ideo-zapisi vruchili tekst, kotoryj privezli iz Moskvy, Ego predupredili, chto tekst dolzhen byt' prochitan slovo v slovo, bez propuskov i otsebyatiny. On pytalsya vozrazhat', govoril, chto sam produmal svoe vystuplenie, No Kozhevin skazal, chto v etom uchrezhdenii shutit' ne prinyato, a esli on popytaetsya, to vsegda mozhno vernut'sya k pervonachal'nomu variantu s prigovorom, kotoryj obzhalovaniyu ne podlezhit. Prishlos' chitat' to, chto vsyu zhizn' vspominaetsya so stydom. CHekisty sledili po vtoromu ekzemplyaru, chtob on nichego ne propustil. Zastavili perechityvat' dvazhdy...
Potom etu videozapis' pokazali v pereryve futbol'nogo matcha kak ispoved' pokayavshegosya vraga sovetskoj vlasti.

Ego obmanuli. Sud vse-taki sostoyalsya. Uchityvaya raskayanie, emu dali god ispravitel'no-trudovoj kolonii obshchego rezhima i 5 let ssylki. Vremya sledstviya i suda emu bylo zaschitano kak otbytie etogo goda, a mestom ssylki dlya Bolonkina opredelili stolicu Buryatii Ulan-Ude, gde ego vzyali na rabotu v Vostochno-sibirskij tehnologicheskij institut na kafedru vychislitel'noj tehniki. K studentam, konechno, i blizko ne podpuskali, a vot nauchnoj rabote on otdalsya vsecelo. Tem bolee, chto mozhno bylo po sluzhebnym delam byvat' v Novosibirskom Akademgorodke i inogda dazhe v Moskve.

Osvobodili ego v aprele 1982 goda, i vse pyat' let ssylki do konca 1987 goda Aleksandr Aleksandrovich zanimalsya naukoj. Nauchnaya rabota, kak muzyka: esli pianist hotya by den' ne posidit za klavishami, on teryaet ochen' mnogoe. U Bolonkina otobrali desyat' let, i za eto vremya on ne mog znat' vseh novostej inzhenernoj mysli. No on s takoj zhazhdoj okunulsya v tvorchestvo, chto za pyat' let ssylki sdelal trinadcat' izobretenij v oblasti kosmonavtiki, aviacionnoj i raketnoj tehniki (v Ulan-Ude bol'shoj aviacionnyj zavod, vypuskayushchij voennye samolety), teplotehniki. Mnogie iz ego razrabotok tut zhe byli zasekrecheny. On byl pod postoyannym nedremannym okom KGB.

"Perestrojka", osvobozhdenie iz ssylki akademika A.D. Saharova prinesli otnositel'nuyu svobodu i Aleksandru Bolonkinu, i sotnyam lyudej, podvergshimsya mucheniyam tol'ko za to, chto umeli dumat' nebol'shevistskimi kategoriyami. Aleksandr Aleksandrovich napisal vo vse central'nye gazety o tom, kakimi metodami iz nego vybili televizionnoe vystuplenie, chto v nem net ni odnogo slova, prinadlezhashchego emu. No "glasnost'" tem i otlichaetsya ot svobody slova, chto pravda publikuetsya vyborochno. Tol'ko "|kspres-Hronika" v sbornike "Vesti iz SSSR" opublikovala kratkoe soobshchenie o pis'me Bolonkina, ponyavshego, chto v etoj strane nichego ne izmenitsya.
On podal zayavlenie na vyezd. Posle etogo ego edva ne posadili opyat' kak "ne vstavshego na put' ispravleniya". V vyezde otkazali. CHerez polgoda Aleksandr napisal vlastyam v rezkoj forme, gde, ne stesnyayas', nazyval vse, chto s nim sotvorili, svoimi imenami. Na sej raz, po-vidimomu, po ukazke sverhu, emu razreshili vyehat' v SSHA. Den' vzleta "Boinga" iz SHeremet'evo-2 on schitaet samym schastlivym.

Segodnya chlen Amerikanskogo instituta astronavtiki i aeronavtiki, Amerikanskogo matematicheskogo obshchestva, Associacii inzhenerov i uchenyh, prezident Mezhdunarodnoj associacii byvshih sovetskih politzaklyuchennyh i zhertv kommunisticheskogo rezhima Aleksandr Bolonkin zhivet v N'yu-Jorke. Rossiya ego poteryala, kak i mnogih luchshih predstavitelej svoej intelligencii, kotorye ej okazalis' ne nuzhnymi. Poteryala navsegda. Vprochem, lyudej v etoj strane schitali tol'ko pri perepisi naseleniya. Est' horoshaya russkaya pogovorka: chto imeem, ne hranim, poteryavshi -- plachem.
Ne plachut. Poka tol'ko mitinguyut i delyat vlast'. Na vershine ee -- te zhe samye blyustiteli "interesov Otechestva".

Vladimir Levin



Bessmertie cheloveka eto pobochnyj produkt moih issledovanij (Interv'yu s doktorom tehnicheskih nauk, professorom, starshim nauchnym sotrudnikom NASA Aleksandrom Bolonkinym) B.K. Aleksandr Aleksandrovich. Nedavno v amerikanskuyu, rossijskuyu, izrail'ckuyu pechat' prosochilis' svedeniya o Vashih rabotah v oblasti sozdaniya zlektronnogo razuma i idei prodolzheniya sushchestvovaniya (bessmertii) cheloveka v novom elektronnom oblike. Vashi vystupleniya na amerikanskom televidenii i radio vyzvali bol'shoj interes i otkliki v rossijskoj pechati (sm. naprimer, "Rossijskuyu Gazetu",za 31 iyulya 1998g, st."Prigovor k vechnoj zhizni", zhurnal "Ogonek" #42, 1997g ili "Literaturnuyu Gazetu" ot 11.H.95 #41 i dr.). Ne mogli by Vy dlya teh nashih chitatelej, kotorye ne znakomy s etimi materialami, korotko rasskazat' o suti Vashih issledovanij.

