah byli vidny bol'shie znaki "X", logotip X-Window sistemy, ispol'zuemoj vo vseh OS UNIX. Gde-to v konce peredachi, pokazali laptop s zapushchennym DOS prilozheniem. Tol'ko odna mashina s logotipom Intel byla pokazana za vse vremya peredachi. Ona ne ispol'zovalas' dlya kriptograficheskih zadach. Ona zanimalas' raspoznavaniem obrazov, no granicy okna prilozheniya pohozhe byli ne-MS-Windows OS.
Dlya operacionnoj sistemy, kotoraya vyrosla iz igrushechnoj OS, ona predlagaet nekotoruyu dostatochno ser'eznuyu funkcional'nost'. Hotya ona ne dostatochno horosho masshtabiruetsya -- proizvoditel'nost' padaet pri bol'shem chisle processorov na server, chem 4 -- ona dostatochno daleko prodvinulas'. Hotya, ya by i ne rekomendoval ee v kachestve osnovnoj OS v promyshlennyh masshtabah, ona vpolne podojdet dlya malogo biznesa s chislom pol'zovatelej men'she 250, gde ne ispol'zuyutsya kritichnye k sboyam processy. Takzhe uchtite, chto odinochnyj NT server ne smozhet obsluzhivat' 250 pol'zovatelej. Obshchie rekomendacii takovy: odin PDC (Windows NT Primary Domain Controller) i dva BDC (Backup Domain Controllers). Derzhat' ostal'nye servernye prilozheniya na PDC takzhe ne rekomenduetsya. Esli ponadobyatsya RDBMS, E-mail, Web, i drugie standartnye servisy , skoree vsego treh NT serverov budet nedostatochno.
Perenesya vse na Windows NT kompaniya mozhet stolknut'sya s problemami geterogennoj setevoj sredy.
Pervoe predpolozhenie, chto geterogennaya setevaya sreda sozdaet problemy. Odnazhdy ya rabotal v kompanii gde sosushchestvovali, prakticheski bez konfliktov, NT i Novell. V dejstvitel'nosti, istinnaya prichina takogo sovmestnogo sushchestvovaniya byla takaya, chto Novell byla proizvoditel'nee NT v oblasti razdachi fajlov i printerov. V UNIX, kazhdyj mozhet sdelat' Microsoft-sovmestimoe kollektivnoe ispol'zovanie fajlov i printerov, prichem pol'zovateli mogut i ne znat', chto eti servisy krutyatsya na UNIX servere. Dlya nih dlya vseh, eto budet NT server. |togo mozhno dostich' v UNIX OS Sun'a, Solaris. V Linux, dlya etogo ispol'zuetsya PO, nazyvaemoe Samba, kotoroe postavlyaetsya so vsemi distributivami. Samba dostupna prakticheski dlya lyuboj OS UNIX. Takzhe ona sushchestvuet pod VMS, MVS, OS/2, Stratus-VOS, Amiga, Novell, i MPE/iX.
UNIX eto ustarevshaya, neponyatnaya, vsya osnovannaya na komandnoj stroke OS.
Nepravda! CDE (Common Desktop Environment) eto GUI desktop (graficheskij interfejs pol'zovatelya: Vy ispol'zuete mysh' dlya ukazaniya i shchelkan'ya, ili peretaskivaniya ob®ektov na raznocvetnom "desktope"; eto osnova uspeha Microsoft). CDE postavlyaetsya s bol'shinstvom kommercheskih OS UNIX: perechislim nekotorye -- Sun Solaris, IBM AIX Hewlett Packard HP-UX, DEC Digital UNIX. Primerno za $90 mozhno kupit' CDE dlya Linux, esli vdrug sluchitsya, chto Vam ne ponravyatsya chetyre GUI sistemy, postavlyaemye s Linux: OpenLook, GUI, ispol'zuemyj v Solaris; FVWM, besplatnyj GUI, ochen' pohozhij na Windows 3.1 GUI; ili FVWM-95, drugoj besplatnyj GUI, parodiruyushchij GUI Windows 95 (pri vzglyade na odinochnyj ekran, nikto ne smozhet otlichit' FVWM-95 ot Windows 95). TWM eto predshestvennik razlichnyh FVWM okonnyh menedzherov, kotoryj takzhe postavlyaetsya s Linux. Esli u Vas ne bylo vozmozhnosti posidet' za komp'yuterom, na kotorom zapushchen UNIX, vot neskol'ko SCREENSHOT'ov etih okonnyh menedzherov: CDE, TED (CDE dlya Linux ot TriTeal), KDE, FVWM 1.24, FVWM 2.x, FVWM-95, olvwm(virtual'nyj okonnyj menedzher OpenLook). |to tol'ko nekotorye GUI interfejsy dostupnye pol'zovatelyam UNIX. Stranichka Matt Chapman Guide to Window Managers for The X Window System horosha dlya nachinayushchih. Vy najdete dostatochno screenshot'ov na ego sajte. Takzhe uchtite, chto vse eti okonnye menedzhery horosho perenastraivayutsya; ne udivlyajtes', esli screenshot'y odnogo i togo zhe okonnogo menedzhera vyglyadyat sovershenno po-raznomu. Kak zayavlyaet Matt na svoej stranichke, "Tak kak vse lyudi raznye, to oni i komp'yutery ispol'zuyut po-raznomu, dlya raznyh zadach. Pochemu zhe nekotorye dumayut, chto my dolzhny vse ispol'zovat' (vynosit'?) odin interfejs?" Po ironii sud'by, eto graficheskij interfejs Microsoft, kotoryj ne soderzhit v dostatochnoj mere funkcij nastrojki.
