Labirint InternetPavel Hramcov, |lektroninform, 1996. |
mail paul
elm
Date: 26 Aug 76 1429 EDT From: Jones@Registry.org cc: ili Date: 26 Aug 76 1429 EDT From: Jones@Registry.org To: Smith@Registry.org
Date: 26 Aug 76 1429 EDT From: George JonesSender: Secy@SHOST To: Smith@Registry.org Message-ID: <4231.629.XYzi-What@Registry.org>
V dannom sluchae pole Sender ukazyvaet, chto George Jones ne yavlyaetsya avtorom soobshcheniya. On tol'ko pereslal soobshchenie, kotoroe poluchil iz Secy@SHOST. Pole Message-ID soderzhit unikal'nyj identifikator soobshcheniya i ispol'zuetsya programmami dostavki pochty. Sleduyushchee soobshchenie demonstriruet vse vozmozhnye polya zagolovka:
Date: 27 Aug 76 0932 From: Ken DavisPole Subject opredelyaet temu soobshcheniya, Reply-To -- pol'zovatelya, kotoromu otvechayut, Comment -- kommentarij, In-Reply-To -- pokazyvaet, chto soobshchenie otnositsya k tipu "V otvet na Vashe soobshchenie, otvechayushchee na soobshchenie, otvechayushchee ...", X-Special-action -- pole, opredelennoe pol'zovatelem, kotoroe ne opredeleno v standarte.Subject: Re: The Syntax in the RFC Sender: KSecy@Other-host Reply-To: Sam.Irving@Reg.Organization To: George Jones cc: Important folks: Tom Softwood , "Sam Irving"@Other-Host;, Standard Distribution: /main/davis/people/standard@Other-Host Comment: Sam is away on bisiness. In-Reply-To: , George`s message X-Special-action: This is a sample of user-defined field- names. Message-ID: <4331.629.XYzi-What@Other-Host
Sleduet skazat', chto format soobshcheniya postoyanno dopolnyaetsya i sovershenstvuetsya. Tak v RFC-1327 vvedeny dopolnitel'nye polya dlya sovmestimosti s pochtoj X.400. Krome etogo, sleduet obratit' vnimanie na polya nekotoryh dovol'no chasto vstrechayushchihsya zagolovkov, kotorye ne reglamentirovany v RFC-822. Tak pervoe predlozhenie zagolovka, kotoroe nachinaetsya so slova From, soderzhit UUCP-put' soobshcheniya, po kotoromu mozhno opredelit', cherez kakie mashiny soobshchenie Kprobiralos'CH. Pole Re-ceived: soderzhit tranzitnye adresa pochtovyh serverov s datoj i vremenem prohozhdeniya soobshcheniya. Vsya eta informaciya polezna pri razbore trudnostej s dostavkoj pochty.
V zaklyuchenie hotelos' by otmetit', chto vozmozhnosti pochty ne ogranichivayutsya tol'ko peresylkoj korrespondencii. Po pochte mozhno poluchit' dostup ko mnogim resursam Internet, kotorye imeyut pochtovyh robotov, otvechayushchih na zaprosy strazhdushchih. Poetomu imeet smysl bolee detal'no izuchit' programmnoe obespechenie, podderzhivayushchee e-mail. Vremya, zatrachennoe na chtenie dokumentacii i opyty, okupyatsya vozmozhnost'yu polucheniya informacii iz informacionnyh arhivov seti.
Sendmail rabotaet v stile "otdeleniya svyazi" obychnoj pochtovoj sluzhby, kotoroe prinimaet i peresylaet pochtovye soobshcheniya. Sendmail mozhet interpretirovat' dva tipa pochtovyh adresov:
Konvert. Konvert sostoit iz adresa otpravitelya, adresa poluchatelya i informacii rassylki, kotoraya ispol'zuetsya programmami podgotovki, rassylki i polucheniya pochty. Konvert ostaetsya nevidimym dlya otpravitelya i poluchatelya pochtovogo soobshcheniya.
Zagolovok. Zagolovok sostoit iz standartnyh tekstovyh strok, kotorye soderzhat adresa, informaciyu o rassylke i dannye. Zagolovok mozhet byt' chast'yu podgotovlennogo pol'zovatelem tekstovogo fajla, a mozhet byt' podgotovlen i dobavlen k telu soobshcheniya programmoj podgotovki pochty. Dannye iz zagolovka mogut byt' ispol'zovany dlya oformleniya konverta soobshcheniya.
Telo soobshcheniya. Pervaya pustaya stroka v fajle pochtovogo soobshcheniya otdelyaet zagolovok ot tela soobshcheniya. Vse, chto sleduet posle etoj stroki, nazyvaetsya telom soobshcheniya i peredaetsya po pochte bez izmenenij.
Sistema pochtovoj rassylki sendmail
Osnovnym sredstvom rassylki pochty v Internet yavlyaetsya programma sendmail. Ona obespechivaet rabotu modul'noj sistemy rassylki, kotoraya prednaznachena dlya polucheniya i otpravki korrespondencii, a takzhe upravleniya programmami podgotovki i prosmotra pochtovyh soobshchenij. Sendmail pozvolyaet organizovat' pochtovuyu sluzhbu lokal'noj seti i obmenivat'sya pochtoj s drugimi serverami pochtovyh sluzhb cherez special'nye shlyuzy. Sendmail mozhet byt' skonfigurirovana dlya raboty s razlichnymi pochtovymi protokolami. Obychno eto protokoly UUCP (Unix-Unix-CoPy) i SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol).
Obmen dannymi s drugimi pochtovymi sluzhbami
Pri opisanii razlichnyh informacionnyh resursov, k kotorym mozhno poluchit' dostup po elektronnoj pochte, podrazumevalos', chto abonent pochty osobenno ne ozabochen tem, v kakoj imenno pochtovoj sisteme on rabotaet. Odnako sushchestvuyut nyuansy (chuvstvitel'nost' k tomu, kakimi bukvami (zaglavnymi ili propisnymi) vveden adres, naprimer), kotorye zastavlyayut obratit' vnimanie na tip pochtovoj seti. Mnogie pochtovye sluzhby razreshayut obmenivat'sya soobshcheniyami abonentam raznyh setej. Obychno takoj obmen osushchestvlyaetsya cherez mashinu, kotoraya podklyuchena k obeim pochtovym setyam i vypolnyaet funkcii shlyuza. Pri takoj rassylke pochta iz Internet snachala posylaetsya na etot shlyuz, a potom rassylaetsya dal'she sredstvami drugoj pochtovoj sluzhby. |tot fakt nahodit otrazhenie i v pochtovyh adresah resursov. Naprimer, rassylka v nsi budet vyglyadet' tak:
user%host.dnet@ames.arc.nasa.gov
gde ames.arc.nasa.gov adres shlyuza, a user%host.dnet adres v nci.
Vernut'sya k razdelu "Soderzhanie"
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