A.B. Problema Bessmertiya cheloveka-eto golubaya mechta vsego chelovechestva. No ne eto glavnaya cel' moih issledovanij. |to prosto pobochnyj produkt pri issledovanii razvitiya Global'nogo Razuma, budushchih Civilizacij vo Vselennoj ili dazhe Vselennyh. |to popytka ponyat' i predskazat' razvitie Razuma,esli hotite Boga, kotoryj budet upravlyat' zakonami Vselennoj. YA utverzhdayu, chto sushchestvuet Zakon vozrastaniya slozhnosti samokopiruyushchihsya sistem pri postoyannyh vneshnih usloviyah. Iz nego i vytekayut vse moi utverzhdeniya.

B.K. Davajte vse taki prezhde vsego vernemsya k teme, kotoraya interesuet mnogih lyudej - k probleme bessmertiya. V chem sut' Vashih idej i issledovanij?

A.B. Sut' ochen' prostaya. V nastoyashchee vremya my razmeshchaem na kvadratnom santimetre chipa sotni tysyach i milliony elektronnyh elementov. V blizhajshie gody eta cifra vozrastet v tysyachi raz i budet rasti i dal'she. CHelovecheskij mozg imeet 10 milliardov nejronov, kotorye legko modeliruyutsya na komp'yutere. Kak tol'ko my smozhem smodelirovat' vse nejrony i nauchimsya perepisyvat' ih svyazi v chipy, chelovek stanet bessmertnym. Ibo chelovek kak lichnost' - eto ne bolee kak pamyat', programmy, privychki, priobretennye ili vyrabotannye im v techenii ego zhizni. Perezapisav pered smert'yu vsyu etu informaciyu v chipy my dadim emu vozmozhnost' prodolzhit' svoe sushchestvovanie v novom elektronnom oblike.

B.K. No ved' eto uzhasno, cheloveku byt' v vide chipa ili korobki, napichkannoj elektronikoj?

A.B. A kto Vam skazal, chto eto dolzhna byt' korobka?

Naoborot , chelovek smozhet vybirat' svoj oblik po svoemu zhelaniyu ot SHvacvangera do Merlin Monro: krasivoe molodoe lico,strojnuyu figuru, nezhnuyu kozhu, ogromnuyu fizicheskuyu silu. On mozhet menyat' etot oblik, kogda on emu nadoest' ili smenitsya moda. Bolee togo, on poluchit ogromnoe preimushchestvo pered obychnymi lyud'mi: on ne budet nuzhdat'sya v pishche, zhilishche, vozduhe, ekologicheski chistoj srede, on smozhet puteshestvovat' v pustyne, Arktike, po dnu okeanov, v kosmose. Takoj elektronnyj chelovek smozhet imet' ne tol'ko glaza i ushi, no v kachestve organov chuvstv ves' arsenal sovremennyh datchikov, t.e. videt' skvoz' steny, tuman, na sotni kilometrov, s pomoshch'yu radiovoln obshchat'sya s kollegami na ogromnyh rasstoyaniyah. On razom izbavit'sya ot vseh boleznej i svyazannyh s etim stradanij. On budet ne tol'ko bessmerten, no i neunichtozhaem lyubym oruzhiem, ibo zapis' ego mozga mozhno hranit' v chipe i v sluchae katastrofy vosstanovit' v novom tele.

B.K. No smozhet li takoj elektronnyj chelovek ili kak Vy ego nazyvaete v svoih rabotah E-sushchestvo, myslit', uchitsya, razvivat'sya?

A.B. Zdes' u nego prosto neogranichennye vozmozhnosti. Esli obrazovanie, obuchenie biologicheskogo cheloveka otnimaet u nego desyatki let (detsad, shkola, universitet), to process obucheniya elektronnogo cheloveka budet zanimat' sekundy, rovno stol'ko, skol'ko zanimaet perezapis' informacii iz chipa v chip. Naprimer, ponadobilsya Vam anglijskij, nemeckij ili kitajskij yazyk, pozhajlusta, cherez paru sekund, vy uzhe govorite na etom yazyke luchshe biologicheskogo amerikanca, nemca ili kitajca. Zahoteli vy zanimat'sya teoreticheskoj fizikoj, matematikoj ili kibernetikoj i cherez tri sekundy vy uzhe znaete vse, chto sozdano chelovechestvom v etih oblastyah i mozhete razvivat' ih dal'she. Esli sejchas chelovechestvo 99,9% svoih ressursov i vremeni tratit na podderzhanie svoego biologicheskogo sushchestvovaniya (proizvodstvo pishchi, zhilishch, odezhdy, sredstv razvlecheniya), to elektronnyj chelovek ne budet nuzhdat'sya v pishche, zhilishche, sne i 90% svoego vremeni smozhet tratit' na razvitie nauki, tehnologii. Nauchnyj progress rezko uskoritsya.

B.K. No sozdavat' elektronnogo cheloveka budet vse zhe obychnyj chelovek?

A.B. Na pervyh porah da! No vsya sut' Zakona Vozrastaniya Slozhnosti v tom, chto elektronnyj chelovek mozhet legko samostoyatel'no i po suti dela mgnovenno razmnozhat'sya. On ne nuzhdaetsya v dvuh desyatkah let, kotorye neobhodimy biologicheskomu cheloveku dlya rozhdeniya, rosta i obucheniya. |lektronnyj chelovek perepisav svoj chip-mozg v drugoj chip mozhet sozdat' svoj dubl', povtorit' sebya i pritom neogranichennoe chislo raz.

B.K. No tak mozhet poyavit'sya i obshchestvo elektronnyh lyudej.

A.B. Imenno eto i predskazyvaet Zakon Vozrastaniya Slozhnosti. Iz nego sleduet, chto biologicheskoe chelovechestvo lish' malen'kaya, nachal'naya stupen'ka v razvitii bolee vysokoj elektronnoj civilizacii, kotoraya privedet k sozdaniyu eshche bolee sil'noj kakoj-nibud' protonnoj civilizacii i t.d., i vozmozhno k sozdaniyu nekogo Vysshego Razuma Vselennoj, esli hotite Boga. V svoih bolee rannih issledovaniyah ya predskazyval neizbezhnost' gibeli biologicheskogo chelovechestva, ibo my nastol'ko otstanem v svoem razvitii, chto budem dlya elektronnyh lyudej kak obez'yany ili dazhe murav'i, nesposobnye so svoim biologicheskim mozgom osvaivat' novye znaniya, kotorye kstatki budut dobyvat'sya elektronnoj civilizaciej bystree, chem my smozhem ih vyuchit'. YA dazhe napisal kinoscenarij na etu temu "Budem li my Bogami?", gde opisal konflikt mezhdu biologicheskim chelovechestvom i elektronnym Obshchestvom. No bolee pozdnie issledovaniya pokazali, chto konflikt eto razreshim v tom plane, chto, vo-pervyh, lyudi mogut pered smert'yu perehodit' v elektronnyh lyudej, t.e. biologicheskoe chelovechestvo poprostu postepenno transformiruetsya v elektronnoe obshchestvo, i, vo-vtoryh, uchityvaya sposobnost' elektronyh sushchestv zhit' v lyubyh usloviyah im mozhno otdat' planety solnechnoj sistemy, a pozdnee oni mogut zaselyat' i vsyu Vselennuyu.