CHto kasaetsya obvinenij naschet ustarelosti UNIX, ona do sih por OS dlya uchenyh, inzhenerov, issledovatelej i vysshego obrazovaniya. Mnogie inzhenery predpochtut, bez kolebanij, UNIX vmesto NT. Oni polnost'yu osvedomleny o vozmozhnosti UNIX nastraivat'sya i podstraivat'sya pod opredelennye vychislitel'nye zadachi.
Vse ravno, vse kogda-nibud' perejdut na NT, my dolzhny malo-pomalu zamenyat' nashi UNIX servera na NT. |to napravlenie budushchego.
Esli Vy pogovorite s MIS menedzherami kakoj-nibud' bol'shoj kompanii, u kotoryh stoyali UNIX ili Novell paru let nazad, a zatem oni zamenili svoi Novell servera na NT, Vy uznaete, chto nikto iz nih ne mozhet obhodit'sya bez svoih UNIX serverov. Pohozhe, chto bol'shie nagruzki vse eshche luchshe vypolnyayutsya na UNIX serverah. Do sih por v moej kar'ere, ya videl, chto Oracle server vsegda stavilsya na UNIX server. Odin IT specialist, odnako, prislal mne e-mail, v kotorom govorilos', "YA obsluzhivayu neskol'ko installyacij ORACLE na NT. I ya nablyudal proizvoditel'nost' i funkcional'nost', kotorye nikogda ne videl na UNIX (Pyramid)."
"Ot menya Vy ne dozhdetes' pohvaly NT ili drugomu produktu MS. YA polagayu, chto Gates i ego imperiya sdelali bol'she, chem kto by to ni bylo, chtoby snizit' standarty nashego obshchestva. Esli by moj produkt imel to zhe kachestvo, chto i u nih, to samolety padali by ezhechasno.Odin specialist, pozhelavshij ostat'sya neizvestnym, iz-za opaseniya poteryat' rabotu, pishet:
"Dnem ya rabotayu v bol'shoj firme. Ona odna iz samyh krupnyh v mire. My reshili ispol'zovat' paket monitoringa i upravleniya set'yu ot Cabletron. On dostupnen pod NT i pod Unix. Lyudi, kotorye dolzhny byli rabotat' s nim, vybrali NT, tak kak byli bolee znakomy s nej, nezheli s Unix. Okolo goda i chetverti millionov dollarov nazad, oni v itoge otkazalis' ot NT i sdelali pod Solaris. Pochemu? NT prosto ne masshtabirovalas'.Tim Newsham v otvete na etu stat'yu pishet:
"YA razrabatyvayu PO v NT i v UNIX. YA prezirayu NT. |to otvratitel'naya tvar' rabotaet ochen', ochen' ploho i slishkom nestabil'no. Nekotorye chasti NT nastol'ko krivye, chto osnovnoe vremya po perenosu PO zanimaet bor'ba s oshibkami Microsoft. Menya bespokoit tot fakt, chto tak mnogo lyudej pereshli s unix na NT. YA predstavlyayu sebe, chto v konce koncov budet sil'naya anti-NT reakciya, kak tol'ko rukovodstvo osoznaet kakoj vred NT prichinila ih organizacii.Joseph Day, konsul'tant iz Chicago, otvechaet Jesse Berst:
"YA razrabatyvayu PO kak dlya NT, tak i dlya 95. YA ne mogu ponyat' pochemu lyudi schitayut, chto eti platformy nastol'ko zamechatel'nye. . . . Ta podderzhka, kotoraya okazyvaetsya v Linux-soobshchestve cherez telekonferencii, namnogo prevoshodit vse, chto mozhet predlozhit' Microsoft. . . . NT eshche predstoit dolgij put', chtoby dostich' togo urovnya stabil'nosti, kotoryj est' v Linux.Torsten Holvak, sistemnyj administrator iz Laramie, WY, otvechaet Jesse Berst:
-- Vyderzhki iz pis'ma Joseph Day ozaglavlennogo, How did Microsoft pay you to write this article?, Istochnik: Jesse Berst's Anchor Desk. February 16, 1998, ZDNet.
"Jesse: YA uveren, chto Microsoft, kak IBM v 60-h, hotela by, chtoby lyudi poverili, chto vybiraya drugoj, otlichnyj ot ih, produkt, oni ujdut v storonu ot progressa. No ved' eto ne tak! YA ubedil sotrudnikov perenesti kritichnye k sboyam e-mail ili Web server na NT, a ne UNIX. My ispol'zuem FreeBSD dlya vsego, i net nichego bolee stabil'nogo. Besplatnye UNIX servery ne tol'ko bystree, moshchnee i stabil'nee NT, no takzhe i podderzhka luchshe. Poprobujte poluchit' otvet ot sluzhby tehnicheskoj podderzhki Microsoft ne platya kuchu deneg i/ili ne ozhidaya otveta. I schitajte sebya schastlivchikom, esli eto dejstvitel'no reshit Vashu problemu. YA byl udivlen, chto eta stat'ya poyavilas' na Vashej zaglavnoj stranice. |to smushchaet. YA i ne DUMAL, chto Vy rasprostranyaete Microsoft FUD [FUD (fuhd) sushch. Sleng. Tehnologiya. "Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt," (Opasenie, neopredelennost', i somnenie) termin, ispol'zuemyj v komp'yuternoj oblasti, opisyvayushchij lozh' ili iskazhenie dejstvitel'nosti o tehnologii ili produkte] -- primechanie perevodchika.Quinn P. Coldiron, menedzher informacionnogo otdela universiteta pechati v Nebraske, pishet o svoem opyte raboty s Novell, Windows NT, i Linux:
-- Vyderzhki iz pis'ma Torsten Holvak ozaglavlennogo, I'd fire someone for using NT, Istochnik: Jesse Berst's Anchor Desk. February 16, 1998, ZDNet.
