Labirint InternetPavel Hramcov, |lektroninform, 1996. |
Protokol TELNET | Programma-klient(telnet) | Programma-server(telnetd | Hytelnet |
Pod telnet ponimayut triadu, sostoyashchuyu iz:
"Naznachenie TELNET-protokola -- dat' obshchee opisanie, naskol'ko eto tol'ko vozmozhno, dvunapravlennogo, vos'mibitovogo vzaimodejstviya, glavnoj cel'yu kotorogo yavlyaetsya obespechenie standartnogo metoda vzaimodejstviya terminal'nogo ustrojstva i terminal-orientirovannogo processa. Pri etom etot protokol mozhet byt' ispol'zovan i dlya organizacii vzaimodejstvij "terminal-terminal" (svyaz') i "process-process" (raspredelennye vychisleniya)."Telnet stroitsya kak protokol prilozheniya nad transportnym protokolom TCP. V osnovu telnet polozheny tri fundamental'nye idei:
Pri rabote v rezhime udalennogo terminala telnet pozvolyaet rabotat' s buferizaciej (line-by-line) ili bez nee (character-at-a-time). Pri rabote bez buferizacii kazhdyj vvedennyj simvol nemedlenno otpravlyaetsya na udalennuyu mashinu, otkuda prihodit "eho". Pri buferizovannom obmene vvedennye simvoly nakaplivayutsya v lokal'nom bufere i otpravlyayutsya na udalennuyu mashinu paketom. "|ho" v poslednem sluchae takzhe lokal'noe.
Dlya pereklyucheniya mezhdu rezhimom komandnoj stroki i rezhimom terminala ispol'zuyut posledovatel'nost' ^], kotoraya mozhet byt' izmenena komandami telnet.
Komanda | Naznachenie |
---|---|
open host [port] | Nachat' telnet-sessiyu s mashinoj host po portu port. Adres mashiny mozhno zadavat' kak v forme IP-adresa, tak i v forme domennogo adresa |
close | Zavershit' telnet-sessiyu i vernut'sya v komandnyj rezhim. Odnako v nekotoryh sistemah, esli telnet byl vyzvan s argumentom, close privedet k zaversheniyu raboty telnet |
quit | Zavershit' rabotu telnet |
z | "Zamorozit'" telnet sessiyu i perejti v rezhim interpretatora komand lokal'noj sistemy. Iz etogo rezhima mozhno vyjti po komande Exit |
mode type | Esli znachenie type line, to ispol'zuetsya buferizovannyj obmen dannymi, esli character -- to obmen ne buferizovannyj |
? [command] help [command] | Spisok komand ili opisanie konkretnoj komandy |
send argument | Dannaya komanda ispol'zuetsya dlya vvoda komand i signalov protokola TELNET, kotorye ukazyvayutsya v kachestve argumenta. Naprimer: send ao -- posylaet komandu prervat' vydachu na printer NVT |
telnet host.domain.org 25
Posle ustanovki soedineniya mozhno obmenivat'sya komandami protokola SMTP c serverom etogo protokola.
Princip raboty servera zaklyuchaetsya v tom, chto on "slushaet" port TCP. V sluchae postupleniya zaprosa na obsluzhivanie, telnetd naznachaet kazhdomu udalennomu klientu psevdoterminal (pty) v kachestve standartnogo fajla vvoda (stdin), standartnogo fajla vyvoda (stdout) i standartnogo fajla oshibok (stderr).
Pri ustanovke vzaimodejstviya s udalennym klientom telnetd obmenivaetsya komandami nastrojki (eho, obmen dvoichnoj informaciej, tip terminala, skorost' obmena, peremennye okruzheniya).
Nado skazat', chto telnetd realizuet protokol TELNET chastichno. Pri rabote po telnet nikogda ne ispol'zuetsya signal Go Ahead(GA). Dvoichnyj rezhim peredachi dannyh mozhno real'no ispol'zovat' tol'ko dlya odinakovyh operacionnyh sred.
Spisok v centre ekrana -- eto pozicii menyu. Pol'zovatel' peremeshchaetsya po nim pri pomoshchi klavish-strelok i nazhatiem Enter vybiraet nuzhnoe. Identifikator i parol' pol'zovatelya, kotorye hranyatsya v baze dannyh Hytelnet, vvodyatsya programmoj avtomaticheski. Pri ocenke poleznosti takoj programmy sleduet uchityvat' tot fakt, chto real'nye raspredelennye bazy dannyh tipa teh, chto razrabatyvayutsya v ramkah WWW, po svoemu ob®emu eshche ne mogut sravnit'sya s sushchestvuyushchimi lokal'nymi informacionnymi sistemami, i pri dostupe k etim sistemam (naprimer, bazy dannyh STN, Alisa i t.p.) Hytelnet daet ravnye uslugi s sistemami Gopher, WAIS, WWW.
Programma-server(telnetd)
Telnetd -- eto server, kotoryj obsluzhivaet protokol TELNET. Obychno telnetd zapuskaetsya cherez servis Internet (inetd), v nekotoryh sistemah mozhet byt' zapushchen i vruchnuyu. Telnetd obsluzhivaet TCP-port 23, no mozhet byt' zapushchen i na drugoj port.
HYTELNET
Hytelnet obychno ispol'zuetsya kak lokal'naya sistema, kotoraya pozvolyaet osushchestvlyat' dostup k uzlam Internet, podderzhivayushchim udalennyj public-dostup po protokolu telnet. Spisok etih adresov hranitsya v baze dannyh Hytelnet, kotoraya mozhet byt' poluchena cherez anonimnyj ftp s ftp.usask.ca (/pub/hytelnet). Imeetsya versiya Hytelnet dlya dostupa cherez World Wide Web (http://www.cc.ukans.edu/hytelnet_html/). Hytelnet realizovan prakticheski dlya vseh apparatnyh platform i operacionnyh sred (Unix® , MS-DOS, Windows, System-7(Mac)). Glavnoe otlichie ot obychnogo telnet zaklyuchaetsya v tom, chto Hytelnet ispol'zuet dlya inicializacii telnet-sessii interfejs tipa menyu.
Vernut'sya k razdelu "Soderzhanie".
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