B.K. V odnom iz svoih vystuplenij Vy upomyanuli o vozmozhnosti vnetelesnyh peremeshchenij elektronnyh lyudej. Ne mogli mogli by Vy rasskazat' ob etom podrobnee.

A.B. YA imel v vidu sleduyushchee. Poskol'ku elektronnyj chelovek ne chto inoe kak informaciya, zapisannaya v ego mozgu, to dlya puteshestviya skazhem na Mars, YUpiter ili dazhe v inye solnechnye sistemy emu net neobhodimosti letet' tuda fizicheski v bol'shom kosmicheskom korable, kak eto izobrazhaetsya v fantasticheskih romanah. Dostatochno ostronapravlennym lazernym luchom perepisat' soderzhimoe ego mozga v arendovannyj tam chip i telo. T.e. elektronnoe obshchestvo poluchit vozmozhnost' vnetelesnogo peremeshcheniya s giganskoj svetovoj skorost'yu na drugie planety, v inye zvezdnye sostemy i galaktiki. A poskol'ku dazhe svet do dalekih galaktik idet dolgo, to takaya bestelesnaya dusha mozhet sushchestvovat' v vide elektromagnitnyh voln v kosmose milliony let. Bolee togo, poskol'ku mnogie uchenye schitayut, chto CHernye dyry vo Vselennoj ne chto inoe kak vhody v inye Vselennye, to elektromagnitnaya dusha - edinstvennyj put' dlya proniknoveniya v inye Vselennye, ibo lyuboe material'noe delo budet v chernoj dyre prevrashcheno v smes' atomov chudovishchnym davleniem.

B.K. Kakovy real'nye vozmozhnosti sozdaniya E-sushchestv v nastoyashchee vremya i kakie perspektivy v budushchem?

A.B. Raschety pokazyvayut, chto dlya sozdaniya elektronnogo mozga sopostavimogo s chelovecheskim neobhodim superkompyuter moshchnost'yu v odin teraflop - eto tysyacha milliardov operacij v sekundu. Po nashim raschetam 3-h letnej davnosti takoj komp'yuter dolzhen byt' sozdan v 2000 godu. No razvitie komp'yuterov okazalos' stol' stremitel'nym, chto pervyj cheloveko-ekvivalentnyj komp'yuter ili kak my ego nazyvaem po-russki CH|K (po anglijski HEC: Human-Equivalent Computer) byl sozdan firmoj Intel v dekabre 1996g. Odnako ispol'zuetsya on poka tol'ko dlya slozhnejshih raschetov yadernyh vzryvov i stoit ochen' dorogo 55 millionov dollarov. Vedetsya rabota po sozdaniyu superkomp'yutera v 9 teraflop - proekt Cray/DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Project Agency), a moj kollega professor Boris Verhovskij predlozhil shemu komp'yutera v tysyachu teraflop. Moshchnost' i pamyat' dazhe personal'nyh komp'yuterov rastet v geometricheskoj progressii - kazhdye dva goda udvaivaetsya. Tak chto po nashim raschetam primerno k 2030 godu budet sozdan superkomp'yuter, moshchnost' kotorogo prevzojdet moshchnost' mozgov vsego chelovechestva.

B.K. No cheloveko-ekvivalentnyj komp'yuter dorog. Vy sami nazvali cifru 55 millionov dollarov i navernoe eto ochen' gromozdkoe sooruzhenie.

A.B. Komp'yutery ne tol'ko kazhdye dva goda udvaivayut svoyu moshchnost', no primerno v dva raza snizhaetsya stoimost' odnoj operacii i v dva raza umen'shaetsya ih ob®em. Da, poka CH|K, sostoyashchij iz 7700 moshchnyh chipov--processorov (po 250 miilionov operacij v sekundu kazhdyj) zanimayut ob®em okolo 2 kubicheskih metrov. No proslezhivaya tendenciyu ih razvitiya my beremsya utverzhdat', chto k 2020 godu stoimost' CH|K ne budet prevyshat' 1 tysyachu dollarov (vmeste s mehanicheskim telom neskol'ko tysyach) i pomeshchat'sya on budet v cherepnoj korobke. Primerno v 2020-2030 godah bessmertie stanet dostupnym dlya zhitelej razvityh stran, a eshche spustya 10-20 let i dlya osnovnoj massy chelovechestva.

B.K. No ved' eshche nado nauchitsya perepisyvat' informaciyu iz mozga v chip.

A.B. No mozg zhe legko delaet eto. Znachit eto vozmozhno! My uzhe sejchas umeem vvodit' tonchajshie elektorody v mozg, dazhe v otdel'nye kletki mozga, zapisyvat' ih impul'sy. Bolee togo, podavaya elektricheskie signaly, vklyuchat'sya v ego rabotu, vyzyvat' vospominaniya, gallyucinacii. Podsoedinivshis' k informacionnym kanalam mozga lyudi nauchat'sya perepisyvat' hranyashchuyusya v nem infomaciyu v chipy. A eto i budet oznachat' bessmertie. Ibo, ya povtoryayu, nasha lichnost' ne bolee, chem hranyashchayasya v nas informaciya, priobretennye vo vremya zhizni programmy myshleniya i tipovyh dejstvij, vospominaniya i privychki.

A.K. Aleksandr Aleksandrovich! V nachale besedy Vy upomyanuli o tom, chto bessmertie - eto pobochnyj produkt Vashih issledovanij. Ne mogli by vy korotko i dostupno rasskazat' ob osnovnom napravlenii Vashih izyskanij.