"Posle vypolneniya utrennih obyazannostej, obychno my zapuskaem polnoe rezervnoe kopirovanie Cats [sistema ispolneniya zakazov i inventarizacii] kotoroe obychno zanimalo okolo dvuh chasov na Netware servere. Linux mashina spravlyalas' s etoj rabotoj za 45 minut, vyigryvaya nemnogim bolee chasa ot vremeni zakrytiya. |tot vyigrysh vo vremeni eshche soprovozhdalsya snizheniem trebovanij k apparature, tak kak Linux server rabotal vsego lish' s 32 Mb OZU i IDE zhestkimi diskami, v to vremya kak Netware server imel 64 Mb OZU i SCSI diski. Uvelichenie skorosti skazalos' takzhe i na ezhednevnoj rabote. YA poluchayu pochti ezhednevnye soobshcheniya, chto sistema pohozhe stala rabotat' bystree i bolee stabil'no.29 sentyabrya, 1997 Nick Johnson pisal v Byte Forum:"Nedavno my zamenili processor na 200MGc Pentium i dobavili pamyati do 64 Mb, chtoby zamenit' im nash Windows NT fajlovyj/print server, kotoryj takzhe dva raza v mesyac padal bez prichiny, dazhe posle dopolnitel'noj teh. podderzhki Microsoft za $1,500. |tot odin komp'yuter, rabotayushchij pod RedHat Linux zamenit oba nashih, i Novell Netware 3.11 server, i Windows NT 4.0 server, pri umen'shenii obshchih zatrat na apparaturu. S poslednimi dostizheniyami komandy razrabotchikov Samba v podderzhke struktury domena NT i vypuskom v dekabre 1997 RedHat 5.0, ya ozhidayu poluchit' ochen' effektivnyj i nedorogoj server dlya nashih Windows 95, Windows NT i Macintosh klientov.
-- Vzyato iz: Replacing Windows NT Server with Linux
"Buduchi administratorom, mne bylo dostatochno trudno pol'zovat'sya operacionnoj sistemoj, kogda ej trebuetsya 128 megov OZU, dva 200-MGc processora i 8 gigov diskovogo prostranstva vsego lish' dlya malen'kogo intranet web servera, osobenno kogda OS padaet i peregruzhaetsya ot prostogo i standartnogo TCP paketa. NT prosto ne goditsya v sluchayah, kogda trebuetsya nadezhnost' i skorost'. Mozhno etu zhe zadachu, chto opisana ran'she, zapuskat' na 386 s 16 megami OZU na FreeBSD, bez rashodov na torgovyj znak Microsoft.Mike Hucka, administrator UNIX i programmist iz Michigan, pishet:
"CHto pugaet menya, tak eto pochemu lyudi vkladyvayut stol'ko v resheniya NT, kogda nastol'ko ochevidno, chto resheniya UNIX gorazdo bolee produmannye, nadezhnye, menee dorogie i gorazdo bolee proizvoditel'nye? Pochemu? CHto stalo s lyud'mi?"Mozhet lyudi prosto ne znayut o vozmozhnostyah UNIX?"
"Mozhet lyudi dumayut, chto UNIX sistemy trudnee ispol'zovat'? YA mozhet byt' pristrasten, no kogda smotryu na rabochij stol CDE ot Sun, ili KDE, to schitayu, chto on ochen' pohozh na PC ili Mac. Takzhe sushchestvuet GIGANTSKOE kolichestvo dokumentacii po UNIX -- dostatochno upomyanut' knigi izdatel'stva O'Reilly & Associates, ili spravochnye materialy vsegda dostupnye na sajte Sun http://docs.sun.com, ili sotni podobnyh sajtov, soderzhashchih informaciyu obo vseh myslimyh aspektah UNIX.
"V dobavok, mozhno skachat' besplatnye versii UNIX, kotorye po nadezhnosti i masshtabiruemosti sravnimy s Solaris, a budut rabotat' dostatochno horosho na PC, esli vy tak pozhelaete.
"I ko vsemu prochemu, poluchite ishodnyj kod."
"Pochemu zhe, vo imya vsego svyatogo, lyudi prodolzhayut pytat'sya ispol'zovat' NT?"
Esli trebuetsya bolee moshchnyj Web server, to luchshim vyborom budet Netscape-Enterprise. Hotya on ne besplatnyj kak Apache, on udovletvorit bol'shinstvo trebovanij. Netscape-Enterprise ispol'zuyut takie kompanii, kak BMW, Dilbert, Silicon Graphics, Shell, Sun Microsystems, Sybase, Ferrari i The Vatican.
Microsoft IIS eto odna iz nemnogih veshchej, kotoraya idet vmeste s Windows NT. On ne obladaet nikakimi osobennymi ili unikal'nymi svojstvami, uzhe prisutstvuyushchimi v drugih Web serverah. On ne prevoshodit ni po skorosti, ni po populyarnosti, ni po chislu odnovremenno obsluzhivaemyh zaprosov. Sejchas on ispol'zuetsya Compaq, Nasdaq, The National Football League, Exxon, i Tesco. Uchityvaya tot fakt, chto Microsoft obyazana vo mnogom nizkoj po cene PC arhitekture, t.e. osnovannoj na Intel mashinah, mozhno podumat', chto etot krupnyj partner Microsoft budet ispol'zovat' IIS. CHto zh, predpolozhim! www.intel.com ispol'zuet Netscape FastTrack Server.