A.B. Kak ya uzhe upominal, iz Osnovnogo Zakona sleduet, chto biologicheskoe chelovechestvo eto tol'ko pervaya stupen'ka k sozdaniyu elektronnogo obshchestva i posleduyushchih Vysshih |lektronnyh Civilizacij, k razvitiyu nekogo Vysshego Razuma Vselennoj. Menya interesuet sozdanie toj pervonachal'noj programmy, kotoraya buduchi zalozhena v ogromnyj po moshchnosti i pamyati Supermozg, pozvolit emu osoznat' svoe ya, razvivat'sya i poznavat' mir samostoyatel'no, stat' umnee ne tol'ko menya ili lyubogo cheloveka, no i vsego chelovechestva v celom, opredelit budushchee Mira. |to kak by tot pervonachal'nyj tolchok, kotoryj i privel k Bol'shomu Vzryvu i sozdaniyu Vselennoj ili molekula DNK, zabroshennaya na Zemlyu, i sozdavshaya ogromnoe mnogoobrazie vsego rastitel'nogo i zhivogo mira. Kak skazal moj kollega doktor-fizik Mark Krinker, "eto to, s pomoshch'yu chego Priroda poznaet samu sebya."

B.K. No Vy, kak mne izvestno, ne tol'ko specialist v komp'yuternyh naukah, matematike, no i mnogo rabotali i prodolzhaete sejchas rabotat' v aviacionno-kosmicheskoj industrii, v chastnosti, v NASA, lyubite izobretat'.

A.B. |to tak. Sejchas patentuetsya moj metod dostavki gruzov v Kosmos ili na bol'shie rasstoyaniya (s kontinenta na kontinent), kotoryj pozvolyaet snizit' stoimost' dostavki v tysyachi raz i pozvolit zabrasyvat' v Kosmos tysyachi tonn gruza. On prost tehnicheski i dostupen dlya osushchestvleniya lyuboj strane. |to rezko snizit stoimost' kosmicheskih poletov i priblizit vremya poleta na Mars ili drugie planety Solnechnoj sistemy. Patentuetsya takzhe novyj rotornyj dvigatel' vnutrennego sgoraniya, kotoryj povyshaet ekonomichnost' na 30-40%, imeet men'shie gabarity i ves. Predlozhen novyj propeller, kotoryj pozvolyaet samoletam vzletat' i sadit'sya vertikal'no, viset' dlitel'noe vremya i sozdaet nulevoe soprotivlenie v gorizontal'nom polete, t.e. mozhet byt' ispol'zovan dazhe dlya sverzvukovyh ili giperzvukovyh samoletov. On pozvolyaet sozdat' kompaktnyj i bezapasnyj avtomobil'-vertolet, kotoryj neizbezhno v budushchem zamenit obychnye avtomashiny. Pozvolyaet on sozdat' i happikopter - zaplechnyj vertolet, kotoryj mozhet byt' upakovan v ryukzak.
A nedavno gruppa amerikancev obratilas' i sovsem s ekzoticheskoj pros'boj- pridumat' chto-to dlya bor'by s Tornado, kotorye ezhegodno privodyat' k gibeli soten lyudej i mnogomillionnym ubytkam v SSHA.

B.K. I Vam udalos', chto-to pridumat'?

A.B. Vidite li v OKB Antonova ya mnogo zanimalsya aerodinamicheskimi raschetami. Tornado-eto moshchnejshij prirodnyj vihr', kotoryj sposoben razrushat' doma, perevorachivat' zheleznodorozhnye vagony, gruzovye avtomashiny. No on imeet malyj zapas ustojchivosti i narushenie nekotoryh ego parametrov privodit k ego samolikvidacii. Na etom i osnovany predlozhennye mnoyu metody bor'by, kotorye, kak i vsyakoe novshestvo, nuzhdayutsya eshche v dopolnitel'nyh issledovaniyah.
B.K. Rasskazhite nemnogo o sebe. Gde Vy rabotali, kak ochutilis' v Amerike?

A.B. Rabotal v aviacionnoj i raketnoj promyshlennosti byvshego SSSR (OKB Antonova, Glushko), prepodaval V MAI,MATI,MVTU. Zashchitil kandidatskuyu i doktorskuyu dissertacii. V 1972g byl arestovan za izobretenie prostogo mnozhitel'nogo apparata dlya dissidentov, razmnozhenie proizvedenij Saharova, Solzhenicyna, vypusk zhurnala "Svobodnaya mysl'". Kak politzek provel 15 let v sovetskih tyur'mah, konclageryah i ssylke, postoyanno podvergayas' istyazaniyam i beshenomu davleniyu KGB. S nachalom perestrojki v 1988g byl vybroshen KGB za granicu. Rabotal v SSHA v znamenitoj Rajt laboratorii na Glavnoj Baze VVS SSHA (Dejton, Ogajo), prepodaval v amerikanskih universitetah, sejchas rabotayu v NASA starshim nauchnym sotrudnikom.

B.K. I nyneshnie vlasti ne izvinilis', ne priglashali Vas obratno v Rossiyu?

A.B. Kakoe tam! Kogda posle reabilitacii ya obratilsya, chtoby mne soglasno "Zakona o reabilitacii" vosstanovili kvartiru v Moskve, to prefekty Vostochnogo okruga B.V.Unzakov i A.A.Alekseev dazhe ne zahoteli postavit' menya na ochered', a Luzhkov i El'cyn ne otvetili na moi pis'ma. Mne otkazali v pensii, v dostojnoj kompensacii, gorsud ni razu ne udosuzhilsya otvetit' na moi mnogochislennye zayavleniya. |mmigrantam, vyehavshim posle 1993g, pensiyu prodolzhayut vyplachivat', a mne, prorabotavshemu v SSSR bolee 30 let, polnyj otkaz.

B.K. ZHelayu Vam uspehov v razvitii nauki na blago vsego chelovechestva.

Spasibo za interv'yu.

Interv'yu vzyal Boris Kruglyak.

World Aviation Congress 1999

Vsemirnyj Aviacionnyj Kongress 1999

S 19 po 21 oktyabrya v San-Francisko prohodil ocherednoj Vsemirnyj Aviacionnyj Kongress i Vystavka dostizhenij aviacionnoj tehniki. Organizovany oni byli Amerikanskim Institutom Aeronavtiki i Kosmonavtiki (AIAA) i Obshchestvom samodvizhushchihsya sredstv transporta (SAE). V organizacii i podderzhke etogo meropriyatiya prinyali uchastie mnogie nauchno-issledovatel'skie organizacii SSHA kak Nacional'noe Upravlenie Aeronavtiki i Kosmonavtiki (NASA), Akademiya Voenno-Vozdushnyh Sil SSHA, Nauchno-issledovatel'skaya laboratoriya Voenno-Morskih Sil SSHA, mnogie giganty aviacionnoj i kosmiche-skoj industrii, naprmer, Boing i Lokhid.

Doklady i soobshcheniya prohodili bolee chem v desyati razlichnyh sekciyah takih kak azrodinamika, proektirovanie, proizvodstvo, letnye ispytaniya, bezopasnost' poletov, aviacionnoe obrazovanie i dr.

Nash korrespondetn obratilsya k uchastniku Kongressa starshemu nauchnomu sotrudniku NASA, doktoru tehnicheskih nauk, professoru Aleksandru Bolonkinu i poprosil ego podelit'sya vpechatleniyami ob etom Vsemirnom Aviacionnom Forume.

- Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, chto, po Vashemu mneniyu, bylo interesnogo na etom Kongresse?

- Interesnogo bylo mnogo. Aviaciya i kosmonavtika sejchas razvivaetsya takimi stremitel'nymi tempami, chto za vsem poroj trudno sledit' dazhe specialistam. Issledovaniya vedutsya srazu po mnogim napravleniyam. Tut i giperzvukovye skorosti, problemy vertikal'nogo vzleta i posadki, novye pokoleniya startovyh i kosmicheskih raket, issledovanie planet solnechnoj sistemy, poiski zhizni na Marse.

- Mne prihodilos' slyshat', chto Vashe izobretenie "Fyuzelyazhnyj propeller" ("A High Efficiency Fuselage Propeller 'Fusefan' for Subsonic Aircraft", 1999-01-5569) vyzvalo u specialistov bol'shoj interes. Ne mogli by Vy rasskazat', chto ono soboj predstavlyaet i kakie daet preimushchestva.

- |to kol'co s lopastyami, kotoroe vrashchaetsya vokrug fyuzelyazha samoleta. Takoj propeller rezko uvelichivaet rabochuyu ploshchad' vinta, povyshaet na 12-16 procentov ego k.p.d.(umen'shaet na 12-16 procentov rashod topliva), uvelichivaet do 40 procentov startovuyu tyagu i na stol'ko zhe sokrashchaet dlinu razbega samoleta, t.e. pozvolyaet ispol'zovat' bol'shie samolety na malyh aerodromah. Imeetsya mnogo i drugih preimushchestv u takogo vinta, kotorye pozvolyayut ego ispol'zovat' dazhe na sverhzvukovyh skorostyah. Issledovanie takogo vinta provedennoe v NASA i predstavleno na Kongress.

- Kak obstoyat dela s letayushchim avtomobilem?

- Razrabotki takih proektov prodolzhayutsya, poskol'ku eto problema ves'mya aktual'na. Izvestno, kakim nezamenimym sredstvom peredvizheniya stal avtomobil' v razvityh demokraticheskih stranah. V SSHA nahoditsya v pol'zovanii okolo 100 mln. legkovyh mashin, 9 mln. avtomashin vypuskaetsya ezhegodno, 20% semej imeyut po dve i bolee avtomashiny. Schitaetsya normal'no, esli chelovek tratit na ezdu na rabotu 1 chas v odin konec. A eto, uchityvaya vysokoskorostnye avtomobil'nye dorogi, gde skorost' prevyshaet 100 km/chas pochti 100 km ot doma. Krome togo, v vyhodnye dni, a osobenno v otpusk, amerikancy ezdyat otdyhat' ili razvlekat'sya za sotni i tysyachi kilometrov.

YA uveren, chto v HH1 veke na smenu zemnomu avtomobilyu pridet nekij aeromobil', kotoryj budet vzletat' vertikal'no s Vashego dvorika (ili s kryshi mnogoetazhnogo zdaniya) i saditsya na ploshchadku ili kryshu zdaniya, gde Vy rabotaete. Esli sejchas Vash dom mozhet nahodit'sya v radiuse 50-70 km ot mesta raboty, to v HH1 veke, uchityvaya skorost' 300-350km/chas i to, chto aeromobil' budet letet' po pryamoj linii, lyudi razvityh stran smogut zhit' ot mesta raboty za 300-350km v dachnoj mestnosti, a v vyhodnye i otpusk letat' otdyhat' i razvlekat'sya v drugie strany. Aeromobil' po svoim gabaritam ne budet prevyshat' razmery obychnogo avtomobilya i smozhet peredvigat'sya i kak obychnyj avtomobil' po ulicam gorodov.

- I Vy videli na Kongresse takie proekty?

- K sozhaleniyu, vse, chto ya videl tam - nepraktichno. Odna chast' aviacionnyh specialistov zaciklilas' na samolete, k kotoromu ceplyaetsya avtomobil' (proekt "Starcar"), drugie na bol'shom kol'ce diametrom 5-6 metrov, v kotorom vrashchayutsya vinty (proekt "Skycar"). Bolee real'nyj proekt u firmy Boing: dva bol'shih mnogolopastnyh vertoletnyh soosnyh vinta na kryshe avtomobilya ("Converticar"), No kuda det' gromozdkie vinty pri dvizhenii avtomobilya po ulicam, inzhenery ne znayut.

- Vy vidite kakoj-nibud' vyhod iz sozdavshegosya tupika?

- YA predlagayu principial'no novuyu vintovuyu sistemu (sm.moj patent), kotoraya pozvolyaet avtomobilyu ili samoletu vzletat' i sadit'sya vertikal'no, dlitel'noe vremya s malym rashodom topliva viset' na odnom meste, skladyvat'sya na zemle v gabaritah avtomobilya, a esli eto samolet, to ne sozdavat' dopolnitel'nogo soprotivleniya v polete na kryl'yah s lyuboj hot' sverhzvukovoj ili giperzvukovoj skorost'yu. Takoj vint mozhet byt' ispol'zovan takzhe pri sozdanii legkogo zaplechnogo vertoleta dlya molodezhi, sportsmenov i soldatov, kotoryj budet upakovyvat'sya v obychnyj ryukzak i pozvolit im letat' so skorost'yu 120-140 km/chas na rasstoyanie do 300-400km. Horosh on i dlya letayushchego motocikla. Ideya takogo vinta sejchas v stadii patentovaniya i ya poka ne mogu govorit' o detalyah. To zhe otnositsya i k predlagaemoj mnoyu spasatel'noj sisteme, pozvolyayushchej sohranit' zhizn' passazhirov ne tol'ko pri ostanovke dvigatelya, no i v sluchae polomki vinta.