Dlya pol'zovatelej Windows 95 i NT, naibolee populyarnoe mesto v Web, gde mozhno vzyat' besplatnoe ili uslovno-besplatnoe PO eto sajt www.windows95.com. Iz-za ogromnoj populyarnosti, trebuetsya nadezhnaya operacionnaya sistema i proizvoditel'nyj Web server. Tak kak vse PO predstavlennoe na sajte isklyuchitel'no dlya Windows 95 ili NT, i obshchij dizajn sajta napominaet Microsoft, mozhno predpolozhit', chto oni ispol'zuyut NT server s IIS. Odnako, vot citata s odnoj iz stranic ih Web servera:
Kakoe programmnoe i apparatnoe obespechenie ispol'zuetsya dlya Windows95.com?Primechanie: |ta citata vzyata v fevrale 1998. Nedavno oni smenili imya s Windows95.com na WinFiles.com, hotya do sih por ispol'zuyut domen windows95.com. |ta peremena proizoshla v marte 1998.My ispol'zuem Pentium Pro komp'yutery, rabotayushchie pod upravleniem OS BSDI UNIX i Web serverom Apache. Nashi servery podklyucheny k Internet cherez multi-homed T3 soedineniya.
Exchange takzhe imeet takoe "preimushchestvo", chto sleduet platit' Microsoft za kazhdoe podklyuchenie k serveru (plata za kazhdoe mesto). Mozhno sobrat' sistemu, esli ispol'zovat' Sun Ultra 1 (primerno $7K) i Solaris Internet Mail Server (idet v postavke s Solaris 2.6), i obsluzhivat' paru tysyach POP i IMAP klientov. Lyuboj, kto provedet polnoe marketingovoe issledovanie, pojmet, chto tozhe reshenie, tol'ko na NT servere i Exchange, obojdetsya v dva raza dorozhe.Brad Van Orden, sistemnyj/setevoj konsul'tant, pishet:
. . . Kak ya uzhe govoril, dazhe esli otbrosit' raschetnye ceny, Exchange obojdetsya gorazdo dorozhe v obsluzhivanii. Potrebuetsya kto-to, kto budet aktivno upravlyat' prilozheniem. Esli zhe pol'zovat'sya Unix pochtoj, i esli Vash sendmail.cf pravil'no napisan, to edinstvennaya veshch', kotoruyu nado budet administrirovat' eto dobavlenie i udalenie alias'ov. |to ogromnaya raznica v real'nyh cenah.Tom Moore iz Dayton, Ohio pishet:
Tendenciya takova, chto administrator mozhet byt' "chajnikom". YA prochital stat'yu o Web serverah, gde govorilos', chto hotya Apache i yavlyaetsya dominiruyushchim serverom v Internet segodnya, on "vozmozhno ne goditsya" dlya korporativnyh nuzhd, potomu chto on ne imeet GUI dlya administrirovaniya, poetomu dlya ego nastrojki potrebuetsya kvalificirovannyj administrator. Vyvod takoj, chto nalichie GUI znachit, chto kazhdyj mozhet prosto ukazat', shchelknut' i vse pravil'no nastroit'.Odin chitatel' poschital nechestnym sravnenie MS Exchange s MTA:Ta zhe "logika", vozmozhno, primenima k sendmail i MS Exchange. Tak kak sendmail imeet tekstovyj fajl nastroek, to nuzhen kvalificirovannyj administrator. Exchange imeet GUI, poetomu takoj chelovek ne nuzhen. Porabotav s oboimi, ya ne poveryu v eto. Ustanovka oboih v tipichnoj konfiguracii prosta. Oba trebuyut opyta nastrojki dlya slozhnyh veshchej. Kogda trebuyutsya dejstvitel'no slozhnye veshchi, takie kak otfil'trovka SPAM, Exchange uzhe ne podhodit.
"Sravnenie Exchange, i drugih sluchajnyh MTA, budet v luchshem sluchae iskazheniem dejstvitel'nosti. Exchange ne yavlyaetsya i ne yavlyalsya MTA; skoree eto korporativnyj server peredachi soobshchenij."MS Exchange imeet nekotorye vozmozhnosti, ne harakternye dlya MTA, odnako, cel' etoj stat'i, eto kakie sistemy peredachi soobshchenij idut v postavke operacionnoj sistemy. Otvet takov: dlya Unix, eto Sendmail; dlya Windows NT Server 4.0, nichego; odnako, esli Vy vybiraete reshenie Microsoft, to odnoznachno zastryanete na Exchange Server.
Microsoft Exchange Server ne edinstvennyj pochtovyj server predlagayushchij
takie vozmozhnosti. Vzglyanite na varianty IMAP4 serverov, dostupnyh korporativnym
pol'zovatelyam i sravnite:
| Lotus Domino 4.6a | Microsoft Exchange Server 5.0
Enterprise Editiop |
Netscape Suitespot Server 3.5 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Podderzhivaemye platformy: | AIX, HP-UX, Netware, OS/2, OS/400, Solaris, S/390, Windows NT, Windows 95 | Windows NT Server | AIX, Digital UNIX, HP-UX, IRIX, Solaris, Windows NT |
| Stoimost' servera i licenzii na 50 klientov | $4,240 | $4,859 | $4,100 |
Cincinnati Bell Information Systems, naprimer, dolgie gody ispol'zovala rabochie stancii i servera Sun dlya obrabotki chekov. Nedavno, dlya obsluzhivaniya milliona schetov v den', kompaniya kupila neskol'ko Sun serverov starshej modeli. Vybor, govorit James Holtman, vice-prezident CBIS , byl, ili servera Sun ili mejnfrejmy IBM. Tehnologiya Microsoft "eshche zdes' ne goditsya. Trebuetsya vremya, chtoby dostich' urovnya takogo razmera sistem," govorit on.V tom sluchae, esli kompaniya malogo-srednego razmera, imeet neskol'ko kritichnyh processov, sobiraetsya nanyat' dopolnitel'nyh administratorov dlya Microsoft Exchange i Internet Information Server(ov), i imeet prochnyj byudzhet dlya licenzionnoj shemy Microsoft "na server" ili "na rabochee mesto", togda sleduet vybirat' NT. AberdeenGroup opublikovala prekrasnoe issledovanie po perehodu na Windows NT.
(The Washington Post, Sunday, February 8, 1998; Page H01)
NT takzhe prekrasno podhodit dlya menedzherov, kotorym nado pokazyvat', chto oni potratili godovoj byudzhet na rashody po apparatnomu/programmnomu obespecheniyu. Vozmozhno, imenno poetomu ne trebuetsya predvaritel'noe razreshenie na priobretenie vnutri federal'nyh agentstv; "NT stala 'neoficial'nym' standartom operacionnoj sistemy dlya federal'nogo pravitel'stva. Federal'nye sluzhashchie, v ch'i obyazannosti vhodit priobretenie komp'yuternogo apparatnogo/programmnogo obespecheniya trebuyut predvaritel'noe pis'mennoe razreshenie pered priobreteniem OS UNIX ili "zheleza", na kotorom ne idet Windows NT. Dlya apparatury, orientirovannoj na Intel ili Windows NT, takogo razresheniya ne trebuetsya." (soobshchil postavshchik reshenij Sun, pozhelavshij ostat'sya neizvestnym)
Dlya malyh predpriyatij ili byudzhetnyh gossluzhashchih, ili dazhe srednego-krupnogo biznesa, kotorye nachinayut storonit'sya ustarelogo mneniya, chto proizvoditel'nost' luchshe vsego ocenivaetsya po poslednej cifre v kvitancii ob uplate, Linux ili FreeBSD zaprosto mogut prevzojti po proizvoditel'nosti i funkcional'nosti resheniya na baze NT, rabotaya na nedorogoj arhitekture Intel, i vse eto za $0.00, cena, kotoruyu Bill Gates budet trudno pobit'. Zachem vkladyvat' sredstva v OS, kotoraya trebuet dorogogo obucheniya i pereobuchenie s kazhdym novym vyhodom NT? Administratory UNIX/Linux bolee polno i luchshe tehnicheski podkovany, chem ih NT kollegi (mnogie administratory UNIX imeyut takoj uroven' napisaniya programm/skriptov, kotoryj redko vstretish' sredi novogo pokoleniya "adminov NT"). Zachem tratit' pochti $5,000 na MS Exchange Server (eta cena tol'ko na dostup 50 klientov), kotoryj v nekotoryh kompaniyah, budet v sostoyanii obsluzhivat' e-mail neskol'kih soten sluzhashchih, kogda mozhno pol'zovat'sya vstroennym PO pochtovogo servera "Sendmail", kotoroe postavlyaetsya s Linux, proverennym PO, dokazavshim vozmozhnost' rabotat' s pochtoj tysyach lyudej?
CHto kasaetsya dejstvitel'nogo chisla vozmozhnostej i proizvoditel'nosti dvuh operacionnyh sistem, to OS UNIX yavlyaetsya nesomnennym liderom. Ona predlagaetsya bol'shim chislom postavshchikov (net ugrozy monopolii), horosho masshtabiruetsya, bolee effektivna v ispol'zovanii sistemnyh resursov, soderzhit sredstva udalennogo administrirovaniya, udalennogo vychisleniya, mnogopol'zovatel'skie vozmozhnosti, polnuyu palitru (professional'nogo) PO, nezavisimye standarty razrabotchikov (POSIX), upravlenie ispol'zovaniem diskovogo prostranstva (v otlichie ot NT), i ne mozhet byt' svalena virusom, napisannym 10 let nazad dlya DOS komp'yuterov. No naibolee vazhnaya veshch', kotoruyu sleduet vynesti iz etoj stat'i pri vybore mezhdu Windows NT i mnogimi OS UNIX, eto to, chto:
OS UNIX daet Vam pravo vybora: lyuboj tip "zheleza", CLI ili GUI, kommercheskoe ili GNU, raznoobraznoe chislo postavshchikov. Ona dinamichna, t.e. mozhno sobrat' svoe yadro, pod svoi konkretnye nuzhdy.Hotya Microsoft ne edinstvennyj "orientirovannyj na ogranicheniya" postavshchik PO, predlagayushchij svoi sobstvennye zakrytye resheniya, hotelos' by nadeyat'sya, chto kompanii prodvigayushchie otkrytye sistemy i resheniya budut preobladat'. Kompaniya Netscape odna iz takih, ukazyvaet na poziciyu Microsoft po zapreshcheniyu i ogranicheniyu vybora v otnoshenii drugih produktov:Windows NT daet Vam sploshnye ogranicheniya: tol'ko Intel ili Alpha; net CLI, tol'ko GUI (poprobujte zagruzit' NT v rezhime tol'ko CLI) i tol'ko odin GUI (net togo raznoobraziya okonnyh sistem, kotorye est' pod X); tol'ko kommercheskie MTA, tol'ko Microsoft (hot' raz slyshali o drugih kompaniyah, predlagayushchih "klon NT Server" OS?), i t.d. NT Server statichna, t.e. nikogda ne budet vozmozhnosti sobrat' yadro na zakaz. Odno yadro na vse sluchai.