- No neuzheli ryadovye voditeli avtomashin smogut vse stat' aviacionnymi pilotami?

- Vozhdenie letayushchego avtomobilya v nash komp'yuternyj vek budet ne slozhnee vozhdeniya avtomashiny. Komp'yuter voz'met na sebya vse funkcii stabilizacii, kontrolya, navigacii, sovetov, analiza polomok, avarijnyh meropriyatij i t.p. Vy tol'ko s pomoshch'yu modernizirovannogo avtomobil'nogo rulya i pedali budete zadavat' napravlenie, vysotu i skorost' dvizheniya. Sejchas v Amerike vodyat mashinu vse: ot starsheklassnikov do starikov. Massovaya zamena obychnogo avtomobilya na aeromobil' mozhet proizojti tol'ko v tom sluchae, esli ves' etot kontingent bez slozhnogo obucheniya smozhet vodit' i aeromobil'.

- Kakie eshche , na Vash vzglyad, vazhnye problemy rassmatrivalis' na Kongresse?

- Naprimer, znachitel'noe vnimanie bylo udeleno bespilotnym letatel'nym apparatam. V nastoyashchee vremya samolety, upravlyaemye komp'yuterami mogut samostoyatel'no vzletat', vypolnyat' programmu poleta i sadit'sya. Takie samolety znachitel'no deshevle v proizvodstve i ekspluatacii i polnost'yu isklyuchayut risk dlya ekipazha.

- Drugoe interesnoe napravlenie - eto sozdanie giperzvukovogo samoleta. Nedavno NASA sovmestno s Rossijskim NII aviacionnogo motorostroeniya proveli uspeshnye ispytaniya giperzvukovogo vodorodnogo dvigatelya na fantasticheskoj skorosti 6,5 Maha (okolo 2 km/sek ili bolee 7000 km/chas). A dvigatel' - eto osnova dlya sozdaniya lyubogo samoleta.

Firma Boing prodolzhaet razrabatyvat' proekt voenno-transportnogo beshvostogo samoleta korotkogo vzleta i posadki s povorotnym krylom i chetyrmya dvigatelyami (proekt "NOTAIL ATT") i sovmestno s NASA izuchaet proekt bol'shogo dal'nego gruzo-passazhirskogo samoleta tipa letayushchee krylo (proekt "BWB-1-1"). Voobshche bylo mnogo i drugih interesnyh dokladov, idej i proektov. Odnovremenno s Kongressom prohodila Vystavka modelej novyh proektov, novyh materialov i tehnologij.

- Blagodaryu za intev'yu. ZHelayu vam uspeha na pol'zu mirovoj nauki.

Interviroval: Anisim |strin,
San-Francisko

Sypersonic Aircraft NASA

Sypersonic Aircraft Ty-144LL (Russia)

Letter from the USA President Bill Clinton to Dr. A.Bolonkin

THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON

October 9, 1996
Mr. Alexander Bolonkin
President International Association of Former Political Prisoners and Victims of Communist Regime
1310 Avenue R, Suite 6-F
Brooklyn. New York 11229

Dear Alexander:

Thank you for sharing your views about the welfare bill that I signed into law in August. I believe that this legislation represents our last, best chance to reform the current system, which is fundamentally broken and hurts the very people it was designed to help, Millions of women and children deserve a chance at independence, and with this bill. we have a historic opportunity to end welfare as we know it. The best antipoverty program is still a job. This legislation promotes the fundamental values of work, responsibility, and family, without many of the worst provisions of the previous congressional bills that I vetoed. The bill requires that welfare recipients work, limits the time they can stay on welfare, and provides child care and health care to help them move from welfare to work. It demands parental responsibility and includes the toughest child support enforcement measures in history, while maintaining child protection and foster care funding, the national nutritional safety net, and health care for the poor, the elderly, and people with disabilities. It also gives states positive incentives to move people into jobs and holds the states accountable for maintaining spending on welfare reform. Combined with the newly increased minimum wage and the Earned Income Tax Credit -- which this legislation maintains -- the bill will make work pay for more Americans. Now that we have required work, we should make sure the jobs are there. I have proposed a plan to move one million people from welfare to work over the next three years, by giving businesses tax credits and other incentives to hire people off welfare, using private job placement firms to place welfare recipients in jobs, and enlisting all sectors of society in the challenge of putting people to work. I know this legislation is far from perfect, and it includes some provisions I deplore and am determined to fix. Unfortunately, the congressional leadership insisted on using welfare reform to target other, unrelated programs. For example, the law cuts deeper than it should into nutritional assistance, especially for working families with children, and it cuts off assistance to legal immigrants. These provisions, which never could have passed on their own, are misguided, and I am committed to fixing them. In fact, I have already issued directives to ensure that legal immigrants and their children who remain eligible for benefits under the new law do not have those benefits cut off mistakenly, and to allow eligible legal immigrants to become citizens as quickly as possible. Under legislation I signed on September 30, legal immigrants who are currently eligible to receive food stamps will be able to continue to receive them until April 1, 1997. This is only the beginning of welfare reform. It is now up to all of us to work together to ensure that welfare is a second chance, not a way of life.

Sincerely, Bill Clinton, President of the USA (signature)/B> Po stranicam amerikanskoj pressy

NOVOE RUSSKOE SLOVO-Russian Daily-Novoye Russkoye Slovo CHetverg, 30 noyabrya 1995, str.1 Prezident Mezhdunarodnoj associacii byvshih politzaklyuchennyh SSSR:
"Menya pytalis' vzorvat' v avtomobile"
Rossijskaya kontrrazvedka ili rossijskaya mafiya?