[Nasha] strategiya v rezkom kontraste s takimi kompaniyami kak Microsoft, biznes-model' kotoroj zavisit ot apgrejda pol'zovatelej na poslednyuyu versiyu kazhdoj OS. Rassmatrivaya etu model' komponentov Microsoft, ActiveX, i drugie osnovnye komponenty, ponimaem, chto oni razrabotany dlya raboty tol'ko pod 32-bitnymi Windows. Mnogie Microsoft API takzhe rabotayut tol'ko pod 32-bitnymi Windows. Naprimer, prilozhenie, ispol'zuyushchee ADSI (Microsoft API dlya dostupa k protokolu sluzhby katalogov LDAP), ne budet rabotat' pod sushchestvuyushchimi Win16 klientami, ne govorya uzhe o Macintosh ili Unix sistemah. Netscape LDAP API dostupen na 17 platformah na C i eshche na bol'shem chisle na Java. Vdobavok, budushchie servisy Microsoft takie kak obrabotka tranzakcij "Viper" i peredacha soobshchenij "Falcon" budut rabotat' tol'ko na NT 5.0 - naprimer, BD Oracle, rabotayushchaya na Unix, ne podderzhivaetsya. Raznica ochevidna: s Microsoft, razrabotchiki pishut tol'ko pod platformu Windows, s Netscape, oni pishut pod platformu Internet.Pohozhe, chto vopros, kakuyu operacionnuyu sistemu vybrat' budet chisto teoreticheskim, ishodya iz informacii privedennoj zdes', kogda kazhdyj den' kakomu-nibud' vysokokvalificirovannomu sistemnomu/setevomu administratoru ego menedzher soobshchaet, chto kompaniya perehodit na NT. Administrator budet oshelomlen i smushchen, esli on uzhe znakom s informaciej pomeshchennoj v etoj stat'e. Vot komu dejstvitel'no sleduet prochest' ee, tak eto rukovodstvu Vashej kompanii. Slishkom chasto rukovodstvo raskachivaet lodku i razrushaet garmoniyu stabil'nogo, ekonomicheski , i tehnicheski prevoshodyashchego resheniya, kogda oni vdrug obnaruzhivayut, chto ne odobrennaya operacionnaya sistema ispol'zovalas' v techenie nekotorogo vremeni, rukovodstvuyas' isklyuchitel'no politicheskimi prichinami:
-- Netscape, Netscape ONE Advantages
"Korporativnye IT menedzhery zametyat kogda-nibud', mashinu v uglu, i uznayut, chto eto Web server otdela, chto on rabotaet uzhe poltora goda, i kstati rabotaet pod Linux. Normal'naya reakciya budet nemedlenno zaapgrejdit' ee do NT, no ne sluchitsya li tak, chto oni opyat' vernutsya k Linux, iz-za upavshej proizvoditel'nosti.Ochen' tipichnyj sluchaj proizoshel s Cisco Systems Inc. tam, nesmotrya na prikaz iz glavnogo upravleniya perejti na NT, vse eshche rabotayut pod Linux (zdes' podrobnosti). Ochevidno, chast' tehnicheskogo personala otkazalas' vypolnyat' etot prikaz. Pochemu Vy dumaete eti lyudi riskuyut svoim polozheniem iz-za etoj situacii? Otvet ya ostavlyu za Vami.
-- Linus Torvalds talks economics and operating systems, InfoWorld, April 9, 1998.
Esli Vy menedzher, popytajtes' ispol'zovat' etu informaciyu mudro, chtoby povysit' vychislitel'nuyu sposobnost' po Vashim sredstvam. Pogovorite so svoimi specialistami, i uznajte, chto u nih rabotaet. Primite pravil'noe reshenie. Ne davajte prodavcam sebya odurachit', kotorye prosto zhuzhzhat slovami, no ne mogut ih ob®yasnit', uzhe ne govorya o svyazi s vychislitel'nymi zadachami vashej kompanii. Razyshchite kompanii, ispol'zuyushchie oba tipa reshenij, s primeneniem Microsoft i UNIX serverov. Popytajtes' vstretit'sya s ih tehnicheskim personalom, chtoby poluchit' ob®ektivnye, neposredstvennye otchety o prigodnosti, slozhnosti realizacii, i nachal'nyh+tekushchih izderzhkah na tehnicheskoe obsluzhivanie i tekushchij remont, svyazannye s predlozhennym resheniem.
Primechanie: Zdes' perechisleny tol'ko te elementy/svojstva, kotorye fakticheski
postavlyayutsya s operacionnoj sistemoj, ukazannoj zdes'. Perl 5.0,
naprimer, dostupen dlya vseh platform, no Microsoft ne obespechivaet im operacionnye
sistemy. Tochno takzhe, bol'shinstvo distributivov Linux postavlyayutsya tol'ko
primerno s chetyr'mya GUI (okonnymi menedzherami), odnako kak sleduet iz predydushchego
razdela stat'i, eto tol'ko malaya chast' togo, chto dostupno dlya Linux, ili
lyuboj drugoj OS UNIX v etom otnoshenii.