ALEKSANDR GRANT
NXYU -JORK, 29 noyabrya -- Professor-immigrant Aleksandr Bolonkin ubezhden, chto ego pytalis' vzorvat' v avtomobile "Dodzh-|ries", na kotorom on ehal iz biblioteki domoj. Po mneniyu Bolonkina, zakazchikom nesostoyavshegosya ubijstva stalo libo byvshee KGB, libo rossijskaya mafiya.
Po slovam Bolonkina, okolo 5 chasov vechera 13 noyabrya on poehal v gorodskuyu biblioteku, chtoby sdat' knigi. Svoyu mashinu -- "Dodzh-|ries" vypuska 1986 goda -- Bolonkin, kak obychno, ostavil na ulice pered bibliotekoj, gde provel minut desyat'.

-- Domoj ya poehal po 1-j strit, -- rasskazyvaet professor. -- Vnezapno pod kapotom chto-to vspyhnulo, dvigatel' zagloh, a vsya perednyaya chast' mashiny zagorelas' kak koster. Plamya iz pod kapota podnyalos' metra na 3-4 i ya ele sumel vyskochit'. Na moe schast'e, mimo ehal avtomobil', u vladel'ca kotorogo byl sotovyj telefon. On pozvonil v avarijnuyu sluzhbu i v policiyu. CHerez neskol'ko minut pribyla avarijnaya mashiny, za nej policiya i pozharnye. Dvizhenie na vseh treh polosah etoj storony ulicy bylo perekryto, a sobravshihsya prohozhih poprosili otojti podal'she, tak kak policiya opasalas' vzryva benzobaka. S pomoshch'yu brandspojtov ogon' likvidirovali. Ozhogov ya ne poluchil. Hotya opalilo menya poryadkom. Policejskie otvezli menya domoj, a mashinu -- na svalku.

Professor Aleksandr Bolonkin, v proshlom prepodavatel' MVTU i lefortovskij sidelec, v obshchej slozhnosti provedshij v tyur'mah, lageryah i ssylkah sovetskogo GULAGa 15 let. V 1988 godu on emigriroval v SSHA i cherez pyat' let poluchil amerikanskoe grazhdanstvo. Doktor tehnicheskih nauk, Bolonkin specializiruetsya v oblasti aviacii, kosmonavtiki i kibernetiki. Dva goda nazad ego privlekli k rabote nad vazhnym voennym proektom v krupnejshem nauchno-issledovatal'skom centre VVS SSHA na baze Rajt-Patterson, gde kogda-to brat'ya Rajt postroili i ispytali pervyj samolet.

Professor uveren, chto stal zhertvoj pokusheniya. Buduchi chelovekom nauki, on razlozhil vse 100 procentov sluchivshegosya s nim na veroyatnosti razlichnyh versij, i na dolyu samovosplameneniya dvigatelya dostalos' 1-2 procenta. "Vo-pervyh, za 40 let voditel'skogo opyta ya ne slyshal, chtoby motor avtomobilya vspyhival takim sil'nym plamenem. skazal on. -- Vo-vtoryh, s tehnicheskoj tochki zreniya, v metallicheskom korpuse dvigatelya nechemu goret' s takoj siloj".
Na vopros, komu vygodno ego likvidirovat', Aleksandr Bolonkin otvetil, chto pomimo svoej nauchnoj deyatel'nosti, prodolzhaet pravozashchitnuyu aktivnost' i yavlyaetsya Prezidentom Mezhdunarodnoj associacii byvshih sovetskih politzaklyuchennyh, v kotoroj, po ego slovam, sejchas okolo 30 tysyach chlenov. 90 procentov veroyatnosti incidenta 13 noyabrya on otnosit za schet mesti so storony byvshego sovetskogo KGB, a nyne Federal'noj sluzhby bezopasnosti, zamestitelem direktora kotoroj nedavno byl naznachen general Anatolij Trofimov.

-- Nasha associaciya reshitel'no protestovala protiv etogo naznacheniya, -- skazal Aleksandr Bolonkin. -- Trofimov vsyu zhizn' rabotal sledovatelem moskovskogo UKGB i otpravil za reshetku sotni dissidentov, v tom chisle S. Kovaleva, K. Lyubarskogo, S. Grigor'yanca i lichno menya. Po moej iniciative prohodivshij v Ierusalime Mezhdunarodnyj forum byvshih politzaklyuchennyh potreboval predat' Trofimova sudu za fabrikaciyu politicheskih del. My dobivaemsya, chtoby Anatolij Trofimov stal odnim iz podsudimyh "Nyurnberga-2" -- processa nad byvshim rukovodstvom KPSS i KGB.

Kak schitaet Bolonkin, na 8-9 procentov veroyatno to, chto v Dejtone s nim pytalas' svesti schety rossijskaya organizovannaya prestupnost'. "Vyacheslav Ivan'kov po klich-ke YAponchik,kotorogo sejchas sudyat v N'yu-Jorke, utverzhdaet, chto v byvshem SSSR byl repressirovan po politicheskim motivam, -- poyasnil Aleksandr Bolonkin. -- A ya na stranicah NRSlova zayavil, chto, soglasno arhivam nashej associacii, Ivan'kov nikogda v spiskah politzaklyuchennyh ne chislilsya, o chem my namereny izvestit' bruklinskij federal'nyj sud. Vozmozhno, podzhogom moej mashiny mafiya hotela predupredit' menya, chto s nej shutki plohi".
,
Aviabaza Rojt-Patterson, gde bylo soversheno pokushenie, raspolozhena pod gorodom Dejtonom v shtate Ogajo. Tuda regulyarno navedyvalsya gossekretar' Uorren Kristofer, tam bessmenno paslis' korrespondenty mnogih amerikanskih i inostrannyh sredstv massovoj informacii, tam zhili, spali, eli i veli peregovory prezidenty Serbii, Horvatii i Bosnii. V itoge oni dogovorilis' o mire, dlya podderzhaniya kotorogo v Bosniyu vot-vot otpravyatsya 20 tysyach horosho vooruzhennyh amerikanskih soldat, po slovam nashego prezidenta gotovyh "otvetit' na ogon' ognem".