| Component | Linux | Windows NT Server 4.0 |
| Operacionnaya sistema | Besplatnaya, ili okolo $49.95 za distributiv na CD-ROM | Versiya na 5 pol'zovatelej $809
versiya na 10-pol'zovatelej $1129 versiya Enterprise Edition na 25-pol'zovatelej $3,999 |
| Besplatnaya tehnicheskaya podderzhka on-lajn | Est', Linux Online ili Redhat | Net |
| Ishodnyj kod yadra | Est' | Net |
| Web Server | Apache Web Server | IIS |
| FTP Server | Est' | Est' |
| Telnet Server | Est' | Net |
| SMTP/POP3 Server | Est' | Net |
| DNS | Est' | Est', hotya soobshchaetsya, chto krivo realizovan i ogranichennaya funkcional'nost' |
| Setevye vozmozhnosti | TCP/IP, IPv6, NFS, SMB, IPX/SPX, NCP Server (NetWare Server), AppleTalk, plyus mnozhestvo drugih protokolov | TCP/IP, SMB, IPX/SPX, AppleTalk, plyus mnozhestvo drugih protokolov |
| X Window Server
(Dlya zapuska udalennyh GUI prilozhenij) |
Est' | Net |
| Sredstva udalennogo administrirovaniya | Est' vse sredstva | Tol'ko "User Manager for Domains"
i "Server Manager" |
| News Server | Est' | Net |
| C i C++ kompilyatory | Est' | Net |
| Perl 5.0 | Est' | Net |
| Revision Control | Est', RCS | Net |
| CHislo podderzhivaemyh fajlovyh sistem | 32 | 3 |
| Podderzhka diskovyh kvot | Est' | Net |
| CHislo dostupnyh GUI (okonnyh menedzherov) | 4 | 1 |
Amazon.com Books, krupnejshij v mire virtual'nyj knizhnyj magazin, ispol'zuet DIGITAL UNIX AlphaServer 2000 sistemy dlya podderzhaniya svoego Internet-biznesa rabotosposobnym kruglosutochno. Tehnologiya DIGITAL VLM64 pozvolyaet klientam vsegda imet' dostup k dannym. "Rasshirennye vozmozhnosti Web servera serii DIGITAL AlphaServer, vmeste s gibkim mehanizmom apgrejda, obespechivayut prekrasnoe reshenie dlya nashego bystrorastushchego biznesa."
Operacionnye sistemy: HP-UX, IRIX, Solaris, i bol'shee, chem hotelos'
by tehnicheskomu personalu, kolichestvo NT.
Read what Linus Torvalds has to say about Boeing!
Web server: Netscape-Enterprise 2.01
The Dallas Cowboys
Operacionnye sistemy: IRIX
(Silicon Graphics UNIX Operating System) i UNIX System V Release 4.0
MTA: Netscape Messaging Server 3.01
Web: Netscape-Enterprise 3.0
"My osushchestvlyaem mirovye operacii i vsegda ispol'zovali mejnfrejmy.
Vybiraya Sun, my riskovali bol'she, chem v drugih sluchayah, no oni prosto porazili
nas svoej tehnologiej i garantiej. Teper', kogda my rabotaem s Sun, esli
by dazhe prishlos' nachat' vse s nachala, my ne prinyali by drugoe reshenie.
Sun delaet, chto obeshchaet."
-- Mark Smith, Manager of Information Technology Systems, Dow Corning
Hotmail, teper' prinadlezhit The Microsoft Corporation
|tot besplatnyj web-orientirovannyj e-mail servis rabotaet pod smes'yu Sun Solaris i FreeBSD. Apache 1.2.1 eto PO Web servera. Posle priobreteniya Microsoft kompanii v dekabre 1997, oni pytalis' perejti na NT, no ". . . potrebnost' podderzhivat' 10 millionov pol'zovatelej slishkom kruto dlya NT, i Solaris vernuli obratno." Polnost'yu istoriya zdes': Solaris calls Hotmail shots for Microsoft.
"Pochtovaya sluzhba Soedinennyh shtatov ustanovila bolee 900 sistem pod
Linux po vsem Soedinennym SHtatam v 1997 godu dlya avtomaticheskogo raspoznavaniya
adresatov na obrazcah pochty. Kazhdaya sistema sostoit iz 5 dvuh Pentium Pro
200MHz (PP200) komp'yuterov i odinochnoj PP200, vse pod upravleniem Linux."
-- John Taves, Linux
is reading your mail, April 8, 1998
". . . Neskol'ko dnej nazad my dobavili mashinu s FreeBSD v nash klaster
Web serverov. Ona ne tol'ko prevoshodit po bystrodejstviyu ostal'nye mashiny,
no i bolee ustojchiva. Neskol'ko nedel' eksperimenta i my ubedilis'. Hotya
cena byla konechno privlekatel'na, no stabil'nost', proizvoditel'nost',
i dostup k ishodnomu tekstu, vot chto nas podkupilo. S teh por kak my poprobovali
FreeBSD, to pochti polnost'yu ispol'zovali ee dlya proizvodstva, takzhe kak
i nashi razrabotki v etoj oblasti."
-- David Filo, Co-founder of Yahoo! (FreeBSD News, Issue 1)
|tot spisok businesses using Linux in their day-to-day operations pytaetsya dovesti do obshchestvennosti dejstvitel'nost' o Linux, kak zhiznesposobnoj al'ternativy kommercheskim OS UNIX. Upominayutsya takie kompanii, kak Cisco Systems Inc., Sony WorldWide Networks, Mercedes-Benz, i Yellow Cab Service Corporation. Naryadu s nazvaniyami kompanij, privoditsya opisanie oblastej, v kotoryh oni ispol'zuyut Linux.
InfoWorld nedavno pisal o vozmozhnosti perehoda Cisco Systems Inc. s Linux na Windows NT:
"Govorya o smene platformy, Cisco Systems mozhet smenit' ee v ih vnutrennej seti print-serverov. Vidimo, sushchestvuyushchaya infrastruktura kompanii, osnovannaya na Linux i prekrasno rabotayushchaya, ne ostanovila rebyat naverhu ot zhelaniya vse peremeshat'. Mne soobshchayut, chto v svete bolee tesnyh vzaimootnoshenij mezhdu Cisco i Microsoft, glavnoe upravlenie vydalo rasporyazhenie, chto sushchestvuyushchaya sistema budet ubrana v pol'zu Windows NT-orientirovannoj ustanovki. Na slovah -- da, no iz-za inercii, i nesmotrya na prikaz sverhu, sistema pechati vse eshche -- kak Vy dogadalis' -- osnovana na Linux.Linus Torvalds, osnovatel' Linux, upominaet v svoem interv'yu InfoWorld, chto Linux, ochen' chasto mozhet byt' v nekotoryh kompaniyah v "spiske neoficial'no odobrennyh":
-- Robert X. Cringley, "No Sunday in the Park: Rain Pushes platforms closer to the precipice," in: InfoWorld, February 23, 1998, vol. 20, issue 8, p. 115.
"No ne mnogie hotyat vyjti iz kabineta, chtoby oficial'no skazat', chto oni ispol'zuyut Linux. NASA ochen' otkryta v podderzhke Linux, kak i universitety. YA znayu, chto Linux ispol'zuetsya v takih mestah kak Boeing, no ya ne mogu pokazat' lyudyam Web stranicu, gde by ob etom govorilos'.
-- Linus Torvalds talks economics and operating systems, InfoWorld, April 9, 1998.
Microsoft:
The Joker of Enterprise IS Computing
by The AberdeenGroup,
Executive Viewpoint, Volume 10 / Number 20, September 29, 1997.
Interoperability:
Possibility or Elusive Dream? -- An Executive White Paper
by The AberdeenGroup,
March 1998.
OnSite
- Case Study: Migration Migraines
by The AberdeenGroup,
1997.
Windows
NT no match for Unix, IDC says
by Rob Guth, Computerworld,
7-24-97.
1997
Product of the Year Award: Operating Systems - Network Operating System
by Eric Hammond, InfoWorld
Test Center.
1997
Product of the Year Award: Best Technical Support Award
by Ed Foster, InfoWorld Test
Center.
Linux Reviews
and Articles by Christopher Blizzard.
Stranica soderzhit 65 statej i obzorov o Linux.
Linux
Grows Up: Red Hat's commercial Linux beats NT at its own game,
by Maggie Briggs.
Avtor -- starshij analitik v test-centre InfoWorld.
Ona specializiruetsya na tehnologiyah BD i dizajne prilozhenij, razrabotke,
i raspredelenii cherez intranet i drugie seti.
Linux
lines up for the enterprise: Is there a place in your shop for this inexpensive
Unix?
by Rick Cook, in: SunWorld
- January 1998.
Lookin'
into Linux
by Mark Gibbs, Network World, March 30, 1998.
Doing the math
to resolve the NT vs. Unix debate
by Wayne Spivak, Network World, August 18, 1997
The
advantages of using BSDI BSD/OS over Windows NT Server
iServer - Verio Web Hosting Inc. - Virutal Servers
Linux: Not Just For Geeks And College Kids Anymore, by Jason Perlow, ZDNet, February 11, 1998.
Leaning Toward Linux: Powerful, robust, and free, Linux is worth investigating, especially if you plan to set up an Internet domain by Neil Randall, ZDNet - PC Magazine Online, July 1997, Vol 16, No. 13.
Replacing Windows NT Server with Linux by Quinn P. Coldiron, Information Systems Department manager for the University of Nebraska Press.
Comparing BSDI and NT: Building Intranet and Internet Servers with BSDI and Windows NT
The Standish Group - SUN Also Rises: Solaris Vs. NT
THE H-REPORT: Which Operating System For Your 'Intranet'?
Linux Helps Bring
Titanic to Life
Daryll Strauss, LINUX Journal,
Issue #46, February 1998.
I would also like to thank the many readers who have contributed links to important new articles on this topic, for instance, Peter Chen, Ariel Faigon, Paul Fischer, Jim Mohr, John Oram, Raj Warty, and countless others.
Equally appreciated is the constructive criticism from Keith H.J. Bevins, Joris Braakman, Phillip Chu, Baruch Cochavy, Nicholas Donovan, Julian Elischer, Steve Fuller, Alex Gogan, Jake Hamby, Peter Jeremy, Adam Johnson, Geoffrey King, Hannu Krosing, Greg Lehey, Kimberly McBride, Richard Smith, and David Waine, to name just a few.
No less important was the assistance provided by Leif Erlingsson and Damon Conway back around the end of March when I had to upgrade my connection and needed their mirroring services, both of whom continue to provide mirrors to this site. Last but not least, my thanks to Ryan Sumner for his everlasting moral support on this project.Martin Vermeer, who through his expert advice, has been, and continues to be, an invaluable contributor to the positive development of this dynamic project. My deepest appreciation goes to the translators who have been generous enough to donate their time to this worthy cause: Hanus Adler for the Czech translation, Kobayashi Osamu for the Japanese translation, Bruno H. Collovini for the Portuguese translation, Miguel Angel Sepulveda who arranged for the article to be translated into Spanish, and JosI M. Laveda, who translated it. My thanks also to Nat Makarevitch and Cyril Bouthors, who are currently working on a French translation, and to Michele Dalla Silvestra, who is working on the Italian translation.
I would also like to thank the many readers who have contributed links to important new articles on this topic, for instance, Peter Chen, Ariel Faigon, Paul Fischer, Jim Mohr, John Oram, Raj Warty, and countless others.
Equally appreciated is the constructive criticism from Keith H.J. Bevins, Joris Braakman, Phillip Chu, Baruch Cochavy, Nicholas Donovan, Julian Elischer, Steve Fuller, Alex Gogan, Jake Hamby, Peter Jeremy, Adam Johnson, Geoffrey King, Hannu Krosing, Greg Lehey, Kimberly McBride, Richard Smith, and David Waine, to name just a few.
No less important was the assistance provided by Leif Erlingsson and Damon Conway back around the end of March when I had to upgrade my connection and needed their mirroring services, both of whom continue to provide mirrors to this site. Last but not least, my thanks to Ryan Sumner for his everlasting moral support on this project.
Last-modified: Fri, 11 Dec 1998 17:29:54 GMT