Sejchas na baze i v ee nauchno issledovatel'skom centre rabotayut okolo 20 tysyach uchenyh, inzhenerov i drugih aviacionnyh specialistov. Vozmozhno, i mirnye peregovory po Bosnii bylo resheno provesti imenno zdes' potomu, chto rezhim raboty bazy obespechen nadlezhashchej ohranoj kak mestnoj policii, tak i voennoj sluzhby bezopasnosti. A s uchetom sanovnyh balkanskih gostej i chastyh vizitov v Dejton gossekretarya Kristofera, tuda navernyaka pribylo dostatochno agentov Sekretnoj sluzhby iz Vashingtona.
Odnako, kak govoritsya, u semi nyanek ditya bez glaza. Horvatov, serbov i bosnijcev dejtonskie ohranniki uberegli, a vot rossijskogo immigranta ohranit' ne sumeli.(Foto v gazete: Vzorvanyyj avtomobil' Bolonkina)

Korrespondent "Novogo russkogo Slova" ALEKSANDR GRANT

Vzorvannyj avtomobil' Bolonkina

Selected Publications of Bolonkin

    1. Optimal Pitch Thrust Vector Angle and Benefit for all Flight Regimes. NASA/TM-2000-209021.
    2. A High Efficiency Fuselage propeller ("Fusefan") for Subsonic Aircraft, 1999 World Aviation Congress, AIAA, #1999-01-5569.
    3. Estimated Benefits of Variable-Geometry Wing for Transport Aircraft,NASA/TM-1999-206586.
    4. Design of Structure control System using Bounded LQG,Eng.Opt.,1997. Vol.29.pp,347-358.
    5. Optimal Bounded Control Design for Vibration Suppression. Acta Astronautics, Vol.38, No. 10, pp803-813, 1996.
    6. Minimum Weight of Control Devices with Bounded LQG Control. The World Space Congress -96, June 1-6, 1996, Albuquerque, MN, USA.
    7. Design of Smart Structures with Bounded Controls, Smart Structures and Materials, eb.25-29,1996,San-Diego, CA.
    8. Optimum Structural Vibration Control with Bounds on Control Forces,1995 ASME Design Technical Conference, 15th Biennial Conference on Vibration and Noise, September 17-21,1995, Boston, MA, USA.
    9. Design and Optimal Control in Smart Structures. Conference "Mathematics and Control in Smart Structures", 26 Feb.-3 March 1995, San Diego, CA, USA.
    10. Optimal Structural and Control Design. 45th International Actronautical Congress. Jerusalem, Israel. October 9-14, 1994, IAF-94-I.4.206.
    11. The Simplest Space Electric Generator and Motor with Control Energy and Thrust, 45th International Astronautical Congress, Jerusalem. Israel. Oct. 9-14, 1994, IAF-94-R.1.368.
    12. Method for Finding a Global Minimum, AIAA/NASA/USAF/SSMO Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, Panama City, Florida, USA. Sept. 7-9, 1994.
    13. Space Electric Generator, run by Solar Wing. The World Space Congress, Washington, DC, USA, 28 Aug.-5 Sept., 1992, IAF-92-0604.
    14. Simple Space Nuclear Reactor Motors and Electric Generators Running on Radioactive Substances, The World Space Congress, Washington, DC, USA, 28 Aug.- 5 Sept., 1992, IAF-92-0573.
    15. A Space Motor Using Solar Wind Energy (Magnetic Particle Sail). The World Space Congress, Washington, DC, USA, 28 Aug.- 5 Sept., 1992, IAF-0615.
    16. Aviation, Motor and Space Designs. Emerging Technology in the Soviet Union, 1990, Delphic Ass., Inc., pp.32-80.
    17. The Development of Soviet Rocket Engines,1991,Delphic Ass.Inc.,122p.Washington,(Eng).
    18. New Approach to Finding a Global Optimum. New American's Collected Scientific Reports. Vol. 1, 1991, The Bnai Zion Scientists Division., New York .
    19. New Way of Generation of Electrical Energy in Space. Report ESTI, 1988, 109p. (Soviet Classified Project).
    20. New Rotor Internal Combustion Engine.Report ESTI,1988,75p.(Soviet Classif Project),(Rus.).
    21. Supersonic VTOL fighter-helicopter. Report ESTI, 1988, 120p.(Soviet Clas. Project).
    22. New ground-effect vehicle. Report ESTI, 1987, 85p. (Soviet Classified Project).
    23. New rotor hydraulic transmission for cars and other machines. Report ESTI, 1986. (Soviet Classified Project).
    24. Investigation of the take off dynamics of a VTOL aircraft.Investigations of Flight Dynamics. Moscow, 1965, p. 119-147 (Russian). International Aerospace Abstract A66-23339# (English).
    25. Optimization of trajectories of multistage rockets. Investigations of Flight Dynamics. Moscow, 1965, p. 20-78 (Russian). International Aerospace Abstract A66-23337# (English).
    26. Theory of lifting body with controllable radial force. Investigations of Flight Dynamics. Moscow, 1965, p.79-118, (Russian).Intern.Aerospace Abstract A66-23338#(Eng).
    27. New Methods of Optimization and their Application. Moscow, 1972, 220p, (Russian).
    28. Special extreme in optimal control. Akademia Nauk USSR, Izvestiya. Tekhnicheskaya Kibernetika, No 2, Mar-Apr.,1969, p.187-198. See also English translation in Engineering Cybernetics, # 2, Mar- Apr.1969,
      p.170-183, (English).
    29. Solution Methods for boundary-value problems of Optimal Control Theory. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 7, No 6,1971,p.639-650, (English).

      Selected patented inventions (USSR):

    1. Solar Sail Engine for Spaceships. Patent #1262870, 1986 .
    2. Light Pressure Engine. Patent # 1183421, 1985.
    3. Rotor Hydra-machine. Patent # 1184973, 1985.
    4. Wave-ship. Patent # 1216082, 1985.
    5. Method of Heat Measuring. Patent # 1210070,1985.
    6. Temperature Regulator. Patent # 1296114, 1986.
    7. The way to control the boundary layer. Patent # 1164989, 1984.
    8. Temperature-sensitive element. Patent # 1138662, 1983.
    9. Valve. Patent # 1180615, 1985.
    10. Gas block. Patent # 1195107, 1985.
    11. Control valve. Patent #1453366, 1988.
    12. Regulator. Patent # 1455338, 1988.
    13. Uniblade Air Rotor and Flight and Covercraft vehicles with It. US 6,234,422 B1, 2001.
    14. Bolonkin Rotary Engine, US 6,298.821, 2001.
    Eight inventions submitted to PTO USA for patenting.